Eni S.p.A.

Exploration & Production Division

DESIGN CRITERIA

PROCESS PLANT STEADY STATE

SIMULATION

MINIMUM SETTING REQUIREMENTS

10010 HTP PRC PRG

Rev. 0 July 2009

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

This document is property of Eni S.p.A. Exploration & Production Division.

It shall neither be shown to Third Parties not used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.
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INDEX
1 SCOPE 3
2 INTRODUCTION 3
3 DEFINITIONS AND ACRONYMS 3
4 SIMULATION SETTING 3
5 RESERVOIR FLUID BEHAVIOUR: RIGOROUS CASE 5
6 RESERVOIR FLUID BEHAVIOUR: SIMPLIFIED CASE 6
7 PARTICULAR REQUIREMENTS FOR OTHER APPLICATIONS 6
7.1 Guidelines for PVT selection; case application: debottlenecking 7
7.2 GTL 8
7.3 EST 8

8 MAIN RULES FOR SIMULATION BUILDING 8

9 INPUT FILE 9
10 ATTACHMENTS 11
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1 SCOPE
The scope of this document is to standardize the method to perform a steady state simulation modelling
such as to characterize the inlet compositions, to choose the proper thermodynamic package and to give
some example of application of the described procedure.
Moreover, in attachment, it is shown a structure of a report to be used to describe the process simulation.

2 INTRODUCTION
The described guidelines shall be a reference for all the simulation attendees.
The Contractor is responsible of the deliverables issued to the Company and shall agree any variations
concerning the procedure described hereunder.
The software utilized for the process simulation can be selected among the following list:
ƒ Hysys (Aspentech)
ƒ ProII/ProVision (Invensys)
ƒ Unisim (Honeywell)
ƒ ProSim, for glycol and ammine unit. (BR&E)
The applicable version shall be specified and agreed with the Company.
For specific calculations or applications (i.e. thermodynamics, pipe networks, flare/vent and blowdown
systems), dedicated software is allowed. These softwares are not part of this document aim.
The simulation file shall be submitted to the Company and shall be issued with the “Process Simulation
Report”, filling the requested sections, as presented in Attachment 1 (10011.HTP.PRC.SPP Process
Plant Steady State Simulation - Process simulation report).
The activities necessary for the archiving in the Company Data Base shall be performed by the
Contractor as well.

3 DEFINITIONS AND ACRONYMS

CVD Constant Volume Depletion
DL Different Liberation
EOS Equation Of State
GOR Gas Oil Ratio
MW Molecular Weight
OFVF Oil Formation Volume Fraction
OPDS Opportunity and Project Development System
OPES Opportunity and Project Exploration System
OPOS Opportunity and Production Operations System
ORVF Oil Reservoir Volume Factor – Maximum recovery of the total oil in the reservoir
PFD Process Flow Diagram
PNA Paraffins Naftens Aromatics
PVT Pressure Volume Temperature

4 SIMULATION SETTING

First step in the process simulation is to select the proper thermodynamic package to simulate the
process under analysis.
Then the characterization of the feedstock is required where it is defined as composition, flowrate,
pressure and temperature at battery limits as well as any particular properties deemed necessary to
define the fluid.
In case of an Upstream plant, the feedstock shall be characterized such as to match the data given by
the Reservoir Department, for example GOR and Water Cut.
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The User shall perform all the necessary cases required to size the plant, considering the whole plant
life. In case of Upstream plant, the production profiles shall be deeply analysed to identify the cases with
maximum oil (or condensate), gas and water production or any combination that is significant (e.g. liquid
production equivalent to the sum of water and liquid hydrocarbon). Attention shall be also paid to the
different level of pressure during the plant life and the relevant possible future configurations (e.g.
additional compression).
Moreover, in a plant with different feedstocks (e.g. Oil Centres receiving from different production
facilities) an analysis shall be carried out to select the proper ones
In addition where reactions take place, it is essential to take in considerations the condition at Start of
Run and End of run due to the different yields of the catalyst.
In order to select THE BEST process scheme, further fluid properties could be fundamental for particular
verification: e.g. characterization of the stock-tank oil (wax content, asphalten, ash, metals, sulphurs,
salts, etc.), the oil tendency to generate emulsion and wax, the possible precipitation of the asphaltens or
the formation of hydrates in the gas, etc.
Based on the previous data, the process scheme should be selected and defined in order to match the
outlet product specification.

If the only data available are the gas chemical composition and the raw oil characteristics (density,
volumetric flows of the three phases, oil gas and water), the simplified procedure based on the black-oil
module shall be applied.
The Black-oil module estimates the fluid characteristics starting from the oil reservoir temperature and
pressure, from the oil specific gravity and from the flowrates of the three phases (oil, gas and water).
Such module, using literature correlations, calculates the GOR and the OFVF at the reservoir pressure
and at the relevant bubble point, and calculates the surface tension and the viscosity of the stock-tank oil
and of the not-stabilized oil. The module allows also the simulation tuning based on the available
experimental data.
When a simulation is created with black oil model, the only supported units are: valve, heater, cooler,
heat exchanger, pipe, mixer/tee, pump, compressor, expander, two/three phase separator.

As alternative to the Black-oil module and when more detailed data are available, a compositional
simulation shall be performed carrying out the following steps:

1. GAS AND OIL COMPOSITION – PVT analysis

The information obtainable from the PVT analysis is: the gas and oil (or well fluid) chemical
compositions, the GOR, the water cut, the oil/gas/water flowrates. These data are referred to the stock
tank conditions as indicated in the PVT analyses (a multi-stage flash is possible instead of a single
stage). Moreover the pressure and temperature conditions at which the analysis has been performed are
available.
The properties (i.e. Molecular Weight, Density and Normal Boiling Point) of the hypothetical components
listed in the PVT can be assumed as reference for the characterization of the simulation hypothetical
components.
All other proprieties of such components will be estimated by the software according to the
thermodynamic property package selected (EOS)

2. EQUATION OF STATE DEFINITION

The Equation of State shall be selected considering the relevant validity intervals.
The Peng-Robinson and Soave-Redlich-Kwong equations are often applied in Oil & Gas plant simulation;
the first one is normally the preferred as it has a larger application interval for pressure and temperature.

3. COMPOSITION VERIFICATION
The gas and oil stream with the compositions selected as per point 1 shall be recombined to obtain the
original reservoir fluid. This result can be reached only with two different procedures: a rigorous approach
and a simplified approach, respectively described in Chapter 5 and Chapter 6.
The gas stream is normally on dry basis and it shall be saturated in water at the reservoir conditions.
Moreover, verifications or assumptions shall be made on the salt content and on the sand presence.
Their presence could deeply influence the selection of the process (e.g. the necessity to consider the
presence of the desalter unit or of a desanding unit) and the material requirements. Some critical
assumptions therefore shall be done on the base data, in particular when no data on the matter are
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available. Moreover, the salt content in water can strongly influence the water density; this effect shall be
considered in the calculation of the mass flowrates from the volume flowrates or vice versa, and in the
unit design (e.g. separators or columns trays).

4. GAS, OIL AND WATER FLOWRATES

The fluid inlet flowrates shall be chosen considering the production profiles available from the reservoir
department. Moreover, the requirement from operations shall be taken into consideration.
As normally in Oil & Gas plant the gas and the water flowrates increase during the production plant life,
these parameters are critical and shall be considered with particular attention and with the necessary
margins in order to guarantee the future plant performances and products specifications.
The design capacity shall be defined considering the plant availability during the year (e.g. considering
maintenance intervention, planned and unplanned shutdown).

5. SIMULATION IMPLEMENTATION
The foreseen process treatment shall be built, equipment by equipment, specifying the thermodynamic
parameter and, if necessary, defining the relevant EOS. At the end correspondence shall be required
between equipment tags in the simulation and the one reported in the PFD (i.e. the same tag for each
equipment shall be used in the PFD and in the simulations). The same correspondence shall be done for
process streams (i.e the same number for each stream shall be used in the PFD and in the
simulations).This will help during the issue of the H&MB Report, in fact the simulator tools allows to
download the balance automatically and in case this correspondence is established no further work is
required.
Some particular requirements shall be considered in the simulation building: the simulation software, for
example, separates the phases as per phases equilibrium. For this reason, when a more accurate
simulation is required for the evaluation of the real plant behaviour, the oil entrainment in the gas stream
separated (and vice versa) shall be specified, as well as the water in the oil stream and the oil in the
water stream.

5 RESERVOIR FLUID BEHAVIOUR: RIGOROUS CASE

The rigorous case is based on the PVT analysis results to set the parameters of the equation of state
with the aim to describe realistically the reservoir fluid behaviour.
In particular, the PVT consents to have a description of the phase equilibrium, starting from the fluid
properties (as viscosity, expansion, and differential liberation or depletion measurements) at reservoir
conditions.
The compositional analysis and the physically measured fluid properties are used as input and basis for
tuning the EOS to be used in the simulation software.
A calibration of the data from the PVT shall be executed in order to obtain a model, which reproduces the
same behaviour verified during the laboratory analyses. The EOS tuning procedure consists in the
default value modification; in particular, for the binary coefficient. Moreover, it is necessary to evaluate
with attention the hypothetical components, starting from the critical properties of the heavy fractions; this
investigation is more significant for volatile oils and for gas with condensates than for black oil.
Through the regression model (include as option in the simulator), such parameters are optimised in
order to have a minimum gap between the experimental values and the calculated values. Such analysis
shall be performed by a dedicated thermodynamic PVT simulator in order to correlate experimental and
calculated data, and adapt the EOS reproducing the experimental data and the main characteristics of
the fluid (enthalpy, specific heat, etc). This modified EOS shall be used in the process simulator.
In addition to the use of the EOS modified, the simulation should be built, taking into account the
following points as particularly critical:
1. the components properties (MW and densities) reported in the PVT analysis shall be used as
basis of the simulation.
2. the optimal conditions (i.e. pressure and temperature) has been selected to perform the PVT
analysis; this values are reported in the PVT report, and, in principle, are different from the
reservoir conditions and from the first separator stage conditions. This should be considered
during the simulation implementation.
3. the PVT report collects data representative of the reservoir at the condition of the PVT analysis;
as the reservoir conditions will change during the production life, the relevant effects (reservoir
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depletion, GOR variation, water cut variation) should be taken in charge on the simulation
implementation.
A more detailed report of the procedure for the EOS calibration is described in the Attachment 3. An in-
depth examination of the reservoir fluid characterisation and the PVT analysis is included in the same
attachment.

6 RESERVOIR FLUID BEHAVIOUR: SIMPLIFIED CASE

This chapter summarizes the procedure to be followed as alternative to the rigorous method described in
the previous chapter.
The main scope is the recombination of the gas and oil compositions, in a significant ratio to obtain the
reservoir fluid composition depicted in the PVT analysis; this is an important step to work with confident
input data in the simulation. The quantity of water to be added is also part of the scope of this chapter.

The first verification to be performed is the checking of the capability of the simulator to reproduce the
results of the PVT analysis. This verification should be performed according to the following procedure:
1. set the composition of the gas and oil inlet streams as per the results of the PVT analysis.
2. set the flowrate of the oil stream to a unit base (e.g. 1 m3/hr).
3. set the flowrate of the gas to a value in order to match the GOR values.
4. mix the two previous streams.
5. flash the combined stream (i.e. the result of the previous point) in a separator at the same
conditions (pressure and temperature) of the PVT analysis.
6. the outlets of the previous flash should respect the composition and the ratio indicated in
the PVT analysis report (a difference of about 5% on the GOR value could be considered
acceptable).
7. a second check is the comparison between the bubble point at the reservoir condition
calculated by the simulation and the value from PVT analysis. The oil bubble point value
could not be confirmed, because the process treatments are at temperatures and
pressures less severe than reservoir conditions. However, even if a different bubble point
is found, it is enough that the comparison of the GOR value and of the gas and oil
compositions at stock tank conditions is verified to validate as reliable the data.

Normally, these data are matched by the simulator. However, it is possible for several reasons that there
are some mismatches between the PVT analysis and the simulator result.
In the case of this mismatch, the following procedure should be adapted:
1. set the composition of the inlet oil stream as per the results of the PVT analysis and the flowrate
as per the production profiles;
2. set the composition of the inlet gas stream as per the results of the PVT analysis and adjust the
value of the gas flowrate in order to match the selected GOR value;
3. include a water inlet stream and adjust the flowrate of this stream in order to match the selected
water cut value; in case of a significant water salinity value, the modification of the default water
properties (in particular density) is strongly recommended.

The same procedure shall be applied also when the GOR selected is different from the PVT analysis
result (refer to point 4 of the Chapter 4).

The described calculation is referred to a defined PVT. An important step in the simulation input
definitions is the selection of the reference PVT analyses among the available ones. Guidelines for this
selection are reported in the Chapter 7, paragraph.1.

7 PARTICULAR REQUIREMENTS FOR OTHER APPLICATIONS

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7.1 Guidelines for PVT selection; case application: debottlenecking

A preliminary step to be followed is the selection of the significant PVT among the available ones. In fact,
normally, there is a PVT analysis relevant to each reservoir, production level and well.
In the case of existing plant, also DCS outputs, samplings and production data are available; these data
could be in contrast with the PVT analysis as they are referred to different period of the plant life.

This paragraph has the intention to summarize the guidelines to be followed in order to manage the
different data available, and minimize the effects of contradictions, if any, among the information.
These guidelines have been tested for a significant example of debottlenecking study, performed in the
2008/2009.

The available data are several and relevant to different periods of production; the most important data
are listed hereunder:
1. Future production profiles;
2. PVT analyses;
3. Production levels for each well;
4. Well connections to separators;
5. Current production for each well (estimated);
6. DCS output;
7. Gas sampling relevant to two production days
The PVT analyses are the reference for the definition of the inlet stream compositions; however, the
analyses are performed at the beginning of the production life and they could be dated with respect to
the production period. Moreover, many files are available and relevant to different production levels, but
only some levels could be represented as other levels could be not more in production.

A possible solution is to create for each inlet point of the plant a hypothetical stream as a result of a
mixture of the PVT of the different wells and levels that are collected to the inlet point. This procedure
could be not always possible as not all the PVT could be available and not all PVT could be considered
significant with the current production profile. Moreover this procedure could be long, complicated and
could not match with the current production composition as it could not represent the current values of
GOR and watercut.

The criterion to define the composition coming from different manifold is to reduce the compositional
detail for the well production to relate each plant inlet point to a specific PVT analysis.
The followed steps are briefly described hereunder:
1. Understanding the gathering system. Each inlet point of the plant collected different area, in each
area different wells are present, each well could have different levels, and each level has one or
more reference PVT. Organizing the different data is possible to understand, for each inlet point,
the reference production areas, the reference wells, the reference levels, and, therefore, the
reference PVT. These data could be better represented by a summarizing table.
2. Selecting the significant PVT. From the table of the previous point, it is possible to individuate the
significant PVT. The following factor shall be taken into consideration:
a. PVT referring to level not more in production could be neglected;
b. PVT referring to flowrate negligible could be neglected;
c. the most significant PVT analysis shall be individuated (i.e. the most quoted) and it could
be considered as significant;
d. if more PVT analyses are significant for the same level, well, area or inlet point, it is
possible to carry out the weighted average;
e. PVT with a significant composition (i.e. with a compound not present in the other PVT or
with a MW significantly different) could not be neglected;
3. Tuning. The current GOR and watercut are known from the DCS output and the current gas
composition is known by the sampling results. These data as the sampling campaign could be
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used to tune the simulation, starting from the PVT selected from the previous point. Also the
flowrate of the production profiles should be used as elements for the simulation tuning.
4. Critical overview. An overview of the tuned simulation should be done in order to select the
critical point of the plant. Some hypothesis should be done to change inlet composition and/or to
have a larger range of inlet data, in order to better understanding the plant configuration.
5. Reporting. All the hypotheses done as per points from 1 to 4 of this list, should be shared with
the Process Specialist of the Company Project Team, and then reported in the project
documentation.

7.2 GTL
The Gas-to-Liquids is a technology accounted among the MidStream applications. This technology
foresees the chemical transformation of the natural gas into liquid fuels by means of three process
sections: 1) the synthesis gas (namely CO and H2) production, 2) the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis
which produces a mixture of liquid hydrocarbon and waxes, the so-called syncrude, 3) an upgrading
process for converting the syncrude into middle distillates.
The core of the GTL technology is the FT synthesis which is characterized by of the presence of several
catalytic reactors operating in different range of conditions, mixtures of hydrocarbons made by linear
paraffin, olefins, alcohols and other peculiar aspects. For these reasons the minimum requirement
settings needed for simulations are described in a dedicated document (Doc Num HOLD).
Besides the minimum requirement setting for the midstream object (namely GTL), there are some
requirements that should be taken into account also during the upstream process simulation in order to
let the treated gas to have the appropriate characteristics at the Battery Limits of the GTL complex.
The composition and the flowrate of the gas sent to the Battery Limits of the treatment plant, should be
defined in accordance with the separation processes foreseen. The variation of such composition and
flowrate during the reservoir depletion should be evaluated (differently to the assumption that could be
made as described in the Attachment 3_PVT Analysis Details), since it affects deeply the syngas
generation unit operation, consumptions and syngas quality and flowrate.
To be underlined that not only the hydrocarbon composition should be considered but also changes in
the inert content with particular attention to CO2, H2S (or other sulphur compounds) and N2.
In the case that the simulation is used to evaluate the best design and configuration for the gas treatment
plant, and the treated gas will be used as feedstock to a GTL complex, then it should be saved as much
pressure as possible for the gas at Battery Limits. This Criterion is in order to minimise the need for
compression at the inlet of the GTL complex, optimizing the energy efficiency of the whole (upstream and
midstream) complex.

7.3 EST
(Under construction)

8 MAIN RULES FOR SIMULATION BUILDING

The following point shall be follow during the simulation building:

1. The tag of the item indicated in the simulation shall be as per the Process Flow Diagram and as
per the Item list of the Project.
2. The tag of the stream shall be as per the Process Flow Diagram and as per the Heat & Material
Balance.
3. The native file shall be named in a self-explaining way in order to put in evidence when the
simulation has been done (i.e. the project phase for OPDS or the date of the simulation for
OPOS), and the case of the simulation.
For OPDS, the typical name shall be:
Country_Plant name_OPDSphase_caseX.extension
The OPDS phase shall be indicated as:
EV (evaluation), CS (concept selection), CD (concept definition), EX (execution).
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For particular study (i.e. the simulation of a plant section):

Country_Plant name_OPDSphase_Unit_caseX.extension
For OPOS: Country_Plant name_date_caseX.extension
For revamping: Country_Plant name_rvmp date_caseX.extension
For Debottlenecking: Country_Plant name_dbnck date_caseX.extension
The case shall be indicated with number or letter, and described in the process simulation report.
4. All the information relevant to the simulation shall be indicated in a dedicated report. This report
should be issued with the native file of the simulation and the hypothesis should be anticipated to
the Process Specialist of the Company Project Team. The report and the native files shall be
issued in concomitance or before the Heat & Material Balance. The form of this report is in the
Attachment 1.
5. The minimum data to be indicated in the Heat & Material Balance should be as per Attachment
2.
The main data necessary for the Company tool of the documentation archive are the following :
a. Country;
b. Asset name;
c. Plant name;
d. Project name;
e. OPDS/OPOS phase;
f. Simulation date (for OPOS);
g. Static/Dynamic simulation;
h. Software: Hysys/ ProII/ Unisim;
i. Software version;
j. Simulation file name;
k. Particular compounds: N2, CO2, H2S, Mercaptans;
l. Units simulated.

9 INPUT FILE

The input data implemented in the simulation shall be saved in an input file. This is a list of the input data
in a file .doc or .txt and that can be a base to change them, without the simulation software or with a
different version.
The procedure to import the data is different on the base of the software chosen: the main guidelines are
described hereunder.

ƒ Hysys:
The input file has a XML extension.
- Open the Simulation menu
- Click the View XML
- Tick the Input Summary Format on the bottom right
- Select the Export Case as XML button
- Save the file as SIMULATION NAME INPUT.xml
The input file can be saved in a .pdf extension.
- Open the Tools menu
- Select the Reports button
- Click the Create button
- Select Insert Datasheet
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- Click Add
- Click Print Setup and select the .pdf printer
In the print out file, all the user-specified variables are highlighted with an asterisk (*) sign.

ƒ ProII/ProVision:
The input file has a .inp extension.
- Open the File menu
- Click the Export button
- Select the Simulation data to keyword file
- Save the file as SIMULATION NAME INPUT.inp.
The input data in the file can be changed and they are loaded in the simulation file.

ƒ UniSim:
The input file has a XML extension.
- Open the Simulation menu
- Click the UniSim Design XML
- Tick the Input Summary Format on the bottom right
- Select the Export Case as XML button
- Save the file as SIMULATION NAME INPUT.xml

The input file can be saved in a .pdf extension.

- Open the Tools menu
- Select the Reports button
- Click the Create button
- Tick Specks Only (This function is available only since Unsim Design R380.1)
- Select Insert Datasheet
- Click Add
- Click Print Setup and select the .pdf printer
In the print out file, all the user-specified variables are highlighted with an asterisk (*) sign.

Once the file has been saved, it can be reloaded as input in the simulation to keep the same data or to
change them.
The procedure to be followed to import the input file as following described:

ƒ Hysys:
Extract the file SIMULATION NAME INPUT.XML from the main page of Hysys as per the following
procedure:
- Open the Simulation menu
- Click the View XML
- Select the Import XML button
- Search and open the file.

ƒ ProII/ProVision:
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Extract the file SIMULATION NAME INPUT.inp from the main page of ProII as per the following
procedure:
- Open the File menu
- Click the Import button
- Search and open the file.

ƒ UniSim:
Extract the file SIMULATION NAME INPUT.XML from the main page of Unisim as per the following
procedure:
- Open the Simulation menu
- Click the UniSim Design XML
- Select the Import XML button
- Search and open the file.

10 ATTACHMENTS

- 10011.HTP.PRC.SPP Process Plant Steady State Simulation - Process simulation report

- 10012.HTP.PRC.DST Process Plant Staedy State Simulation – Heat & Material Balance
- 10013.HTP.PRC.PRG Process Plant Steady State Simulation – PVT Analysis Details