AP World History 2020 Review Packet: Unit 5 Revolutions 1750-1900

Section 1: Define the following terms

Enlightenment​ - intellectuals of the 17th and 18th
centuries began to emphasize reason over tradition
and individualism over community values; challenged
monarchs and church leaders
Declaration of the Rights of Woman​ - written by
Olympe de Gouges to point out that women’s rights
should be addressed
Seneca Falls Conference​ - activists gathered to
promote women’s rights and suffrage
Democracy​ - a system of government by the whole
population or all the eligible members of a state,
typically through elected representatives
Liberalism​ -belief in natural rights, constitutional
government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced
spending on armies and established churches
Capitalism​ - means of production are privately owned
and are operated for profit (inspired by Adam Smith)
Adam Smith​ - advocated for laissez-faire where the
government should reduce their intervention in
economic decisions
Communism​ - government where there are no class
distinctions
Atlantic Revolutions​ -
Stock Market​ - collection of markets and exchanges
where people invest money
Transnational Businesses​ -
Steel​ - an alloy of iron and carbon that was a key
component of the second industrial revolution
Steam Engine​ - made by James Watt; provided an
inexpensive way to harness coal power to create
steam, which in turn generated energy

Section 2: Answer the following questions

5.1: Enlightenment
1. Define the following vocab words:
a. Empiricism - belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience
b. Nationalism - intense loyalty to home country
c. Reform - to change something in order to improve it
d. Suffrage - the right to vote
2. Name three major Enlightenment ideas and define them.
Individualism - the habit or principle of being independent and self-reliant
Freedom - the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint
Self-determination - the process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and
government
3. Explain why the Enlightenment encouraged revolutions and reforms.
It challenged traditional ideas which caused people to want change
4. Name three major feminist activists from this time period.
Olympe de Gouges, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

5.2: Nationalism and Revolution

1. Why did nationalism lead to revolutions?
People were becoming loyal to the places they lived and wanted freedom and independence which led to revolts.
2. Why was democracy more welcomed by nationalists than monarchy?
Everyone could participate in the government
3. What group led the Haitian Revolution?
Slaves
4. Name three significant Latin American revolutions.
Bolivar Revolutions, Creole Revolution, Haitian Revolution
5. Name five examples of nationalist movements and explain how they’re representative of nationalism.
Italian Unification, German Unification, Balkan Nationalism, Ottoman Nationalism, and the Propaganda Movement
5.3: Industrial Revolution Begins
1. Name three things that helped to instigate the Industrial Revolution.
Colombian Exchange, rise of maritime trading empires, and increased agricultural productivity
2. Describe how the factory system works.
Machinery was used in order to quickly produce things. This took over the household textile cottage industry.

5.4: Industrialization Spreads

1. Name three states/regions that benefited from industrialization.
United States, Russia, Japan
2. Name two states/regions that were at a disadvantage due to industrialization.
Egypt and France

5.5: Technology
1. Name five new technological innovations created during the Industrial Revolution.
Steam engine, telephone, radio, steamships, internal combustion engine
2. What is the difference between the First and Second Industrial Revolutions?
First - textiles, steam power, and iron
Second - steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics

5.6: Government Role in Industrialization

1. How did industrialization contribute to the overthrow of the Tokugawa Shogunate?
They feared that Europeans would humiliate them and force them to trade so they adopted Western ideas to become
more powerful. This led to the overthrow of the Shogun.
2. What new government replaced the Tokugawa Shogunate, and what were some of their major accomplishments?
A constitutional monarchy based on the Prussian model

5.7: Economic Developments and Innovations

1. Compare and contrast mercantilism with laissez-faire capitalism.
In mercantilism, the government controlled the means of production and therefore there was little to no competition.
Laissez-faire capitalism introduced the idea that individuals and businesses should compete against each other and
their success should be determined by the market forces of supply and demand.
2. How did transnational businesses, stock markets, and limited-liability corporations all help to increase capitalist
global trade?
More and more people were taking part in businesses which led to more interaction and more trade.

5.8: Reactions to Industrialization

1. How did industrialization lead to the growth of labor unions?
Because of industrialization, people were forced to work long hours in factories in dangerous and unclean working
conditions. This caused workers to begin advocating for the right to bargain with employers and put the resulting
agreements in a contract.
2. Name three major goals of labor unions.
Minimum wage laws, limits on the number of hours worked, and the establishment of a 5 day work week.
3. Why did industrialization lead to the popularization of communism?
Industrialization caused people to want more fair treatment which led to communism.
4. Compare and contrast capitalism and communism. Include at least three differences and one similarity.
Capitalism - Means of production are privately owned andare operated for profit
Communism - production is owned by the government and it is regulated
5. What are the problems inherent in capitalism?
Inequality
6. What are the problems inherent in communism?
Government controls everything and the people have little say in what occurs

5.9: Society in the Industrial Age

1. What social groups benefited from industrialization?
White-collar workers and owners of large corporations
2. What social groups did not benefit from industrialization?
Working class
3. How did gender roles change as a result of industrialization? Why?
Women began working more
4. Describe five ways that rapid urbanization was a problem.
Greater pollution, unclean environment, crowded living, increase in crime, and more fires

The following are things you should be able to do for Unit 5.

The Enlightenment (Continuity and Change)
I can explain the impact of Enlightenment philosophy on religion, government, and the rise of empiricism.
I can analyze the impact of nationalism on the historical development of states and empires.
I can describe the various reform movements that were sparked by the Enlightenment, including expanded suffrage,
abolition of slavery, and the end of serfdom.
I can evaluate how the demand for women’s suffrage and emerging feminism challenged political/gender hierarchies.

Nationalism and Revolutions (Causation)

I can analyze the development of a shared idea of commonality based on language, religion, social customs, and
territory, that was used by governments to foster unity.
I can explain the process of revolution against existing governments leading to the creation of nation-states around
the world.
I can evaluate the decline of monarchist and imperial rule, and the emergence of new systems of government and
various ideologies.
I can describe the rebellions of colonial subjects inspired by democratic ideals.
I can explain the impact of Enlightenment philosophies, as reflected in revolutionary documents, and their influence
on resistance to existing political authority.
I can evaluate the impact of this new national identity in relation to calls for unification and challenging of boundaries.

Industrial Revolution Begins (Causation)

I can describe the variety of factors that contributed to the Industrial Revolution.
I can explain the impact of the development of a factory system, which concentrated production in a single location,
leading to a specialization of labor.

Industrialization Spreads (Continuity and Change)

I can analyze the impact of the development of steam-powered production on the increase in global manufacturing in
Europe and the U.S., leading to declines in other areas.
I can describe the spread of industrial production to other parts of Europe, the U.S., Russia, and Japan.

Technology of the Industrial Age (Causation)

I can explain the impact of the development of machines that made it possible to take advantage of and discover new
fossil fuel energies such as coal and oil.
I can describe the technologies of the second industrial revolution, including steel, chemicals, electricity, etc.
I can explain the impact of railroads, steamships, and the telegraph on communication, trade, and migration.

Industrialization: The Government’s Role (Causation)

I can describe the rise of state-sponsored visions of industrialization as the Industrial Revolution spread.
I can explain the impact of growing U.S. and European influence in Asia that led to the Meiji reforms in Japan.

Economic Developments and Innovations (Continuity and Change)

I can evaluate the impact of Adam Smith’s theories on the decline of mercantilism and the rise of free trade.
I can describe the changes in trade and production and their impact on the creation of transnational businesses.
I can explain the increased standards of living for some as a result of industrial capitalism, as well as the
improvement in manufacturing that increased the availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods.

Reactions to the Industrial Economy (Causation)

I can evaluate the effectiveness of political, social, educational, and urban reforms in response to Industrial Era
challenges.
I can describe the rise of labor unions, formed to improve working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages.
I can describe the rise of socialist and communist ideologies in response to discontent with established power
structures.
I can analyze Asian and African responses to the expansion of industrializing states, including internal reform
movements to modernize economies and militaries in the Ottoman Empire and Qing Dynasty.

Society and the Industrial Age (Continuity and Change)

I can describe the development of new social classes, including the middle class and industrial working class.
I can explain the differences in opportunities between different classes of women during industrialization, and its
impact on gender roles.
I can explain the rise in urbanization and the challenges it posed, including pollution, poverty, increased crime, public
health crises, housing shortages, and insufficient infrastructure to accommodate urban growth.