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STRUCTURE OF
CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
MOSFET
SiO2 (amorphous)
Si (crystalline)
Materials and packing:
Types of Solids
noncrystalline SiO2
Hard sphere model and lattice:
Atomic hard sphere model is used to describe the
arrangement of atoms.
Lattice: A 3D array of
points
i i space
in
coinciding with
atom positions
(or sphere centers).
Unit cell:
Unit cell:
(Lattice cell)
Smallest structural
unit that describes
the symmetry
crystal structure.
Small repeat entities.
As an easy and simple way of representation we use
cubes or similar geometrical tools to represent a unit cell.
Metallic Crystals
• Coordination # = 6
Examples: CsCl, brass
(# nearest neighbors)
Face
ace--Centered
Cubic (FCC)
m3)
Tin, Zinc
Ceramics have... Zirconia
ρ (g/cm
5
Titanium
• less dense packing 4 Al oxide
Diamond
(covalent bonding) 3
Aluminum
Si nitride
Glass-soda Glass fibers
Concrete
• often lighter elements 2 Silicon PTFE GFRE
GFRE*
Carbon fibers
Magnesium
Polymers have... Graphite
Silicone
PVC
CFRE*
Aramid fibers
PET AFRE*
• poor packing 1 PC
HDPE, PS
(often amorphous) PP LDPE
PP,
ALL CARBON;
But they all have
different
Macroscopic
Properties
Hybridization of Carbon atom
• sp3 - Diamond • sp2 - Graphite
4 σ-electrons 1 π- and 3 σ-electrons
C σ
C π σ
109°5'
109 5 C
C 120° C C
C
σ C
C
π1
180°
C C C
π2
σ
Parameters defining a unit cell:
Lattice Parameters
Total of SEVEN
CRYSTAL STRUCTURES
Plane A
Plane A: (243)
FAMILY of PLANES:
Planes that are crystallographically
equivalent, which have the same
atomic packing.
Area occupied by the atoms on the plane
Atomic Planar Density=
Total area of the crytallographic plane
BCC (110
( plane)
l )
(FCC)
FCC) STACKING SEQUENCE
• ABCABC... Stacking Sequence
• 2D Projection
A
B B
C
A
A sites
it B B B
C C
B sites B B
C sites
A
• FCC Unit Cell B
C
11
(HCP) STACKING SEQUENCE
• ABAB...
ABAB Stacking
St ki Sequence
S
• 3D Projection • 2D Projection
Polycrystalline material:
comprised of many small crystals or grains
Grains:
G i
Orderely arrangement
within each grain,
orientation changes in
The neighbouring grain
Amorphous/Crystalline
Atomic
At i arrangements t in
i crystalline
t lli silicon
ili and
d amorphous
h silicon.
ili ((a))
Amorphous silicon. (b) Crystalline silicon. Note the variation in the inter-
atomic distance for amorphous silicon.
Single Crystalline Si Growth
Today’s processor
Low cost ICs
Smart cards,
displays
E-paper
Amorphous/Crystalline
Amorphous/Crystalline
19
ANISOTROPY
Direction dependence in physical properties: observed in single crystals
Direction-dependence
The degree
g of anisotropy
py increases
with decreasing structural symmetry.
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS
Diagram of a diffractometer,
showing g powder sample, incident
and diffracted beams.
Example:
For BCC iron, compute (a) the interplanar spacing, and (b) the diffraction angle for
the (220) set of planes. The lattice parameter for Fe is 0.2866 nm. Also, assume
that monochromatic radiation having a wavelength of 0.1790
0 1790 nm is used
used, and the
order of reflection is 1.
SUMMARY
• Atoms may assemble into crystalline or
amorphous structures.
• Crystal Structures
• Crystallographic Directions and Planes
• Crystalline and Non crystalline Materials