MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

Sta. Elena, Marikina City

THE CEVA’S THEOREM

By: Group 6

Group 6 Members
Chariss Joy Q. Paune
Mary Ann A. Sarial
Maricris D. Rivera
Rodofo R. Lagadia Jr.

Professor
Mr. Reynaldo C. Rivera Jr.
 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City

Seminar Workshop Program

Afternoon Session
Topic: Ceva’s Theorem

I. Introduction to the Reporters

Emcee: Maricris D. Rivera

II. Energizer
Chariss Joy Q. Paune

III. Seminar proper

a. Introduction and the Standard form of Ceva’s Theorem
Reporter: Chariss Joy Q. Paune
b. The trigonometric Form of Ceva’s theorem and the cevians of
the triangle
Reporter: Mary Ann A. Sarial
c. Refreshment and Motivation
Chariss Joy Q. Paune
d. The concurrence theorems
Reporter:Rodolfo Lagadia Jr.
e. Isotomic and Isogonal conjugates and the symmedian point
Reporter: Maricris D. Rivera

IV. Closing remarks

Mr. Reynaldo C. Rivera Jr.
 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
CEVA’S THEOREM
By: Group 6
HISTORY
Giovanni Ceva was a mathematican born in 1647 in Milan,
Italy and is well known for publishing Ceva's Theorem in 1678.
Ceva was educated in a Jesuit college in Milan and then at
University of Pisa, where the work of Galileo Galilei and his
followers on geometry and mechanics had a great influenced
on Ceva's education and research interests. His own theorem
essentially states that if three line segments are drawn from
the vertices of a triangle to the opposite sides, then the three line segments are
concurrent, if and only if, the product of the ratios of the newly created line segments on
each side of the triangle is equal to one. Ceva also rediscovered and published Menelaus's
theorem and worked on hydraulics.

CEVIAN - A line segment drawn from the vertex of a triangle to a point on the opposite
side.
Four important cevians of a triangle
1. Altitude - A Segment drawn from any vertex of a triangle to the opposite side such
that it is perpendicular to the line containing that opposite side.
2. Median - A segment drawn from any vertex of a triangle to the midpoint of the
opposite side
3. Angle bisector - A segment drawn from any vertex of a triangle to the opposite
side which divides the angle into two equal measures.
4. Perpendicular bisector - A line segment that is both perpendicular to a side of a
triangle and passes through its midpoint.

CONSTRUCTION OF CEVIAN IN GEOGEBRA

1. Create a ∆ ABC with from the tool bar.

2. Draw a line segment from the vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side. Click

then,
(Do it in all vertices)
3. Drop the point on the intersection of the three medians. Using

4. Use to test if the intersection of the cevians will change or not

THE STANDARD FORM OF CEVA’S THEOREM

CEVA’S THEOREM:
Let ∆ABC be an ordinary triangle.
  
The cevian lines AD, BE andareCF
concurrent
if and only if

AF BD CE
   1
FB DC EA

Reported by: Chariss Joy Q. Paune

TRIGONOMETRIC FORM OF CEVA’S THEOREM and APPLICATION OF CEVIAN TRIANGLE

 
 Let ABC
be an ordinary triangle. The Cevian lines AL, BM ,and CN are concurrent
if and only if

sin BAL sin CBM sin ACN sin BAL  sin CBM  sin ACN 
  1
sin LAC sin MBA sin NCB
or sin LAC  sin MBA  sin NCB

BL AB  sin BAL
LEMMA: If ABC is an ordinary triangle and L is a point on BC then LC  AC sin LAC

BL LC
sin BAL  sin LAC 
AB AC

 BL   LC 
AB  sin BAL   AB AC  sin LAC   AC
 AB   AC 

AB  sin BAL  BL AC  sin LAC  LC

CEVIAN OF A TRIANGLE (Altitude)

Formula: 2 2
BD  AB  AD

1
AD   AC
Formula:


(Obtuse
 BC  AB  BC  AB 
triangle)
2 AC 
 
 2
 BC 2  AC 2  AB2 
2
BD  AB   
 2AC 
 

CEVIAN OF A TRIANGLE (Median)

Formula: 2
 BD 
  
2 2
BE  CE  BC  2 CE BC 1  
 BC 

Stewart’s formula 2b 2  2c2  a 2

m
4

CEVIAN OF A TRIANGLE (Angle bisector)

Formula: Segments cut by angle bisector

 B CF BC
 cos  
2
t  2ac   AF AB
ac

2
 BD 
  
2 2
BF  CF  BC  2 CF BC 1  
 BC 

CEVIAN OF A TRIANGLE (Perpendicular bisector)

where
2 2
DC  BC  BD DC  AD  AC
1
AG  AC
2 HG GC
 HC HG
AG  2GC BD DC 
BC BD
GC  2AG

Reported by: Mary Ann A. Sarial

THE CONCURRENCE THEOREM
Theorems on concurrence of lines, segments, or circles associated with triangles all deal
with three or more objects passing through the same point.

Point of Concurrency - The single point which cevians intersect

Concurrent - three or more lines intersect at the same point

A. Centroid / Barycenter
- The point of intersection of all the medians of a triangle (Center of gravity)
Existence of the centroid
Prove that the medians of a triangle are concurrent.
Proof:

1. Create a ABC with from the tool bar.

2. Draw a line from the vertex to the midpoint of the

opposite side. Use .

3. Trace the median using segment on the then

Hide the lines.
4. Drop the point on the intersection of the three

medians. Using

B. Orthocenter
- The point of intersection of all altitudes of a triangle
Existence of the orthocenter
Prove that the altitudes of a triangle are concurrent.
Proof:

1. Create a ABC with from the tool bar.

2. Draw a line from the vertex to the midpoint of the

opposite side. Use .

3. Trace the altitude using segment on the then

Hide the lines.
4. Drop the point on the intersection of the three

altitudes. Using

C. Circumcenter
- A circle that contains all the three vertices of the triangle
- The circumcenter is equidistant from any pair of the triangle’s point
Circumradius – a segment joining the point in the interior of a triangle and a vertex of the
triangle
Existence of the circumcenter
Prove that the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle are concurrent.
Proof:

1. Create a ABC with from the tool bar.

2. Draw a perpendicular bisector in from the

vertex to the other vertex.
3. Trace the perpendicular bisector using segment

on the then hide the lines.

4. Drop the point on the intersection of the three

Perpendicular bisector. Using

D. Incenter
- The point of intersection of all angle bisectors of a triangle
- The center of the incircle or inscribed circle of the triangle
Existence of the incenter
Prove that the interior angle bisectors of a triangle are concurrent.
Proof:

1. Create a ABC with from the tool bar.

2. Draw a angle bisector in from the three

points on the triangle.
3. Trace the angle bisectors using segment on

the then hide the lines.

4. Drop the point on the intersection of the three

Angle bisectors. Using

E. Excenter - The Center of the Excircle

Excircle – or escribed circle of the triangle is a circle lying outside the
triangle, tangent to one of its sides and tangent to the extensions of the
other two. (Every triangle has three distinct excircles)

Existence of the excenter

Prove that the bisector of an interior angle of a triangle and the bisectors of the remote
exterior angles are concurrent.
Proof:

1. Create a ABC with from the tool bar.

2. Draw a angle bisector in from the three

points on the triangle.

3. Draw a line using to the two sides of an

angle.

4. Draw an angle bisector using to the exterior

Angle of the triangle.
5. Drop the point on the intersection of the three

Angle bisectors. Using

F. Existence of the gergonne point

The Gergonne Point is the point of currency formed by the lines containing the vertex of a
triangle and the point of tangency with the inscribed circle.
Proof:

1. Create a ABC with from the tool bar.

2. Draw a angle bisector in from the three

points on the triangle.
3. Drop the point on the intersection of the three

Angle bisectors. Using . Hide the angle bisector.

4. From the incenter draw a perpendicular line to
the side of triangle. Drop points on the feet of

Perpendicular and that is the point of tangency.

Use the incenter to make an inscribed circle then hide

the angle bisector.

5. Draw a segment using then connect the vertices to the point of the
tangent.

4. Drop the point on the intersection of the three segments using

G. Existence of the nagel point
Proof:

1. Create a ABC with from the tool bar.

2. Draw a angle bisector in from the three

points on the triangle.
3. Trace the angle bisectors using segment on

the then hide the angle bisector.

4. Drop the point on the intersection of the three

Angle bisectors. Using

5. Draw a line using to the three sides of the

triangle .

6. Drop the point on the line using then make a circle with the use of three points
in
7. Make sure the circle is within the line before we can say that the intersection of the
three angle bisector is a nagel point.

G. Existence of the vecten point

Prove that the three lines joining the vertices of a triangle to the centers of the outer
squares on the opposite sides are concurrent.
Reported by: Rodofo R. Lagadia Jr.

ISOTOMIC AND ISOGONAL CONJUGATES AND THE SYMMEDIAN POINT

CONJUGATE is a term used to indicate that two objects have a special correspondence
with each other; the nature of the correspondence depends on the context.

ISOTOMIC CONJUGATE
STEPS:
1. Let ΔABCbe an ordinary triangle. Using the polygon tool, construct ΔABC.
2. Construct three Cevianlines :AL, BM, and CN using the segment tool.
3. Let P be a point of intersection of the three Cevian lines. (use the intersect tool)
 4. For simplicity we will assume that P does not lie on any sidelines of the triangle. In
that case P is the point of concurrence of three proper Cevian lines AL, BM, and
CN.
5. Construct perpendicular bisector for each side of ΔABC: AL’, BM’, and CN’. (use the
perpendicular bisector tool)
6. Let P’ be a point of intersection of the three perpendicular bisectors. (use the
intersect tool)
7. In that case P’ is the point of concurrence of three perpendicular bisectors AL’,
BM’, and CN’.

Definition: The isotomic conjugate of P is the point

of concurrence of the lines AL’, BM’, and CN’,
where L’ is the reflection of L across the
perpendicular bisector of BC, M’ is the reflection of
M across the perpendicular bisector of AC, and N’
is the reflection of N across the perpendicular
bisector of AB.

ISOGONAL CONJUGATE
STEPS:
1. Let ΔABC be an ordinary triangle. Using the polygon tool, construct ΔABC.
2. Construct three Cevianlines :AL, BM, and CN. (use the segment tool)
3. Let P be a point of intersection of the three Cevian lines. (use the intersect tool)
4. For simplicity we will assume that P does not lie on any sidelines of the triangle. In
that case P is the point of concurrence of three proper Cevian lines AL, BM, and
CN.
5. Construct an angle bisector for each angle of ΔABC: AL’’, BM’’, and CN’’. (use the
angle bisector tool)
6. Let P ’’ be a point of intersection of the three angle bisectors. (use the intersect
tool)
7. In that case P’’ is the point of concurrence of three angle bisectors AL’’, BM’’, and
CN’’.

The isogonal of Cevian line AL is the

reflection of AL through the angle bisector of
∠CAB . Similarly the isogonal of Cevian line
BM is the reflection of BM through the
bisector of ∠ABC and the isogonal of a Cevian
line CN is the reflection of CN through the
bisector of ∠BCA. The isogonal conjugate of
P is the point of concurrence of the isogonals
of AL, BM, and CN.
SYMMEDIAN POINT

A symmedian for ΔABC is the isogonal of a

median of the triangle. The symmedian point of
ΔABCis the concurrence of the three
symmedians.
The symmedian point is another triangle center.
It is usually denoted by K.

STEPS:
1. Using the polygon tool, construct ΔABC.
2. Construct three median lines :AL, BM, and CN. (Use the midpoint and
segment tools)
3. Let P be a point of intersection of the three medians. (Use the intersect tool)
4. Construct the isogonal of the medians using the angle bisector tool.
5. Let K be the point of intersection of the angle bisectors.
Reported by: Maricris D. Rivera
Solve the unknown:

1. Find: AD BD
and

2. Find: BD

3. Find: BE

4. Find: CF and BF

5. Find: BF

6. Find: DC HG HC

Marikina Polytechnic College

 Brgy. Sta. Elena, Marikina City

Activity No. 1
(Points of Concurrency: Incenter of a triangle)

1. Construct a right ∆ABC with incenter O (Angle C is a right angle)

2. Construct incircle with 3 radius lie on triangle at point M, P and K
3. Find the radius of the incircle of a right triangle with sides 5 cm, 12 cm, and 13 cm.
Compute manually.

Note:
- The radius (r) of the inscribed circle is interrelated with the area (A) of the
circumscribing triangle and the perimeter (P) of the triangle by the formula

Pr
A=
2
bh
- The area of the triangle is half of the base times height. A=
2

Activity No. 2
(Points of Concurrency: Excenter of a triangle)

1. Construct a right ∆ABC with excenter O

2. Construct excircle with 1 radius lie on the side AC of triangle at point M
3. Find the radius of the excircle of a right triangle with sides 6 cm, 8 cm, and 10 cm.
Compute manually.

Note:
- The radius (r) of the circle is interrelated with the area (A) of the
circumscribing triangle and the perimeter (P) of the triangle by the formula
A=( s−b ) r
P
- In heron’s formula: Semi-perimeter (s) is one half of the perimeter s= or
2

a+ b+c
s=
2
- b is the side adjacent to its excircle
bh
- The area of the triangle is half of the base times height. A=
2
Activity No. 3
(Points of Concurrency: Centroid of a triangle)
1. Construct ∆ABC
2. Draw medians D,E and F and centroid O (Note: point D should be in the opposite
of A, point E opposite of B and soon)
∆ ABE ∆ ACD ∆ BCF
3. Check if ∙ ∙ =1 in the spread sheet of geogebra.
∆ EBC ∆ ABD ∆ ACF
4. Construct altitude
´
5. If m AB=2cm ´ =3 cm and m AC
, m BC ´ =4 cm,

Compute manually:
´ , (using the formula of the
´ and CF
Find the measure of the medians: Á D , BE
cevian triangle for medians)

Activity No. 4
(Points of Concurrency: Ortocenter of a triangle)
1. Construct ∆ABC with Orthocenter O. (Note: point D should be in the opposite of A,
point E opposite of B and soon)
∆ ABE ∆ ACD ∆ BCF
2. Check if ∙ ∙ =1 in the spread sheet of geogebra.
∆ EBC ∆ ABD ∆ ACF
´
3. If m AB=2cm ´ =3 cm and m AC
, m BC ´ =4 cm,

Compute manually:
´ (using the formula of the
´ and CF,
Find the measure of the altitudes: Á D, BE
cevian triangle for altitude)

Activity No. 5
(Points of Concurrency: Circumcenter of a triangle)
1. Construct ∆ABC with Circumcenter O and circumradius OG. (Note: point D should
be in the opposite of A, point E opposite of B and soon)
´
2. Find the diameter and radius of the Circle O, If m AB=7 ´
cm , m BC=10 cm and
´ =8 cm. Compute manually.
m AC
Note:
- Diameter of the circumcircle of the triangle is in the form of

abc
d=
2 √ s ( s−a ) ( s−b ) (s−c)
- In heron’s formula: Semi-perimeter (s) is one half of the perimeter of the

P a+ b+c
triangle s= or s=
2 2
Prepared by: Chariss Joy Q. Paune

POWER POINT PRESENTATION