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• The plumbness is a method to find out the verticality of each shell during the construction of storage
tanks. During the maintenance period,Plumbness needs to be checked to conform the integrity of the
tank.
• Sometime this method is also used to find out the distortion of Roof leg supports of floating roof tanks.
• Verticality can be checked by using different methods. Different equipment's are now available for
that. Normally a plumb is used to check the verticality of the shells. Nowadays Total Station
equipment is used.
• During maintenance period of large tanks, Verticality is checked by using Total Station equipment
instead of plumb.
Verticality Measurement:
1. The verticality of each shell course shall be measured by optical method using Total Station equipment.
The equipment can measure accurately the distance horizontally and vertically in any direction.
2. Once the reference level and circumference are established, the Laser device (total station) shall be kept
as close as possible to the tank wall in each designated location (horizontal station). All the readings
3. Set the bench mark elevation & location from previous data (to be provided by Owner/operator) Mark the
geographical direction (north/ south etc.) or mark location in degrees to identify each measured location.
4. Mark positions around circumference at 32 feet intervals outside/inside of tank. The minimum number of
5. Set the theodolite at the tank center and align it by horizontally by adjusting the screws on the stand.
6. Take the measurement all along the circumference at this level. Put the total station at each designated
location clockwise as close as possible from the tank wall. Measure the distance from the wall. The
difference between this distance and the previously measured radius from center will constitute the ‘x’
reference which will be constant for all readings along the height of tank at that particular station.
7. Take all subsequent readings at the same station without any movement of the total station along the
8. For each shell course, at least two readings shall be taken (at 25% & 80% of shell height) at each
horizontal location. Additionally, one reading shall be taken at the Maximum design Liquid level.
9. Move around the circumference clockwise inside the tank and take the measurements at each designated
1/200 of the total tank height. The out-of-plumbness in one shell course shall not exceed the permissible
variations for flatness and waviness as specified in ASTM A6M/A6, ASTM A20M/A20, or ASTM
• The maximum out-of-plumbness of roof columns, guide poles, or other vertical internal components shall
not exceed 1/200 of the total height. The 1/200 criteria shall also apply to fixed roof columns. For tanks with
internal floating roofs, apply the criteria of this section or Annex H, whichever is more stringent.
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA AS PER API 653
• The maximum out-of-plumbness of the top of the shell relative to the bottom of the shell shall not exceed
1/100 of the total tank height, with a maximum of 5 in. The 1/100 criteria, with a maximum of 5 in., shall also
apply to fixed roof columns. For tanks with internal floating roofs, apply the criteria of this section or API
650, Section 7.5.2 and Annex H, Section H.4.1.1, whichever is more stringent.
• The out-of-plumbness in one shell course shall not exceed the values specified for mill tolerances in
1. Set the bench mark elevation & location from previous data (to be provided by Owner/operator)
2. Mark the geographical direction (north/ south etc.) or mark location in degrees to identify each measured
location.
3. Mark positions around circumference at 32 feet intervals outside/inside of tank. The minimum number of
4. Set the theodolite at the tank center and align it by horizontally by adjusting the screws on the stand.
5. Take the measurement all along the circumference at this level. Put the total station at each designated
location clockwise as close as possible from the tank wall. Measure the distance from the wall. The
difference between this distance and the previously measured radius from center will constitute the ‘x’
reference which will be constant for all readings along the height of tank at that particular station.
6. Take all subsequent readings at the same station without any movement of the total station along the
7. For each shell course, at least two readings shall be taken (at 20% & 80% of shell height) at each
horizontal location.
8. Move around the circumference clockwise inside the tank and take the measurements at each designated
≥ 75 (250) ± 32 (11/4)
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA AS PER API 653
≥ 75 (250) ± 32 (11/4)