1. 1 S.S.A.S.I.

T, SURAT GTU

2. What is Formwork?

o It should be capable of carrying all imposed dead and live loads apart from its own weight.

o Formwork is a mould including all temporary supporting structures, used to shape and support the concrete until it
attains sufficient strength to carry its own weight.

3.  Formwork has been in use since the beginning of concrete construction.

 New materials such as steel, plastics and fibreglass are used in formwork.

 Greater attention is being given to the design, fabrication, erection and dismantling of formwork.

 Formwork is designed according to The ACI document SP-4. 3

4. Qualities of Formwork

 It should be water tight.

 It should be strong.

 It can be reusable.

 Its contact surface should be uniform.

 It should be according to the size of member.

5. • REQUIRMENTS OF GOOD FORM WORK

• 1. Easy removal

• 2. Economy

• 3. Strength

• 4. Rigidity

• 5. Less leakage

• 6. smooth surface

• 7. Light weight

• 8. Quality

• 9. Supports

6. 1. Easy removal :

-The design of formwork should be such that it can be removed easily with least amount of hammering. The removal of
formwork should cause least injury to the surface or edges of the concrete.

2. Economy:

- As the formwork does not contribute anything to the stability of the finished structure, it should therefore, be made
economical by reducing the cost through proper design and construction. 6
3. Strength:

-The formwork should be strong enough to withstand all loads coming on it, such as dead load of concrete and live load
during its pouring, compaction and curing. The loads on formwork should be estimated carefully. The over-estimation of
loads result in expensive formwork and the under estimation of loads results in the failure of formwork.

4. Rigidity:

- The formwork should rigid (stiff) enough so that deflection is minimum. For visible surface in completed the work. the
deflection limited to 1/300 of span and for hidden surface, It is limited 1/150 of span. It should be noted that a rigid
formwork will be robust and stiff enough to allow repeated use. 7

8. 5. Less leakage:

- The formwork should be so arranged that there is minimum of leakage through the joints. This is achieved providing
tight joints between adjacent sections of the formwork.

6. Smooth surface:

-The surface of the formwork should be smooth, and it should afford easy stripping This is achieved by applying crude oil
or soft soap solution to the inside surface of formwork. 7. Quality: Forms must be designed and built with sufficient
stiffness and accuracy so that the size, shape, position, and finish of the cast concrete are maintained. 8

9. Economy in Formwork The following points are to be kept in view to effect economy in the cost of formwork: 1.The
plan of the building should imply minimum number of variations in the size of rooms, floor area etc. so as to permit
reuse of the formwork repeatedly. 2.Design should be perfect to use slender sections only in a most economical way.
3.Minimum sawing and cutting of wooden pieces should be made to enable reuse of the material a number of times.
The quantity of surface finish depends on the quality of the formwork. 9

10. Based on material Various Types of Formwork are : • Plywood (Fig-1.1) • Timber (Fig-1.2) • Steel (Fig-1.3) •
Aluminium (Fig-1.4) • Plastic (Fig-1.5) 10

11. Plywood : Fig-1.1 Plywood Formwork 11

12. Timber: Fig-1.2 Timber Formwork 12

13. Steel: Fig-1.3 Steel Formwork 13

14. Aluminum: Fig-1.4 Aluminium Formwork 14

15. Plastic: Fig-1.5 Plastic Formwork 15

16. • Formwork can be made out of timber, plywood, steel, precast concrete or fiberglass used separately or in
combination. • Steel forms are used in situation where large numbers of re-use of the same forms are necessary. • For
small works, timber formwork proves useful. Fiber glass made of precast concrete and aluminum are used in cast-in-situ
construction such as slabs or members involving curved surfaces. 16

17. Three stages in the process : a) Assembly and erection . b) Concrete placement. c) Stripping and dismantling. 17

18. • Formwork detail for different structural members In concrete construction formwork is commonly provided for the
following structural members. o Wall o Column o Beams o Slab o Stairs 18

19. • Formwork for Wall 19

20. 20 Formwork for wall construction are subjected to relatively lower lateral pressure than column forms due to their
large cross-sectional area. The components of wall forms are: •Panel sheathing – It is used to shape the wall and retain
the concrete until it sets. •Studs – to support the sheathing or Wales by forming a framework to keep the forms aligned
and support the studs. •Braces – It is used to prevent deflection of forms under lateral pressure and keep the formwork
erect. •Ties and spreaders – These are used to hold the sides of the forms at the correct spacing. .

21. 21 • The sheets are supported by vertical studs and horizontal wales. The ties are provided to maintain the distance
between the sheets and to resist the bursting action of concrete. • The small pieces of timber known as spacers may be
used and they are to be removed as the concrete reaches that level. • In addition, the wire ties and bolts may be also
provided. If bolts are used they are to be provided with grease so as to make their removal easy after 2-3 days of
pouring concrete.

22. 22

23. • Formwork for Column • It consists of the following – Side & End Planks – Yoke – Nut & Bolts • Two end & two side
planks are joined by the yokes and bolts. • It should be rectangular or square in shape. 23

24. • Formwork for columns 24

25. Beam Formwork: 25

26. 26

27. • Beam soffit must be thickened timber or strengthened plywood. • Beam sides 18mm plywood or 25mm boards,
with studs (cleats) at 500 to 600mm cm. • Deep beams (over 600mm) should have walkers and ties. • Use angle fillets in
the beam side to soffit joint where possible. • Allowance must be made for height adjustment of the props or false work.
Erection sequence for constructing beam formwork includes • Position of sole plates; •Marking out and setting heights
for false works; •Assemble and position props, adjustable head jacks, false works , bearers and Spreaders; •Construct
and erect side walls and beam soffit. • Position of sole plates 27

28. • Formwork for Slabs & beams:• It consists of – Sole plates – Wedges – Props – Head tree – Planks – Batten –
Ledgers • Beam formwork rests on head tree • Slab form work rests on battens and joists • If prop height are more than
8’ provide horizontal braces. 28

29. 29

30. • FORMWORK FOR SLAB: 30

31. • FORMWORK FOR STAIRS: • It consists of – Vertical & inclined posts – Inclined members -- Wooden Planks or
sheeting – Stringer – Riser Planks 31

32. • FORMWORK FOR STAIRS: 32

33. FORMWORK FOR STAIRCASE •Points to consider when designing stair form work : Stair formwork must support the
weight of concrete. The weight of the throat of the stair and the steps will have to be supported. Because of the slope of
the stair, some of the force is transmitted sideways. All formwork must be well tied together to prevent sideway
movement. Consider the finish of the stair treads and type of nosing. Space may have to be left for purpose made
nosing.

34. Centering of an Arch • Centering is the temporary structure required to support brick, stone or concrete work of
arch, Dome etc. during its construction . • The centering choice depends upon several factors like Shape of Arch Span of
Opening Thickness of Soffit Material used in arch construction …etc.

35. Width of the thinner soffit is 10 cm . If the width of the soffit is wider than 10 cm. , two ribs suitably spaced & shaped
at the Top may be used.

36. Centering for a wide soffit and bigger span

37. Centering for big Arches of bridges • For the construction of big arches, the centering will be invariably required. •
factors:- • Nature & type of arch (i.e. span, rise etc…) • Foundation conditions • Depth of water , liability to flood, etc… •
Distance required between support of centering for the passage of traffic. • Size & lengths of timber available •
Availability of labour.

38. It has Three type, 1. Timber truss centering 2. Trestle centering 3. Steel truss centering

39. 1. Timber truss centering • It is very useful when, • The arch provided in deep valley • The support for centering are
to rest in deep water. • The passage of traffic is required.

40. 2. Trestle centering

41. 3. Steel truss centering • It is very useful when, • It is impossible to use trestle type centering • Depth of water is
more Arches constructed for heavy flood.
42. SLIPFORM TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION: •Method of vertically extruding a reinforced concrete section and is
suitable for construction of core walls in high-rise structures – lift shafts, stair shafts, towers. •The formwork rises
continuously, at a rate of about 300 mm per hour, supporting itself on the core and not relying on support or access
from other parts of the building or permanent works. •Allows for the continuous pouring of concrete into walls of a
structure and only stops when the full required height of the structure has been reached. •The height of the formwork is
designed in such a way that while the top of the formwork is being filled by concrete the lowest layer of concrete poured
earlier has already gained an initial set. When the formwork is moved upwards the concrete that is then exposed
remains firm. CHEUNG KONG CENTRE

43. PROCEDURE : •Assembly can only start once the foundations are in place and the wall starter is in correct alignment.
•Slip form shuttering is aligned with the help of yokes. •Horizontal crossbeams connect these yokes. •Hydraulic jacks are
attached to these crossbeams for simultaneous upward movement. •Height of the slip form ranges from 1.1 to 1.5
meters. •Yokes and crossbeams also used to support the working platform. •Structure should be rigid and shape
maintained at all times. • It is also possible to reduce wall thicknesses as the construction gains height and arrangements
have to be made in the slip form structure that will enable such reduction at regular intervals.

44. ERECTION OF A TOWER USING SLIPFORM

45. HORIZONTAL FORMWORK : •Slip form methods of construction can also be adapted to horizontal structures and are
used for paving, canals, and tunneling. • The technique is more in use for structures that have continuous walls like
silos , chimneys, and piers for very tall bridges. • It has also been successfully used for construction of buildings,
although this requires the manner of leaving inserts for openings like doors and windows to be decided well in advance,
as well as also any necessary inserts to support floor slabs after the walls are constructed.

46. ADVANTAGES: •A major cost of concrete structure construction is the required formwork to retain the concrete till it
can be safely de-shuttered and be able to support itself and other imposed loads. •The formwork needs to be
continually removed to newer locations and then re-erected. •Continuous use of manpower and lifting equipment like
cranes. • In the case of slip form building, the formwork is erected only once and remains intact until the entire
structure is completed. •Great reduction in the cost of formwork as well as time saving for re-erection. •Cost effective
•Saving in to the labor cost otherwise used for intermittent concreting operations. •The reduction in the movement of
formwork and workers also leads to far more safe working conditions that also make it a major advantage.

47. PRECAUTIONS • Concrete is continuously protected against loss of moisture and rapid temperature changes for 7
days • Unhardened concrete is protected from rain and flowing water • Prevent plastic shrinkage • Plastic cracks are
filled by injection of epoxy resin.

48. 49 DESHUTTERING • DESHUTTERING in simple means, the process of removing the shuttering (Formwork for
Concrete). • Order and method of removing formwork: • Shuttering forming vertical faces of walls, beams & column
sides should be removed first. Shuttering forming soffit to slab should be removed next. • Shuttering forming soffit to
beams, girders or other heavily loaded members should be removed in the end. • Factors considerd : • Concreting is
done under normal circumstances • Cement used is Ordinary Portland Cement • Adequate curing is done • Ambient
temperature is not fall below 15 degree

49. • Removal of formwork:  Time of formwork removal depends on the following factors 1. Type of Cement 1. Rapid
hardening cements require lesser time as compared to OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement) 2. Ratio of concrete mix 1. Rich
ratio concrete gain strength earlier as compared to weak ratio concrete. 3. Weather condition 1. Hydration process
accelerates in hot weather conditions as compared to cold and humid weather conditions. 50

50. Time of Removal of formwork: 51

51. • Maintenance of formwork: • Due to continuous use wooden planks & steel plates surfaces become uneven and
require maintenance. • For wooden formwork use cardboard or plastic fiber board. Bolt hole places must also be
repaired. • For steel formwork plates must be leveled by mallet and loose corners must be welded. 52

52. • Cost of formwork  For normal works cost of formwork is about 30%-40% of the concrete cost.  For special works
cost of formwork is about 50%-60% of the concrete cost.  Formwork cost is controlled by the following factors •
Formwork Material cost • Formwork erecting cost • Formwork removal cost • Formwork jointing cost (Nails and Cables)
• Labor charges. 53
53. FAILURE OF FORMWORK

54.  Formwork failures are the cause of many accidents and failures that occur during concrete construction which
usually happen when fresh concrete is placed.  Generally some unexpected event causes one member to fail, then
others become overloaded or misaligned and the entire formwork structure collapses.  Improper stripping and shore
removal  Inadequate bracing  Vibration  Unstable soil under mudsills, shoring not plumb  Inadequate control of
concrete placement  Lack of attention to formwork details  Inadequate cross bracing and horizontal bracing of shores
 Forms sometime collapse when their shores/ jack are displaced by the vibration caused by: movement of workers &
equipment on the formwork

55. SAFETY PRECAUTION  Material used for the construction of formwork must fulfill the specification.  Formwork is
fixed firmly & properly  Construction area must be protected to prevent of formwork.  Warning sign must be put up at
the area where the formwork is fixed to prevent entrance of people that may damage the formwork.  The formwork
must be inspected before the concrete is poured.

56. Thank you THANK YOU57