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“Traditional”
Fundus
Imaging
Optical
Designs
Intro to 2009
Fundus camera systems:
a comparative analysis
Fundus Optics https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.48.000221
Edward DeHoog and James Schwiegerling
external
illumination
internal
illumination
Design Applied Optics Vol. 48, Issue 2, pp. 221-228 (2009)
design design
Retinal photography requires the use of a
complex optical system, called a fundus
camera, capable of illuminating and imaging
the retina simultaneously. The patent literature Results of 100 Monte Carlo Trials of Fundus Camera Systems
shows two design forms but does not
provide the specifics necessary for a thorough
analysis of the designs to be performed.
“Retinal imaging presents a unique difficulty considering that the retina must be illuminated and imaged
simultaneously, a process which forces illumination and imaging systems to share a common optical path. Because
the retina is a minimally reflective surface, the power of the back reflections from the shared optics of the
illumination and imaging paths is greater than the power reflected by the retina. “
Traditional
fundus camera
design
Optical diagram of a traditional digital fundus camera with its three basic modulus – objective, illumination and camera.
De Matos et al. (2015), http://doi.org/10.1117/12.2190515
De Oliveira et al. (2016), http://doi.org/10.1117/12.2236973
Fundus
Cameras
Commercial
Landscape #1
Vishwanath Manik Rathod
http://raiith.iith.ac.in/4141/1/Thesis_Mtech_EE_4141.pdf
Fundus
Cameras
Commercial
Landscape #2
Vishwanath Manik Rathod
http://raiith.iith.ac.in/4141/1/Thesis_Mtech_EE_4141.pdf
Legalese description: “Camera for imaging the fundus of an eye, the camera comprising optics aligned along an
imaging axis intersecting a point on the fundus and configured to focus light reflected back from the fundus onto an image
receptor, wherein the optics are capable of varying a field of view of the camera along a path circumferentially around the
point on the fundus, whereby the image receptor acquires images of portions of the fundus located at different peripheral
locations around the point of the fundus”
Spectral September 2010
Spectral characterization of an
ophthalmic fundus camera
Characterizatio https://doi.org/10.1117/12.844855
Clayton T. Miller; Carl J. Bassi; Dale Brodsky;
n of typical Timothy Holmes
video sequence (25 frames/sec) at different retinal Recently, improved ophthalmodynamometry and video
for fundus locations with cardiac parameters. recording techniques have allowed us to explore the
fundamentals of retinal vein pulsation. This demonstrates that
retinal venous collapse is in phase with both IOP and CSFP
The pulsatile reflection component ΔR(t) R(t) diastole, indicating the dependence upon CSFP pulse. We
changes corresponding to the cardiac cycle. ΔR(t) R(t) describe in some detail the mathematical and physical models of
Starling resistors and how their results can be applied to
rises suddenly during systole, reaches its maximum understand the physiology of retinal vein pulsation.
after about 32 % of the pulse duration time (RR-
interval) and decreases towards the end of the
diastole. The pulse shape of ΔR(t) R(t) shows a high
correspondence to the cardial impedance signal
while it is different from the pulse shapes of the
peripheral impedance signals.
Modify High-resolution hyperspectral imaging of the retina with a modified fundus camera
Nourrit V, Denniss J, Muqit MM, Schiessl I, Fenerty C, Stanga PE, Henson DB.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfo.2010.10.010
commercialized
fundus camera
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-018-0064-9
http://remidio.com/
2012
MobileVision mobileVision system
http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/university/docs/Rice_University_mobileVision%20Final%20Report.pdf
A Portable, Scalable
Retinal Imaging System
TI Engibous Competition Report
Rice University
June 2011
commercialized
fundus camera
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-018-0064-9
http://remidio.com/
Fundus Self- February 2012
US9295388B2 Methods and apparatus This invention comprises apparatus for retinal self-
for retinal imaging imaging. Visual stimuli help the user self-align his eye with a
Imaging “Eye https://patents.google.com/patent/US9295388B2/en
Matthew Everett Lawson, Ramesh Raskar
camera. Bi-ocular coupling induces the test eye to rotate into
different positions. As the test eye rotates, a video is captured
Massachusetts Institute of Technology of different areas of the retina. Computational
Selfie” from MIT photography methods process this video into a mosaiced
image of a large area of the retina. An LED is pressed
against the skin near the eye, to provide indirect,
diffuse illumination of the retina. The camera has a wide
field of view, and can image part of the retina even when the
eye is off-axis (when the eye's pupillary axis and camera's
optical axis are not aligned). Alternately, the retina is
illuminated directly through the pupil, and different parts of
a large lens are used to image different parts of the retina.
Alternately, a plenoptic camera is used for retinal imaging.
http://web.media.mit.edu/~tswedish/projects/eyeSelfie.html https://youtu.be/HuXgrbwOjvM
T. Swedish, K. Roesch, I.K. Lee, K. Rastogi, S. Bernstein, R. Raskar. eyeSelfie: Self Directed
Eye Alignment using Reciprocal Eye Box Imaging. Proc. of SIGGRAPH 2015 (ACM
Transactions on Graphics 34, 4), 2015.
I will present a system that includes a novel method for eye self-alignment and automatic image
analysis and evaluate its effectiveness when applied to a case study of a diabetic retinopathy
screening program. This work is inspired by advances in machine learning that makes
accessible interactions previously confined to specialized environments and trained users. I will
https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2015/0 also suggest some new directions for future work based on this expert-free paradigm.
6/13/retina-selfie
Fundus
Self-
Alignment
http://web.media.mit.edu/
~tswedish/projects/eyeS
elfie.html
“The subject
aligns his/her
own for
optimal image”
Cited By (14)
Check the US20160302665A1 *2015-04-172016-10-20Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Methods and Apparatus
for Visual Cues for Eye Alignment
patent trail US20170000454A1 *2015-03-162017-01-05Magic Leap, Inc. Methods and systems for diagnosing eyes
using ultrasound
WO2009081498A1 *2007-12-262009-07-02Shimadzu Corporation Organism image capturing device
EP2583619A1 *2011-10-222013-04-24SensoMotoric Instruments GmbH Apparatus for monitoring one or
more surgical parameters of the eye
US20150021228A12012-02-022015-01-22Visunex Medical Systems Co., Ltd. Eye imaging apparatus and
systems
US9655517B22012-02-022017-05-23Visunex Medical Systems Co. Ltd. Portable eye imaging apparatus
US9351639B22012-03-172016-05-31Visunex Medical Systems Co. Ltd. Eye imaging apparatus with a wide
field of view and related methods
US9237847B22014-02-112016-01-19Welch Allyn, Inc. Ophthalmoscope device
US9211064B22014-02-112015-12-15Welch Allyn, Inc. Fundus imaging system
US9986908B22014-06-232018-06-05Visunex Medical Systems Co. Ltd. Mechanical features of an eye
imaging apparatus
US9675246B22014-09-152017-06-13Welch Allyn, Inc. Borescopic optical system for medical diagnostic
instruments and medical diagnostic instruments having interlocking assembly features
EP3026884A1 *2014-11-272016-06-01Thomson Licensing Plenoptic camera comprising a light emitting
device
US9848773B22015-01-262017-12-26Visunex Medical Systems Co. Ltd. Disposable cap for an eye imaging
apparatus and related methods
US20160320837A1 *2015-05-012016-11-03Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Methods and Apparatus for
Retinal Retroreflection Imaging
Design for November 2014
Design, simulation and experimental
analysis of an anti-stray-light
minimizing illumination system of fundus camera
https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2073619
straylight Chen Ma; Dewen Cheng; Chen Xu; Yongtian
Wang
A 3D optical-zoom sensory
system of the human eye with infrared
and visible light is proposed (Code V,
LightTools) to help the doctor diagnose
human eye diseases. The proposed
lens design for 3D digital
ophthalmoscopes provides a good
means of simultaneously
accessing infrared and visible
light band information to help doctors
perform diagnostics.
with transpupillary
Peraza-Herrera, Kosy Onyenso, Fan Cao, Khushi Vyas, Melissa Berthelot,
Guang-Zhong Yang
Circularly polarised
transpupilary illumination,
with limited use so far for
ophthalmoscopy, suppresses
reflections, while
autofocusing preserves
image sharpness. Experiments
with a human-eye model and
cadaver porcine eyes
demonstrate our prototype’s
clinical value and its potential
for accessible imaging when
cost is a limiting factor.
Simplifying September 2016
Evaluation of retinal illumination in
coaxial fundus camera
Optical https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2236973
André O. de Oliveira; Luciana de Matos; Jarbas
Design C. Castro Neto
LEDs mounted coaxially to the The results showed there is no change in image
quality and no problem was detected
imaging optical system, concerning uniformity compared to the
positioning it in the place of the traditional equipment. Consequently, we
avoided off-axis components, easing the
holed mirror of the traditional alignment of the equipment without
reducing both image quality and illumination
optical design.” uniformity.
Photograph (left) and optical drawing (center) of the OEMI-7 Ocular Imaging Eye Model (Ocular
Instruments Inc.). Picture of the OEMI-7 Ocular Imaging Eye Model (right) obtained using the
innovative equipment. No obscuration is observed and the image is free of reflex.
Optimizing November 2016
Minimising back reflections from the common path
objective in a fundus camera
Zemax tools for https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2256633
A. Swat Solaris Optics S.A
efficient Eliminating back reflections is critical in the design of a Commonly used amongst optical specialists, is
software stack
The SRC is designed to perform three kinds of fundus exams: color, red-free, and fluorescein
angiography (FA). Paulo Schor, professor in the Department of Ophthalmology, of the Federal University of São
Paulo (Unifesp), devices that rely on smartphones to perform eye exams do not belong to the future but to the present.
“They’re accessible – that is, easy to operate and cheap,”
Miniaturized March 2017
Optical design of portable nonmydriatic
fundus camera
nonmydriatic https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2268699
Weilin Chen; Jun Chang; Fengxian Lv; Yifan He;
fundus camera Xin Liu; Dajiang Wang
blocks
accelerating basic
design
For attaching a commercial photo camera lens, a µTMountFace is used, which features a T-Mount adapter
ring, obtained from a commercial T-Mount adapter. In the M12 CCTV camera lens version, both the lens and
the Raspberry Pi Camera are held together by a single part. CAD design in OpenSCAD.
Modeling the May 18, 2018
The entrance pupil of the human eye
https://doi.org/10.1101/325548
pupil/iris as the Geoffrey Karl Aguirre
imaging
Bioengineering and Biophysics Program, University of California, Berkeley; Department of Ophthalmology, University of
California, San Francisco; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of
Medicine in St. Louis; Department of Physics and Astronomy, San José State University; Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San
Francisco, CA
2018
Peripheral Retinal Imaging Biomarkers for
Alzheimer’s Disease: A Pilot Study?
https://doi.org/10.1159/000487053
May 2018
Accuracy of ultra-wide-field fundus
ophthalmoscopy-assisted deep learning, a
machine-learning technology, for detecting
age-related macular degeneration
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-018-0940-0
http://www.fredmiranda.co
m/forum/topic/1485638
Either 2004
Observation of the ocular fundus by an
March 2016
Fundus Photography in the 21st Century
continuous IR infrared-sensitive video camera after
vitreoretinal surgery assisted by
—A Review of Recent Technological
Advances and Their Implications for
lighting or indocyanine green
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12707597
Worldwide Healthcare
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2015.0068
optical design Nishtha Panwar, Philemon Huang, Jiaying Lee, Pearse A. Keane, Tjin Swee
Chuan, Ashutosh Richhariya, Stephen Teoh, Tock Han Lim, and Rupesh
Agrawal
to cope with the Oculus Imagecam 2 Digital Slit Lamp Camera Different segments of the
2008 eye, such as anterior segment, fundus, sclera, etc., can be conveniently
11 – Desktop Computer.
“Novel”
Fundus
Imaging
Optical
Designs
a. Trans-epidermal illumination
Inspiration for by means of flexible PCB containing
LEDs placed in contact with the skin
of the eyelid. Light is then transmitted
compact inside the eyeball. After scattering off
the eye fundus, the light passing
Digital super-resolution
algorithms are also being
considered for further resolution
improvements [Thapa et al. 2014]. In
addition to the smartphone-
based prototype imaging device,
we are currently constructing a
benchtop prototype for testing
the feasibility of wide-angle
fluorescein angiography
employing the trans-palpebral
illumination
Trans-pupillary Near-infrared light-guided miniaturized indirect
ophthalmoscopy for nonmydriatic wide-field fundus
illumination photography
Devrim Toslak, Damber Thapa, Yanjun Chen, Muhammet Kazim Erol, R. V. Paul Chan,
and Xincheng Yao https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.41.002688
Optics Letters Vol. 41, Issue 12, pp. 2688-2691 (2016)
Paper 2
Trans-pars- Contact-free trans-pars-planar illumination enables snapshot fundus camera for nonmydriatic wide feld
photography
planar Benquan Wang, Devrim Toslak, Minhaj Nur Alam, R. V. Paul Chan & Xincheng Yao https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-27112-x
Scientific Reports volume 8, Article number: 8768 (2018)
illumination Panoret-1000™ employed trans-scleral illumination to image the retina from the optic disc to the ora serrata in a single-shot image (Shields et al. 2003). However, clinical deployment of trans-scleral
illumination was not successful, and the product Panoret-1000™ is no longer commercially available. Clinical deployment of trans-scleral illumination failed due to several limiting factors. First,
the employed contact-mode imaging was not favorable for patients. Direct contact of the illuminating and imaging parts to the eyeball might produce potential inflammation, contamination,
and abrasion to the sclera and cornea. Second, it was difficult to operate the system to obtain good retinal images. In Panoret-1000™, the digital camera and light illuminator were apart from
each other. To capture a retinal image, one hand was used to operate the camera, and the other hand was used to adjust the light illuminator. The simultaneous need of both hands for imaging
operation made the device very difficult to use.
Representative fundus images with illumination at different locations. (a) Illustration of different
illumination locations. (b) Fundus images acquired at different illumination locations. b1-b3 were acquired at
corresponding locations P1-P3 in panel a. (c) Average intensity of fundus images collected with constant power
illumination delivered through different locations. The curve is an average of 5 trials from one subject. Gray shadow
shows standard deviation. P1-P3 corresponds to images b1-b3. (d) Red, green and blue channels of the fundus
image b2. (e) Normalized fundus image b2, with digital compensation of red and green channel intensities. Macula,
optic disc, nerve fiber bundles and blood vessels could be clearly identified.
Retinal Imaging Schematic illustration of different illumination schemes for retinal imaging.
Illumination
Summary
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598
-018-27112-x
August 2018
Non-mydriatic chorioretinal imaging
in a transmission geometry and
application to retinal oximetry
doi: 10.1364/BOE.9.003867
Timothy D. Weber and Jerome Mertz
Boston University A: Schematic of fundus transillumination and imaging. LEDs at several central wavelengths ( λ N ) are imaged via coupling
Project: Transcranial retinal imaging optics (CO), comprised of lenses f 1 and f 2 , onto the proximal end of a flexible fiber bundle (FB). A commerical fundus camera
(FC) images the transilluminated fundus onto a camera (CCD). B: Example raw image recorded on the CCD. C: Normalized
measured spectra of available high-power deep red and NIR LEDs.
This unique transmission geometry simplifies absorption measurements and enables flash-free, non-mydriatic
imaging as deep as the choroid. Images taken with this new transillumination approach are applied to retinal
oximetry.
Aplanat June 2018
Fundus Imaging using Aplanat
https://doi.org/10.1080/24699322.2017.1379143
Fundus Vishwanath Manik Rathod, M.Sc. Thesis
Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Steps in Solid Edge
http://focal.nl/en/#technology
Additive manufacturing enables the realization of complex shaped parts. This also provides a high
The additive manufacturing technology offers a high potential in the potential for optical components. Thus elements with virtually any geometry can be
field of optics as well. Owing to new design possibilities, completely realized, which is often difficult with conventional fabrication methods. Depending on the
new solutions are possible. This article briefly reviews and material and thus the manufacturing method used, either transparent optics or reflective optics
compares the most important additive manufacturing methods for can be developed with the aid of additive manufacturing.
polymer optics. Additionally, it points out the characteristics of
additive manufactured polymer optics. Thereby, surface quality
is of crucial importance. In order to improve it, appropriate post- Our aim is to integrate the additive manufactured optics into optical systems.
processing steps are necessary (e.g. robot polishing or coating), Therefore we present different examples in order to point out new possibilities and new solutions
which will be discussed. An essential part of this paper deals with enabled by 3D printing of the parts. In this context, the development of 3D printed reflective and
various additive manufactured optical components and their use, transmissive adaptive optics will be discussed as well.
especially in optical systems for shape metrology (e.g. borehole
sensor, tilt sensor, freeform surface sensor, fisheye lens). The
examples should demonstrate the potentials and limitations of
optical components produced by additive manufacturing.
Depth-
resolving
Fundus
Imaging
Optical
Designs
Fundus 2008
Quantitative depth analysis of optic
March 2014
3D papillary image capturing by the stereo
nerve head using stereo retinal fundus fundus camera system for clinical diagnosis
Stereo image pair
http://doi.org/10.1117/1.3041711
on retina and optic nerve
https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2038435
Imaging Toshiaki Nakagawa,Takayoshi Suzuki,Yoshinori Hayashi, Tetsuya
Yamamoto et al..
Danilo A. Motta; André Serillo; Luciana de Matos; Fatima M. M. Yasuoka;
Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato; Luis A. V. Carvalho
2012
Quantitative Evaluation of Papilledema from
Stereoscopic Color Fundus Photographs
http://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.12-9803
Li Tang; Randy H. Kardon; Jui-Kai Wang; Mona K. Garvin; Kyungmoo Lee;
Michael D. Abràmoff
Imaging #2
Snapshot 2017
Design of optical system for binocular
fundus camera
stereo fundus https://doi.org/10.1080/24699322.2017.1379143
Jun Wu, Shiliang Lou, Zhitao Xiao, Lei Geng, Fang Zhang, Wen
According to requirements of
medical light source, sodium
lamp whose wavelength is 589
nm is selected as light source
and its spectral range is 560-
610 nm; Magnifying power of
the imaging system is 1.07, and
the cut-off frequency of object
is 96.3pl/mm, that is our
system can distinguish the
structure unit of 5.2 μm. In
order to make operation and
adjustment more convenient,
the size of this optical system is
set to be 480 mm x 100 mm x
200 mm.
3D fundus with 2018
3D Image Reconstruction of Retina
using Aplanats
aplanats http://raiith.iith.ac.in/id/eprint/4109
Sankrandan Loke and Soumya Jana
Masters thesis, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
3D eye model
2011
Idea been around for US8814362B2
Method for combining a plurality of
eye images into a plenoptic
some time now multifocal image
Inventor: Steven Roger Verdooner
Current Assignee : Neurovision Imaging Inc
2011
US8998411B2
Light field camera for fundus
photography
Inventor: Steven Roger Verdooner Alexandre R.
Tumlinson, Matthew J. Everett
Current Assignee : Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc
2013
US9060710B2I DeHoog and Schwiegerling
System and method for ocular
tomography using plenoptic imaging
Inventor Richard J. Copland “Fundus camera
Current Assignee AMO Wavefront Sciences LLC systems: a comparative
analysis”
2015
US9955861B2 Appl. Opt. 48, 221-228
Construction of an individual eye (2009)
https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.4
model using a plenoptic camera 8.000221
Inventor Liang Gao, Ivana Tosic
Current Assignee Ricoh Co Ltd
Plenoptic Fundus Plenoptic imaging of the retina:
can it resolve depth in scattering
“Plenoptic imaging has already proven its capabilities to determine depth and give 3D
topographic information in free space models, however no study has shown how it
would perform through scattering media such as the retina. In order to study
tissues? this, simulations were performed using MCML, a multi-layered Monte Carlo modeling
Configurations of two
different plenoptic
Short intro cameras: (a) The
traditional plenoptic
camera. (b) The
focused plenoptic
camera.
Imaging
https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2286448
Imaging
Maynard, David A. Atchison, Jonathan Roberts, Ross Crawford, and Anjali Jaiprakash
Biomedical Optics Express Vol. 9, Issue 7, pp. 3178-3192 (2018)
https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.9.003178
Imaging
Maynard, David A. Atchison, Jonathan Roberts, Ross Crawford, and Anjali Jaiprakash
Biomedical Optics Express Vol. 9, Issue 7, pp. 3178-3192 (2018)
https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.9.003178
Series of images created using various light field rendering techniques. Images
are shown in sets of three with the left image being the central view from the
light field, the middle image being a standard render with no glare masking, and
the right image being a glare-free render.
Plenoptic Iris Human iris three-dimensional imaging at
micron resolution by a micro-plenoptic camera
Hao Chen, Maria A. Woodward, David T. Burke, V. Swetha E. Jeganathan, Hakan Demirci, and Volker Sick
Imaging
Biomedical Optics Express Vol. 8, Issue 10, pp. 4514-4522 (2017)
https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.8.004514 | researchgate
Prototype System
Mechanical Engineering; Department of
Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences; Department of
Human Genetics | University of Michigan
Left: general optical design of the imaging system; right: the mouse fundus and OCT imaging system, including fundus imaging with a digital camera attached to the
photographic port of the slit lamp, the OCT beam delivery system, the six-axis mouse positioner, and the interferometer.
Fundus Camera 2013
Fundus Camera Guided Photoacoustic
Ophthalmoscopy
Guided https://doi.org/10.3109/02713683.2013.815219
Standard for safe “According to the ISO 15007-2:2007 (Petteri: The light safety limits for ophthalmic instruments set by the International
Incorrect standard reference) standard, a Organization for Standardization (ISO 15004-2.2) recommend that spectral
retinal irradiance with maximum of 10 J/cm2 weighted irradiance (W/cm2/nm) on the retina be weighted separately for thermal and
photochemical hazard functions or action spectra. These safety limits are at least 1
ophthalmic instruments irradiance is allowed on the retina without
photochemical hazard concern.”
order of magnitude below actual retinal threshold damage [Delori et al. 2007; Sliney et al. 2002].
The radiant power of the smartphone was 8 mW.
For thermal hazard, the weighted retinal irradiance for the smartphone was 4.6
mW/cm2, which is 150 times below the thermal limit (706 mW/cm 2). For
Used e.g. by photochemical hazard, the weighted retinal radiant exposure was 41 mJ/cm2
(exposure duration of 1 minute), which is 240 times below the photochemical limit
Kölbl et al. (2015) (10 J/cm2). Since the light safety standards not only account for the total retinal
irradiance but also for spectral distribution, we measured the latter with a
Sheng Chiong Hong (2015) spectroradiometer (USB4000, Ocean Optics, Dunedin, FL). The radiation was
limited to the 400–700 nm wavelength interval with about 70% of that light emitted
in the blue and green part of the spectrum (wavelength 600 nm).
for discussion on limits, see We then compared the light levels produced during smartphone fundoscopy
Sliney et al. (2005) with those produced by standard indirect ophthalmoscopes. The retinal
irradiance produced by a Keeler Vantage Plus LED (Keeler Instruments Inc.,
Broomall, PA), measured using identical procedures as earlier described, was 46
mW/cm2 or about 10 times the levels observed with the smartphone. This
Hazard weighting functions according to the finding corresponds well with retinal irradiances of 8 to 210 mW/cm 2 found in other
DIN EN ISO 15007 – 2: 2014 standard A(λ) studies for a wide selection of indirect ophthalmoscopes. The spectral distribution
and R(λ). A(λ) rates the photochemical and of the Keeler indirect ophthalmoscope was similar to that of the smartphone (both
have LED sources). The weighted exposures for the Keeler indirect
A(λ) rates the thermal hazard for all kinds of ophthalmoscope were thus 15 and 24 times less than the limits for thermal and
light sources. Kölbl et al. (2015) photochemical hazards, respectively. The lower light level available for
observation using the smartphone, as opposed to the indirect ophthalmoscope, is
largely compensated for by the high electronic sensitivity of the camera.
The thickness of the sclera is ~0.5 mm Olsen et al. 1998. The Kölbl et al. (2015)
transmission of the sclera in visible wavelength is 10–30% light source a round shaped white LED is used. By integration of
monochromatic green area of the arc-shaped light was 13 mm2. For the worst case
estimation, we assumed all illumination light directly expose to
(565 nm) pars planar the retinal area behind the illuminated sclera area. Therefore,
the maximum allowed exposure time is
illumination
Supercontinuum
light source Light was generated
by the NKT Photonics
SuperK Extreme EXR
We assessed the spectral sensitivity of the and filtered through
Extended UV (480
pupillary light reflex in mice using a high nm) and SuperK
power supercontinuum white light Select (560 nm)
modules.
(SCWL) source in a dual wavelength
configuration. This novel approach was
compared to data collected from a more The use of a SCWL is a significant leap
forward from the Xenon arc light
traditional setup using a Xenon arc lamp traditionally used in recording pupillary light
fitted with monochromatic interference responses. The SCWL gives the
filters. experimenter much more control over the
light stimulus, through wavelength, intensity
and, most importantly, a dual light
configuration.
Responsibilities
Verily Life Sciences
https://www.linkedin.com/jobs/view/692175458
Electroactive Polymers
Verily Life Sciences
Design state-of-the-art optics-based https://www.linkedin.com/jobs/view/technical-lead
Responsibilities
●
-ophthalmic-devices-and-electroactive-polymers-
devices. at-verily-life-sciences-731643271/
●
Working with cross-functional teams to
●
Work closely with interdisciplinary team to define electronic systems based on system- Responsibilities
integrate optical designs into level requirements and tradeoffs
prototypes and product development
●
Leading the development of new
path.
●
Design electronic systems for highly ophthalmological devices and
miniaturized electronic devices, diagnostic instrumentation.
Minimum Qualifications especially at the PC board level ●
Early-stage hardware and systems
●
PhD in Optical Engineering/Optics/Physics/ ●
Identification, selection and qualification of development.
EE, or related technical field or equivalent key electronic components for electronic
practical experience. Minimum Qualifications
systems in miniaturized medical devices
Knowledge and experience in optical
●
Experience in electroactive polymer
Identification and qualification of key
●
●
What more?
Diffractive February 2018
Broadband imaging with one planar
Optics for diffractive lens
https://doi.org/10.1080/24699322.2017.1379143
Nabil Mohammad, Monjurul Meem, Bing Shen, Peng Wang & Rajesh
Fundus Menon | Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, MACOM Technology
Solutions, Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology
https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.4.000139