Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Chapter 8
Electric Forces and Electric Fields
Properties of Electric Charges:
Note.
1. The nature’s basic carrier of positive charge is the proton. They do not move from
one material to another because they are held firmly in the nucleus. Nature’s basic
carrier of negative charge is the electron.
3. Objects are said to be negatively charged if they gain electrons and positively
5. The charge of the electron is, e = -1.6 x 10-19, and for the proton is +1.6 x 10-19 C.
Q - Charge on a body
e - Elementary charge
Problem .1
A body has a charge of -1coulomb. Find the number of (excess) electrons present on it.
The charge of an electron e = -1.6 x 10-19C .
Solution: Q=ne
-1C = n x (-1.6 x 10-19C ) , n = 6.25 x 1018
Chapter 8 Electric Forces and Electric Field Zuhair (ZAS)
Physics 1 (PHYS 1200)
2. Charging by Induction:
When an object is connected to a conducting wire or pipe buried
in the earth, it is said to be grounded.
away from this location. if a grounded conducting wire is connected to the sphere which
allows some of the electrons to move from the sphere to the ground . When the wire to
ground is removed, the sphere is left with an excess of induced positive charge. Then
the positive charge on the sphere is evenly distributed due to the repulsion between the
positive charges
Charging by induction requires no contact with the object inducing the charge.
Coulomb’s Law:
Statement:
The electric force of attraction or repulsion between two point charges is directly
proportional to the product of the magnitude of the charges and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance their centers.
Like/ similar charges repels (Fig. a), Unlike/ different charges attracts (Fig. b).
q1 q2
F = ke
r2
r,is the distance between the centre’s of the two charges in meters.
Chapter 8 Electric Forces and Electric Field Zuhair (ZAS)
Physics 1 (PHYS 1200)
Note:
3. Coulombs law obeys Newton’s third law, and hence the electric
forces F12 andF21 are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction,
that is
F12 = -F21
Example 1:
A comb drawn through a person’s hair on a dry day causes 1012 electrons to
leave the person’s hair and stick to the comb
(i) Is the force between the comb and the hair attractive or repulsive?
(ii) Find the magnitude of this force when the comb is 1.0 m from the person’s
hair.
Solution :
(i) The force is attractive because the charge on the comb is negative and that
on the hair is positive. Unlike charges attract.
q1 . q2
(ii) From Coulomb’s law F = ke
r2
or F = - 2.3 x 10-4 N
then a small test charge, qo, placed in the field, will experience a force
The electric force acting on a the positive test charge qo placed at that point
divided by the magnitude of the test charge qo
F
E= Where
qo
E is the Electric field,
keQ
E= r is the distance where the test charge qo is placed.
r2
(3) The direction of the field is defined to be the direction of the electric force that
would be exerted on a small positive test charge placed at that point.
Note:
1. The test charge qo should be small enough such that it does not
disturb the change distribution responsible for the electric field as
shown in the figures given below.
Once the electric field is known at some point, the force on any particle with charge
‘q’ placed at that point can be calculated with the help of equation (1).
Consider a point charge ‘q’ is placed at a distance ‘r’ from a test charge ‘qo’ .
According to Coulomb’s law , the magnitude of the force on the test charge is
q . qo
F = ke
r2
Since the magnitude of the electric field at the position of the test charge is defined as
o,
E = F / q the magnitude of the electric field due to the charge ‘q’ at the position of
o
‘q ’ is
q
E = ke ----------(3)
r2
Fig. 7
5.
Example 2 :
The electron and proton of a hydrogen atom are separated ( on the average) by a
distance of about 5.3x10-11m. Compare the electric force and gravitational force
that each particle exerts on the other.
e
2
(1.6 * 10 −19 ) 2
Solution : Electric force (Fe) = ke = 9 x10 9 −11 2
= 8.0 * 10 −8 N
r2 (5.3 * 10 )
Fe
Now ≈ 2.0 *10 39 , the gravitational force between the charged atomic particles is
Fg
negligible compared with the electric force.
Example 3 :
= 1.6x10-19 x 2.0x104
= 3.2x10-15N
Example 4 :
Find the electric field strength at the point P as shown in given figure below, which is
10.0 cm from a charge of + 6.0 µC and 40.0 cm from a charge of - 8.0 µC.
10.0 cm 40.0 cm
P
+6.0 µC - 8.0 µC.
Solution:
The electric field due to the + 6.0 µC charge (E+ 6.0 µC) = ke (q)/r 2
= 4.5*105 N/C
The field due to both charges are in the same direction- to the right.
Therefore, the resultant has a magnitude of 58.5x105 N/C and is directed
toward the right.
Example 5:
A water droplet of radius (r) =1.0 µ m remains stationary in a Millikan oildrop apparatus
under the influence of an electric field of intensity 5.1x104 N/C. How many electronic
charges does it carry? (qe = 1.6x10-19C , ρ water (density of water) = 103 kg m-3 , g = 9.8 ms-2 )
.
Solution:
Droplet stationary under the influence of two forces, its weight acting downwards and
the electric force on it acting upwards and these forces must be equal in magnitude .
Therefore, Fe = Fg
or q E = m g
= ρ (4/3) π r3 g [ mass = density * volume ]
( 4 )π ρR 3 g
q = 3
E
( 4 )3.14 *103 *10−18 * 9.8
= 3
5.1*104
= 8.0 * 10-19 C
or q = 8.0 *10-19 C
8.0 * 10 −19
It follows that the drop carries = = 5 electronic charges
1.6 * 10 −19
Charge C
Q
Electric field at C
OR
EA
Field at point A
A B
Field at point B
Line of force EB
Fig. 8
Path along which a unit positive test charge would tends to move in an
electric field.
4. The electric field is stronger where field lines are more crowded
weaker where they are far apart.
5. The field lines are racially outward from the positive charge and
inward from the negative charge.
Below Fig.9(a) shows some lines of force around a single positive charge and
Fig.9(b)
shows some lines of force around a single negative charge .
Fig. 9
The lines are actually directed radially outward from the positive unit charge in all
directions since a positive test charge placed in the field would be repelled by the
charge +q. In a similar way , the electric field lines for a single negative point
charge are directed toward the charge.
Note :
• In either case , the lines are extended all the way to infinity.
• The lines are closer together as they get near the charge, indicates the strength of
the field is increasing.
• Lines of force never intersect with each other, hence any one point in an electric
field , the field can have but one direction.
Fig.10 shows the beautifully symmetric electric field lines for
two point charges of equal magnitude but opposite sign. This
charge configuration is called an electric dipole. In this case ,
the number of lines that begin at the positive charge must
equal the number that terminate at the negative charge.
at points very near either charge , the lines are nearly
radial.
the high density of lines between the charges indicates a
Fig. 10 strong electric field in this region.
Fig.11 shows the electric field lines in the vicinity of two equal
positive point charges. In this case,
closer to either charge the lines are nearly radial.
the same number of lines emerges from each charge because
the charges are equal in magnitude.
at large distances from the charges, the field is approximately
equal to that of a single point charge of magnitude 2q.
the bulging out of the electric field lines between the charges
shows the repulsive nature of the electric force between like charges.
Fig. 11
Fig. 12 is a sketch of the electric field lines associated with the
positive charge + 2q and the negative charge -q. In this case
• only half of the lines that leave the positive charge end at
the negative charge. The remaining half terminate on
Fig.12 negative charges that we assume to be located at infinity.
Rules for drawing electric field lines for any charge distribution are as follows:
(i) The lines must begin on positive charges and terminate on negative charges.
(ii) The number of lines leaving a positive charge or entering a negative charge
is proportional to the magnitude of the charge.
(iv) The electric field intensity at a point is the number of lines of force
streaming through per unit area, normal to the direction of the intensity.
8.
Problems:
Problems:
1. Calculate the force of repulsion between two small positive charges of 10-9C and
2x10-9 C placed 5.0 cm apart in air. [ Ans : 7.2x10-6 N]
2. Find the electric field intensity at a point P distant 10.0 cm from a point charge A
of +2x10-8 C in air. [Ans: 18x103 N/C along AP ]
3. A 4.5 × 10–9 C charge is located 3.2 m from a –2.8 × 10–9 C charge. Find the
electrostatic force exerted by one charge on the other
4. Two identical conducting spheres are placed with their centers 0.30 m apart. One is
given a charge of 12 x 10–9 C and the other a charge of –18 × 10–9 C.
(a) Find the electrostatic force exerted by one sphere on the other.
(b) The spheres are connected by a conducting wire. After equilibrium has
occurred, find the electrostatic force between the two.
[Ans: (a) 2.2x10-5 N attraction]
[ Ans:(b) 9.0x10-7N repulsion ]
5. Consider two point charges + 1.0 µC and + 2.0 µC separated by a distance of 10.0
m. At what point ( except infinity ) on the line ( or on its extension) joining the
charges is the electric field zero?
(b) If the charge on each sphere is negative , how many excess electrons are there
on each sphere?
[Ans : 3.29x1015]
7. Three charges are arranged as shown in Figure below . Find the magnitude
and direction of the electrostatic force on the charge at the origin .
[Ans: 1.38 x10-5N at 77.5o below–x axis ]
11. A charge of 6.0 x 10-9 C and a charge of – 3.0 x 10-9 C are separated by a distance of
60.0 cm Find the position at which a third charge of 12.0 x10-9 C can be placed so
that the net electrostatic force on it is zero.
12. Determine what the mass of a proton would be if the gravitational force between two
−
8
1.1 1
0× N
14. An alpha particle (charge = +2.0e) is sent at high speed toward a gold nucleus
(charge = +79e). What is the electrical force acting on the alpha particle when it is
2.0 × 10–14 m from the gold nucleus?
Reduced it ¼ of its previous
value
3.7 1×
0 N r7epulsion(
− )
9
1 N
re
p u(ion
ls )
Chapter 8 Electric Forces and Electric Field Zuhair (ZAS)
Physics 1 (PHYS 1200)
16. Two small metallic spheres, each of mass 0.20 g, are suspended as pendulums by
light strings from a common point as shown in Figure P15.15. The spheres are
given the same electric charge, and it is found that the two come to equilibrium
when each string is at an angle of 5.0° with the vertical. If each string is 30.0 cm
long, what is the magnitude of the charge on each sphere?
7.2 nC
(b) Use the equations of motion with constant acceleration to find the electron’s
5
5.27 ×
10 m s
18. In Figure P15.27, determine the point (other than infinity) at which the total