Operating System

Contents
• Objectives of OS
• Types of OS
• Functions of OS
• Process Management
• Memory Management
• File management
• Device management : I/O services
• Protection and Security
• User Interface
• Examples of OS: MS-DOS, Windows, Linux

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Objectives of OS
 Software that provides interface between computer
hardware, application programs and users
 Hides working of hardware from user; makes it
convenient for user to use machine
User gives commands to perform the required actions
OS handles all operational steps
 Supervises and manages hardware of computer
Uses hardware efficiently, handles details of operations
Controls and coordinates use of hardware among
different application software and users
 E.g. MS-DOS, Windows 8, Linux, UNIX, Mac OS X Snow
Leopard
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 Which OS
Types of OS runs in your
mobile
phone?
 Single user and single task
Used by single user for standalone computer, for single task
E.g. MS-DOS
 Single user and Multitasking
Allows execution of more than one task or process concurrently. Uses
time sharing
E.g. Windows 95 and later versions of Windows
 Multiuser
Allowssame data and applications to be accessed by multiple users
at same time
E.g. Linux, UNIX, Windows 7

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Types of OS (contd..)
 Multiprocessing
Have two or more processors for single running process.
Use parallel processing
E.g. Linux, UNIX, Windows 7
 Real time
respond to event within predetermined time. Used to
control processes
E.g. LynxOS
 Embedded
Embedded in device in ROM. Device specific. Used in
appliances like microwaves, washing machines etc.
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 Can you
recognise
these
Logos?

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 Can you name
the devices
which use
Android?

Windows-7 Linux Ubuntu Android

MAC OS

Mac Snow
Leopard
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Functions of OS

User Interface

Process Protection and

Management Security

OS
Memory Device
Management Management

File
Management

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Process Management
Process - Program in state of execution. Unit of work for OS. Can be
created, executed, stopped.
Handles resource allocation to processes efficiently
States changes during execution
New • A new state when process is created

Ready • When process waits for processor

Running • Processor is executing the process

Waiting • Process waits for some event to happen (I/O etc)

Terminated • Process has finished execution

Collection of process - system process & user process

Concurrent execution of process requires process synchronization,
CPU scheduling
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Memory Management
 Handles allocation of memory to different processes
 On completion of process execution, memory is de-
allocated and made available to another process
 Processes allocated memory should not interfere into
each other’s memory space
Requires memory protection and sharing mechanism
 Memory Allocation Schemes
Multiple Partition Allocation
Paging

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Virtual Memory
 Needed because: for some applications, large memory
is required to run applications & whole program
cannot be loaded into memory
 Allows execution of processes not completely in
memory
 Implemented by demand paging (paging with
swapping)
Processes reside in on-line secondary memory. When a
page is required, it is swapped-in into memory
Swapping: transferring of block of data from on-line
secondary storage to memory and vice versa

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File Management
 Handles file system. Two parts: files & directory
structure
 File: collection of related information
Smallest named unit written to secondary storage device
Attributes: name, location, size, type, time, date etc.
Access: sequential access and direct access
 Directory structure
Storesfile information on secondary storage
Contains name, location, size, type of all files
 System calls: interface between process and OS
 Operations on directory: search, create, delete and
rename file, list directory, traverse file system
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Device Management
 Manages and controls devices attached to computer
 Handles devices by both hardware and software
techniques
I/O hardware: Ports, buses, device controllers for devices
Software:Device driver. OS communicates with I/O
hardware via device driver of device
 Device Controller
Operates port, bus, device. Bridge between device and
OS
Complexity of handling devices is abstracted and hidden
in device drivers of device
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Protection and Security
 Protection mechanism: Access of programs,
processes, users to resources defined by computer
Ensures resources used in consistent way
 Security mechanism: prevents unauthorized access to
computer. Includes, security of software, security of
data and security of computer’s physical resources
 In PC, security ensured using
User accounts, user authentication, access rights
Data encryption, data backup
 Common security threats due to hacking, viruses etc.

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User Interface
Four kinds of interfaces:
1. CLI: User interacts with OS
in form of text keyed in
from keyboard
E.g. MS-DOS and Linux
shell
2. Menu Driven Interface

3. GUI: Uses graphics to

display various
commands Consists of
icons, menus, windows
and pointers
E.g. Windows 7 and Mac OS
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4. Touch Screen Interface

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Examples of OS
MS-DOS
Windows family of operating systems
Unix OS
Linux OS
Mac OS X

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MS-DOS
 First widely-installed OS for PCs
 Easy to load and install
 Neither requires much memory nor a very powerful
computer to run on
 CLI user interface
 Single-user and single-tasking OS for PC
 16-bit OS - can send or receive 16 bits of data at a time
and can process 16 bits of data
 User must know where programs and data are stored
and how to interact with it

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Windows Family of OS
 Personal computer OS from Microsoft
 Includes: Windows 9x family (Windows 95, Windows
98, Windows 2000), Windows XP, Windows Vista,
Windows 8
 GUI-based OS
 Support multi-tasking
 Contains built-in networking; allows users to share
files and applications with each other when connected
to network
 Windows 8 comes in three editions: Windows 8,
Windows 8 Pro, Windows 8 Enterprise

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Linux OS
 Unix-like OS. Developed by Linus Torvalds
User interface called shell
Kernel : interface for programs to interact with hardware. Provides
services like process management
Shell interacts with kernel through system calls
 Free OS. Copyright under GNU Public License. Constantly
upgraded by programmers
 CLI interface.
 Multi-tasking, reliable, secure OS
 Linux with add-on features and capabilities
Redhat Linux ver.9, Mandrake, Debian (Ubuntu, Kubuntu, Edubuntu),
Novell

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Thank You!

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