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2.1.2. ACTIVITIES:-
Based on soil strata encountered together with reference to the Soil Investigation
Report, soil classification shall be given by the client. This report guide in design
of foundation and preparation drawings. These will contain data indicating the
size of each pit, size of footing and pedestal, stub slope, standard dimensions as
Using approved line/foundation profile the line center pegs shall be located & marked on
ground.
If any change in soil classification is required after pit excavation, approval for the
same shall be sought in writing from the client’s site engineer or the consultant.
2.2.1. OBJECTIVE: - To define the steps involved during construction of RCC foundations
& the procedures for each activity to ensure compliance with the technical
specifications and safety to personnel, animals, machinery & means to conserve
the surrounding environment.
2.2.2. ACTIVITIES:-
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• Excavation
3. SITE PREPARATION.
3.1. The permitted area of working shall be verified. Care shall be taken to ensure no
damage occurs to land or property outside this area. If additional space is required then
permission from the landowners shall be obtained prior to commencing the activity.
3.2. The work site shall be cleared of all materials and obstruction that may impede the site
activities. This requires the clearing of tree stumps and bushes and any other materials
to keep the area suitable for safe and proper placement of construction material and
provide a safe area for performing the foundation activities.
3.3. Leveling of the site is not permitted without permission from the client prior to
performing the work.
3.4. The center peg shall be checked to ensure it is in place and suitably protected and
marked to prevent accidental damage during construction. If not in place the surveyor
shall re-establish the center peg.
4. SETTING OUT
4.1. The center peg together with adjacent line pegs shall be used as the reference for all
setting out at site. The surveyor shall check the center peg remains in place. If the center
peg is not in place or there is any evidence that it might have been moved or displaced
reference shall be made to the surveyor who shall re-establish the center peg. The
Center peg shall be suitably protected.
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4.2. Line or offset Reference pegs shall be established outside the working area and suitably
protected and marked to prevent accidental damage. The Surveyor shall be responsible
for maintaining a record of the level and controls for each of the reference pegs.
4.3. Pit Marking. The limits of excavations shall be marked by the placement of excavation
pegs by the surveyor as per approved classification. The dimensions of placement of the
excavation pegs shall be determined by reference to the appropriate and approved stub
setting and excavation drawing cross referred to the approved structure list (for
foundation type, setting level, leg and chimney extensions). The Supervisor shall record
all setting out dimensions.
5. EXCAVATION.
5.1. The depth of excavation shall be determined by reference to the required leg and
chimney extensions identified in the approved structure list cross referred to the
diagonal profiles for the tower/monopole setting level. The depths of the pit excavations
collapse of excavation.
5.2.2. Pumping will be carried out where water is encountered in the excavation
the excavation. Due care shall be taken to ensure that the water removed
does not re-enter the pit.
5.2.3. During the process of excavation, care shall be taken to place the
excavated soil at the safe distance from the pit so that the excavated
material will not re-enter the pit (during rains, for example) or exert any
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excavation.
5.3. When excavation is completed, the levels of the excavated pits will be checked and
recorded.
6. PCC-Plain cement concrete
In case of over excavation, the correct required foundation base level shall be re-established
using blinding concrete over the whole excavation base. On no account shall over
excavation be reinstated employing excavated material.
7. STUB SETTING.
It is imperative stubs are set accurately and within the permissible tolerances ( using stub
setting Template and Excavation drawing) to ensure erection may proceed without including
stresses in tower/monopole members. All setting dimensions (back to back, diagonals and
levels) shall be measured.
7.1. Stub setting Template will be assembled on ground as per the type of tower/monopole,
7.4. Template will be checked diagonally, back to back and height of template from center
peg at the following stages:-
All details of back to back, diagonally distance will be entered into Record Sheets.
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8. REINFORCEMENT WORK:-
8.1. All reinforcement bars shall be strictly as per the sizes in the approved drawing. All bent
reinforcement shall be fabricated in the store yards and transported to the site. Upon
arrival at site the reinforcement shall be stored in a location where it will be stored in a
location where it will be kept clean and sorted for delivery to the excavation in such a
sequence that will permit the correct order of work. During placement the following
8.1.3. Precast concrete cover blocks are to be utilized at all locations to ensure
a minimum concrete cover of 50 mm is obtained.
8.1.4. All reinforcement bars are to be secured employing binding wires. The
pad reinforcing shall be provided with adequate supports to prevent
sagging.
8.2. After placement the reinforcement the same shall be checked and the appropriate
observations entered in the foundation Record Sheet.
9. FORM WORK.
9.1. Formwork will be employed with firm connections at the corners to prevent mortar from
flowing out of the base portion. The thickness of form work shall be suitable for the
intend purpose and of such a size to prevent any sagging that might result in the
specified concrete cover being infringed at any point. All form work shall be checked for
cleanliness and oiled before use.
9.2. As soon as the base concrete is laid and after the required initial setting time, the form
boxes for the chimney portion will be fixed in position. In the event that concrete has
not set adequately, protection over the pad concrete will be provided to have a suitable
working platform. Where the chimney form work is longer than 1.5 M they will be
installed and concrete in sections. Care shall be taken to ensure a clean cover to the
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reinforcing steel is maintained on all the four sides along the length of the chimney and
laboratories. Further any change in source shall be intimated and materials shall be
tested. After that a design mix concrete shall be done and client’s approval obtained for
use at site. All materials, aggregate, cement and reinforcement will be checked, prior to
commencement of concreting.
10.1.1. The following shall be available on site:-
Vibrator
Water (required quantity)
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10.2.1. All bags of cement shall be stored on site in a correct and proper manner: they
shall be protected from rain and surface water: shall not be placed directly on
ground.
10.2.2. Aggregates shall be stored in a manner, which prevents contamination by dust,
clay, water or any harmful material. The fine and coarse aggregate stack shall be
cannot reach, hand mixing shall be done with prior approval of the client.
10.3.2. The mix quantities shall at all times be strictly in accordance with the approved
design mix quantities.
10.3.3. All aggregate shall be measured by employing boxes of approved sizes. The
boxes shall not be overfilled. After filling the box the contents shall be flush with
the top edges of the box sides to ensure the correct quantity in each box.
10.3.4. The quantity of water added shall be as per design mix.
10.3.5. The aggregate together with the cement shall be first added to the mixer without
water and mixed for a minimum of one minute or as long as necessary to ensure
a homogenous mix. When a homogeneous mix has been obtained the water
then shall be added after which the mixing shall continue for not less than 1
minute.
10.3.6. Concrete cubes shall be taken in an approved manner for the first approved
locations then it shall be tested for compressive strength for 7 days and 28 days.
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10.4.1. Proper care will be taken to transfer the concrete from the mixer to the pit
to avoid segregation of the constituent materials. The following shall be
adhered to:-
10.4.2. The maximum free fall height shall not be more than1.5M. To ensure the
10.4.3. Pad concrete shall be placed around the stub working outwards to the
10.4.6. Immediately after placement of the base and chimney concrete the setting
dimensions will be checked and adjusted provided concrete setting has not
11.1. The form works will be carefully removed a minimum of 24 hours after casting.
11.2. The exposed surfaces of the concrete will be checked for any imperfections or
weakness (i.e. honeycombing, etc.). Local repairs to the concrete surface shall only
be permitted with the approval of the client.
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11.3. Repairs of honey combing shall comprise applying a skin of concrete surrounding
the area of appearance of honeycomb and a rough plastering and a finish coat will
be done.
12. CONCRETE CURING
12.1. Immediately after the removals of the form work all concrete exposed surfaces
shall be thoroughly wetted before back filling commences.
12.2. Where back filling of the excavation is not to take place immediately, the concrete
is to be covered by the application of jute covers/wetted Hessian to avoid rapid
drying of concrete.
12.3. In all cases concrete exposed to the sun shall be kept moist and cool for a period
removal.
13.2. A joint inspection shall be carried out by both the client and the contractor before
commencement of backfilling process.
13.3. All decomposable material left in the pit after form box removal shall be removed from
the pit prior to backfilling. Silt, organic matter and oversized rocks shall not be used as
back fill.
13.4. Backfilling shall be carried out in proportional layers of 300mm thick and proper
compaction done before application of the next layer. This shall be done evenly
dimensions shall be rechecked & put on record; back to back at top of stub, levels &
diagonals.
13.6. The stub setting template or props shall be removed after backfilling is complete.
13.7. Excess soil after backfilling is complete shall be disposed either by:
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13.7.1. By evenly spreading the soil around the work site taking care not to
14.3. The site shall be checked to ensure the foundation is not prone to possible erosion
activity either from natural rain water drainage and/or that resulting from the construction
activities.
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