Kristine Joy P.

Ulit
BSBA MM I-B

THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

 Scientific Revolution convinced many European thinkers about power of reason
 Scientific method and reason led to discoveries about physical world.
 Thinkers believed reason could be used to uncover the laws that govern human life
 Once the laws were known people could make society better
 Believed that reason was a much better guide than faith or tradition

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

 There is a shift back to the idea that human reason, not faith, has the power to discover
ultimate truth
 The best minds flocked to Astronomy.
 Nicolaus Copernicus proposed the heliocentric (sun centered) view of the
universe.
 The “Copernican Revolution” challenged the Ptolemaic/geocentric view that
dominated for 1400 years

COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
• Aristotle (384-322 BC) argued for a geocentric model on physical grounds.
• Earth was fixed and unmoving at the center because it is being too big to move,
including rotation.
• The ultimate Geocentric System was formulated Claudius Ptolemy around 150 AD.
• The accepted model for 1400 years
• The earth is at the center
• Aristarchus (310-230BC) proposed the first known Heliocentric model.
• Showed geometrically that the Sun was 20x further away than the Moon.
• Makes the Sun much bigger than the Earth!
• Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) revived the Heliocentric system in the 16th century
after 18 centuries of neglect.
• De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres)
• Sun at center (heliocentric)
• Moon orbited the earth, the earth orbited the sun as another planet
• Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) made crucial discoveries with the newly invented telescope.
• Galileo improved the telescope and published his findings in support of Copernicus.

DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
 Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
 Famous Biologist known for his works on evolution and the process of natural selection.
 Evolution occurs by means of natural selection
 FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
Sigmund Freud (1856 -1939) - an Austrian neurologist • How human mind works • He
developed topographical and structural model of the mind to basically explain the sources of
human behavior
Freud-believed that mental illness is a result of nurture, not nature.
“What makes people do things?” MOTIVATION
Needs motivate human behavior
• Being deprived of a need arouses a feeling called a DRIVE OR DESIRE.
• Human motivation explains the reasons why people behave the way they do.
• People have DRIVES OR DESIRES in the back of their minds

 The human mind has 3 aspects which influence behavior: ID-unconscious part of the
mind (this part of the mind seeks to bring us pleasure) -primitive parts of our personality
including aggression and sexual drives EGO-conscious part of the mind (Rational Self).
Decides what action to take for positive means and what to do based on what is
believed is the right thing to do. Aware of reality. SUPEREGO-unconscious part of the
mind that acts as our conscience. Reminds us of what we should do.
 The ID and the SUPEREGO are in constant conflict. Your DRIVE tells you to do one thing,
while SOCIETY tells you to do something else.

THE INFORMATION REVOLUTION AS THE 4TH REVOLUTION

 Information is becoming our environment (Infosphere)
 Communication viewed as the most important tool in understanding society.
 Divided into three modern information revolution:
 First Modern Information Revolution
 Second Modern Information Revolution
 Third Modern Information Revolution
FIRST MODERN INFORMATION REVOLUTION (Mid-19th Century)

 Invention of telegraph by Samuel Morse

 Alexander Graham Bell presented the first telephone
 Guglielmo Marconi proved the feasibility of radio communications
SECONDMODERNINFORMATION REVOLUTION (Mid-20th Century)

 Lee Deforest. Early generation computers made available

 Philo Taylor Farnsworth. Television as one best communication tool
 Sergci Korolev. Artificial satellites built linking the world
 Claude Shannon. Quantified information and measured it in bits
THIRD MODERNINFORMATIONREVOLUTION (Mid-20th Century)

 Knowledge revolution  Development of communication related technologies that

improved society

MESOAMERICAN PERIOD (1200 B.C.-3RD CENTURY A.D.)

• Entire area of Central America from Southern Mexico up to the border of South
America.
• First great American civilizations developed in Mesoamerica
• Olmecs, Mayas, Aztecs
OLMEC CIVILIZATION (1500 B.C. – 400 B.C)
• Carved colossal heads as portrait of rulers
• Invented calendar and carved hieroglyphic writing into stone
MAYAN CIVILIZATION (300 B.C. to 900 A.D)
• Developed methods of farming
• Hieroglyphic form of writing
• Calendar
• Developed methods of farming
AZTEC CIVILIZATION (12TH to 15th century)
• The Aztecs were an advanced and prosperous civilization who built beautiful and
sophisticated cities.
• Chinampas (floating gardens) for planting crops
• Mandatory education
• Chocolates –cacao beans
• Antispasmodic medication

DEVELOPMENTS OF SCIENCE IN MIDDLE EAST (17TH CENTURY)

MIDDLE EAST
• Extends from Egypt to Afghanistan where Islam arose
• Advancement in Geography, Medicine, and Mathematics
GEOGRAPHY
• Al Idrisi made accurate maps including a world map that has continents, mountains,
rivers and famous cities
• Al Muqdishi also produced an accurate colored map
MATHEMATICS
• Made use of zero and decimal system
• Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi – concept of the algorithm in mathematics
• Algebra
• –calendars, calculating true positions of the sun, moon and planets, tables of sines and
tangents, spherical astronomy, astrological tables
MEDICINE
• Arabs made use of cadavers to understand its anatomy and physiology
• Abu –Ali –Husaynibn Abdallah Ibn Sina (Encyclopedia of Medical Knowledge)
• Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al-Razi (First Islamic Hospitals)

AFRICAN REVOLUTION
Africans are pioneers of some advancement in science and technology
• Made use of first method of counting
• Modern concepts of mathematics used today was first developed in Africa
• Built boats and buildings
• Africans are pioneers of some advancement in science and technology
• Development of geometry
• Center of alchemy
• Studied human anatomy  Installation of false teeth, filling of dental cavities,
broken bone setting, vaccination, brain surgery and autopsy
• Studied pharmacology  Plants like Salix capensis as source of aspirin and
Rauwolfia vomitaria as source of reserpine cure for snake bite and
hypertension