SDLC and Related

Methodologies

By- Anil Kumar Singh

Contemplative Questions

 What are the various approaches to

developing Information Systems?
 Is there one best way?
 What is the difference between
techniques, methodologies and tools?
 What does the popular term “SDLC”
actually mean?
By- Anil Kumar Singh
SDLC

 SDLC stands for

– Systems
– Development
– Life
– Cycle
 What does it mean?

By- Anil Kumar Singh

SDLC
 SDLC stands for
– Systems Development Life Cycle
– First, SDLC is a Life Cycle.
– All systems have a life cycle or a series of stages they
naturally undergo.
 The number and name of the stages varies, but the primary
stages are conception, development, maturity and decline.
 The systems development life cycle (SDLC) therefore,
refers to the development stage of the system‟s life cycle.

Why are we so interested in the development stage?

What about conception, maturity and decline?

By- Anil Kumar Singh

Methodologies
 Is there a difference between the term SDLC and
the term „methodology‟?
 Whereas the SDLC refers to a stage all systems
naturally undergo, a methodology refers to an
approach invented by humans to manage the
events naturally occurring in the SDLC.
 A methodology is, in simple terms, a set of steps,
guidelines, activities and/or principles to follow in a
particular situation.
– Most methodologies are comprehensive, multi-step
approaches to systems development
– There are many methodologies out there. See
www.methodology.org .

By- Anil Kumar Singh

SDLC vs. Methodology

 It is confusing, but unfortunately, the term

SDLC is frequently used synonymously with
the waterfall or traditional approach for
developing information systems.
– “The SDLC approach”
 This approach essentially refers to a linear sequence of
stages to develop a system from planning to analysis
to design to implementation.
 Stages are followed from beginning to end.
 Revisiting prior stages is not permitted.

By- Anil Kumar Singh

Approaches to Systems
Development
 Process-Oriented Approach
– Focus is on flow, use and transformation of data
in an information system
– Involves creating graphical representations such
as data flow diagrams and charts
– Data are tracked from sources, through
intermediate steps and to final destinations
– Natural structure of data is not specified
– Disadvantage: data files are tied to specific
applications

By- Anil Kumar Singh

Approaches to Systems
Development
 Data-Oriented Approach
– Depicts ideal organization of data,
independent of where and how data are
used
– Data model describes kinds of data and
business relationships among the data
– Business rules depict how organization
captures and processes the data

By- Anil Kumar Singh

 Approaches to Systems Development

Which is better, the Process Approach or the Data Approach?

Process Approach:
“Let‟s look at all of our
processes. Processes take
precedence over data. Get the
processes correct first. Then
we‟ll address what data is
important.”

Data Approach:
“Forget the processes, let‟s
look at the data. Data comes
first. Get the data correct, then
see how the processes actually
use the data.”
By- Anil Kumar Singh
Databases and
Application Independence
 Database
– Shared collection of logically related data
– Organized to facilitate capture, storage and
retrieval by multiple users
– Centrally managed
– Designed around subjects such as Customers
or Suppliers
 Application Independence
– Separation of data from the applications, e.g.
 Payroll data is part of the enterprise-wide data
model and can be used by many systems, not just
By- Anil Kumar Singhthe Payroll System
 Systems Development
Life Cycle
 Every textbook has different names for
the stages of the SDLC
– Usually they stages are
 Planning (just after Conception)
 Analysis

 Design

 Implementation

 Maintenance (starting Maturity)

1.11 By- Anil Kumar Singh

Systems Development
Life Cycle
 This text highlights 6 distinct phases:
– Project Identification and Selection
– Project Initiation and Planning
– Analysis
– Design
– Implementation
– Maintenance

By- Anil Kumar Singh

Stages of the SDLC

By- Anil Kumar Singh

Phases of the Systems
Development Life Cycle
1. Project Identification and Selection
– Two Main Activities
 Identification of need
 Prioritization and translation of need into a
development schedule
– Helps organization to determine whether or
not resources should be dedicated to a project.
2. Project Initiation and Planning
– Two Activities
 Formal preliminary investigation of the problem at
hand
 Presentation of reasons why system should or should
By- Anil Kumar Singh
not be developed by the organization
Systems Development
Life Cycle
 Analysis
– Study of current procedures and
information systems
 Determine requirements
– Study current system
– Structure requirements and eliminate redundancies
 Generate alternative designs
 Compare alternatives

 Recommend best alternative

By- Anil Kumar Singh

Systems Development
Life Cycle
 Design
– Logical Design
 Concentrates on business aspects of the system
– Physical Design
 Technical specifications
 Implementation
– Implementation
 Hardware and software installation
 Programming
 User Training
 Documentation
By- Anil Kumar Singh
Systems Development
Life Cycle
 Maintenance
 System changed to reflect changing
conditions
 System obsolescence

A good way to learn the stages of the

SDLC is to create deliverables (output)
of each stage in the process.
By- Anil Kumar Singh
Alternative Approaches

 Prototyping
– Building a scaled-down working version of the
system
– Advantages:
 Users are involved in design
 Captures requirements in concrete form
 Rapid Application Development (RAD)
– Utilizes prototyping to delay producing system
design until after user requirements are clear

By- Anil Kumar Singh

Prototyping
Fig. 1-6

By- Anil Kumar Singh

Alternative Approaches

 Joint Application Design (JAD)

– Users, Managers and Analysts work
together for several days
– System requirements are reviewed
– Structured meetings
 We will see a video on this when we
cover Chapter 7

By- Anil Kumar Singh

Alternative Approaches

 Evolutionary or spiral methodology

The *** never gets done! Different versions, always in
different stages.

By- Anil Kumar Singh