Index I-15

magnetic field lines for, 922–923 Potential gradient, 772, 773 radial, 1373
superposition of, 692 Potential wells, 591, 1336–1340 three-dimensional, 1360–1362
Point mass, inside spherical shell, 416 Potential-energy function Probability, wave–particle duality and, 1267–1271
Point objects, 1112 for harmonic oscillator, 1343–1344, 1347 Problem solving
image formation for, 1115–1116, 1123–1127, for nuclear force, 1450, 1491 idealized models for, 3–4
1205–1206 for particle in a box, 1332 strategies for, 2–4
resolution of, 1205–1206 Potentiometers, 862 Product
Point-molecule model, of gas heat capacity, 599–600 Pound (pound-force), 113 scalar, 19–22
Polar molecules, 803–804, 1409 Pounds per square inch, 348 vector, 19, 22–24
Polarization, 689, 786, 803–804, 1091–1098 Pounds per square inch absolute (psia), 373 Projectile, 75
charged bodies and, 689, 804 Pounds per square inch gauge (psig), 373 Projectile motion, 75–82
circular, 1097–1098 Power, 189–191 acceleration and, 75–76
of dielectrics, 799–800, 803–804 average, 189, 483 air resistance and, 77
electric field lines and, 706 of corrective lens, 1142 components of, 75–76
of electromagnetic waves, 1057, 1091–1098 in electric circuits, 832–834, 1033–1036 trajectory and, 75, 77
elliptical, 1097–1098 for electric motors, 906 velocity and, 75–76
induced charges and, 689, 804 electrical, 190 vs. circular motion, 84
of light waves, 1091–1098 energy and, 869–870 Projectors, 1138
linear, 1057, 1091, 1093 force and, 190 Propagation speed, 469, 471
partial, 1095 instantaneous, 189, 190 Proper length, 1230
photoelasticity and, 1098 measurement of, 860 Proper time, 1224–1227, 1228
by reflection, 1095–1096 rotational motion and, 316–317 Protein, structure of, 1414f
Polarizers, 1091 of sound waves, 514–515 Proton(s)
Polarizing angle, 1095 velocity and, 190 charge of, 691
Polarizing axis, 1092 of waves, 482–483 electron screening of, 1389–1391
Polarizing filters, 1091, 1092–1094, 1096 work and, 482–483 lifetime of, 1501
Polaroid filters, 1092 Power distribution systems, 867–870 magnetic moment of, 1444
Polyatomic molecules, 600 Power factor, 1035 mass of, 685, 1141
Population inversions, 1301–1302 Power plants, nuclear, 1242, 1468–1470 spin angular momentum of, 1443
Porro prism, 1087 Powers-of-10 notation, 9 Proton decay, 1501
Position. See also Displacement Poynting vector, 1064–1065 Proton-antiproton pairs, 1492
as function of time Precession, 322–325 Proton-neutron pair binding, 1448
with changing acceleration, 53–55 of perihelion, 1244 Proton-proton chains, 1470–1471
with constant acceleration, 45–47 Precession angular speed, 324 Psia (pounds per square inch absolute), 373
by integration, 53–55 Precision, vs. accuracy, 9 Psig (pounds per square inch gauge), 373
potential energy and, 204 Prefixes, for units of measurement, 5 p-type semiconductors, 1427
Position vectors, 67–70 Presbyopia, 1140 Pulsed lasers, 1302
Position–momentum uncertainty principle, 1267–1271, Pressure, 350, 351 Pure semiconductors, 1425
1272, 1309 absolute, 373–374 pV-diagrams, 590
Positive ions, 686 atmospheric, 350, 371 pV-isotherms, 590
Positive work, 175, 178 bulk stress/strain and, 350–351 pVT-surfaces, 606
Positron emission tomography (PEt), 1522 on elephant in water, 396
Positroniums, 1375 fluid flow and, 381–385 Q
Positrons, 1454, 1482–1484 in fluids, 350, 371–376 Quality factor (QF), 1461
discovery of, 1482–1483 gauge, 373–374 Quanta, 1079. See also Photons
early studies of, 1482–1484 measurement of, 374–376 Quantized energy, 1254
motion in magnetic fields, 892 radiation, 1067 Quantity of heat, 556–559
in pair annihilation, 1484 reciprocal, 351 Quantum chromodynamics, 1499
in pair production, 1265–1266, 1483–1484 residential water, 383 Quantum computing, 1398
Potential. See Electric potential as scalar quantity, 350 Quantum dots, 1359
Potential barriers, 1340–1343 speed and, 381–385 Quantum electrodynamics, 1079, 1381
Potential difference, 761. See also Voltage units of, 348, 351 Quantum entanglement, 1395–1398
capacitance and, 786 vs. density, 586 computing and, 1398
measurement of, 859–860 vs. force, 350, 371 measurement in, 1396–1398
notation for, 863 Pressure amplitude, 507–509 spooky action at a distance and, 1398
resistance and, 850 sound intensity and, 514–515 wave function for identical particles and, 1395–1396
time-varying, 863 Pressure gauges, 374–376 Quantum hypothesis, 1305–1307
Potential energy, 203–227, 753 Pressure nodes/antinodes, 519 Quantum mechanics, 1321–1352
around circuits, 831–832 Primary windings, 1039 atomic structure and, 1360–1400, 1405
of capacitor, 794–797 Principal maxima, 1197 bound states and, 1336–1337
conservative forces and, 217–225 Principal quantum number, 1294, 1369 entanglement and, 1395–1398
elastic, 212–217, 221 Principal rays harmonic oscillator in, 1346–1347
electric, 752–775. See also Electric potential energy for lenses, 1132–1133 many-worlds interpretation in, 1350
of electric dipole, 708–709 for mirrors, 1121–1122 measurement in, 1348–1351, 1396–1398
electric forces and, 222–224 Principle-ray diagrams, 1121–1123, 1133–1136 momentum in, 1348–1350
energy diagrams and, 224–225 Principle(s) one-dimensional waves in, 1322–1325
equilibrium and, 224–225 differential, 241 particle in a box and, 1331–1334, 1362–1367
force and, 221–224 integral, 241 potential barriers and, 1340–1343
gradient of, 223 physical, 2 potential wells and, 1336–1340
gravitational, 203–212, 288, 311, 405–407 Printers, laser, 685, 766, 1303 probability distribution function and, 1326,
intermolecular forces and, 591–592 Prism 1346–1347, 1361–1362
kinetic energy and, 203, 204, 217–218 dispersion by, 1089 Schrödinger equation and, 1325, 1329, 1360–1362
for magnetic dipoles, 902 Porro, 1087–1088 stationary states and, 1329–1331, 1362
of molecules, 591 Prism binoculars, 1147 tunneling and, 1340–1343
of particle in a box, 1332 PRK surgery, 1315 wave functions and, 1321–1331
position and, 204 Probability density, 1326 wave packets and, 1328
potential barriers and, 1340–1343 Probability distribution, 1372–1374 Quantum number
potential wells and, 591, 1336–1340 Probability distribution function, 1326 notation for, 1370–1371
in simple harmonic motion, 442–445 for harmonic oscillator, 1346–1347 orbital magnetic, 1370
work and, 753 one-dimensional, 1326 principal, 1369