Implementation of Wireless Sensor Network as
Fire Detector Using Arduino Nano
Andi Ray Hutauruk1, Jomen Pardede2, Pangeran Aritonang3, Rosari Fernanda Saragih4
1,2,3,4
Electrical Engineering Department
1,2,3,4
Del Institute of Technology
1,2,3,4
Laguboti, North Sumatera, Indonesia
1
andihutauruk2@gmail.com, 2jomenpardede@gmail.com, 3aritonang1997@gmail.com, 4rofersa14@gmail.com
Abstract—This paper presents the application of a fire
detection system. This fire system will use Arduino Nano as a
microcontroller. there are 2 microcontrollers that have different
functions. The first microcontroller will be used as the master
and the second microcontroller will be used as a slave. slave that
detects by using fire sensors and gas sensors. Then if the system
detects a fire, information will be sent to the master. The master
functions as an access point and is used to activate a fire warning
in the form of a buzzer sound. In this study, we will use the
wireless nRF24L01 as a system for sending sensor measurement
data from slave to master. In this study, we will make slave
consist of three parts with different locations.
Keywords: arduino, fire detector, nRF24L01, wireless sensor
network.
I. INTRODUCTION
Fire is one of the incident that often occur during the days.
Fire can cause the damage of live and financial loss. It’s
caused by the lack of active protection and passive proctection
about the first indication of fire. The first indication of fire is
smoke and fire, or gases too. One of the passive protection
system is detect the first indication of fire uses wireless sensor
network. The wireless sensor network is the main proportion
to collect information needed by the initialized network,
whether in the industrial buildings or automation systems. [1]
Fire detection also uses fire sensors, smoke sensors, and
gas sensors. The communication used is the wireless
nRf24l01. The wireless nRF24L01 is a single-chip radio
transceiver for the world ISM 2.4 - 2.5 GHz band. The
transceiver consists of a fully integrated frequency
synthesizer, power amplifier, crystal oscillator, demodulator,
modulator and Enhanced Shock Burst protocol engine. The
hardware that will be used are fire sensors, smoke sensors,
gas sensors, UNO Arduino, modules, and resources. While
the software that will be used is Arduino IDE.
We chose to focus on how data will be sent and received
with a wireless sensor network system. In data
communication, there are two users. All users use smart
phones as devices. The first user is a firefighter and the
second user is the fire investigation team. The notification
sent to the firefighter is a fire alarm. It is expected to
accelerate response times to evaluate fire events. And notice
to the fire investigation team is the location mark or when the
fire occurred. It is expected to make it easier to find locations.
In its implementation, the situation to be detected is limited
to 3 rooms (15cm x 15cm x 15cm). Sensor placement is done
randomly.
II. RELATED WORK
In this section, the current studies are evaluated that have
been applied with Zigbee 802.15.4 to detect fire incident by
Jusak and Fardhan Arkan in their research about wireless
sensor network. Zigbee uses WiFi network (Wireless
Fidelity) as the communication media with the frequency 2.4
GHz [2]. In the other side, the research about wireless sensor
network have been done with Paralax 433MHz using radio
frequency. The range of that Paralax is 250 metres (NLOS /
No Line Of Sight) and 350 metres (LOS / Line Of Sight) [2]
[3]. In general, all of that related works is diffficult for user
to get the data.
During the last decade, the number of mobile phones has
increased rapidly in the developing world (ITU, 2016) [4]. By
this increasing, it will be possible to use smartphone’s feature
for many good things, also as the communication media for
fire detector. Communication system in the mobile phones is
using GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication). The
GSM is a digital cellular communication’s technology.
GSM’s technology is widely applied in mobile
communication, especially mobile station. In the mobile
station, there are some feature that can be used in GSM
cellular communication’s system, like SMS (Short Message
Service). SMS contains 160 characters maximum. Figure 1
shows the technology standards of GSM.
Wireless sensor network consists of 3 main components,
node, gateway, and software. Node is distributed through an
interface like sensor detecting environment. Data collected
will be send by wireless through the gateway, where’s free
operated or connected to the host system. In that host system,
data are collected, processed, and displayed using software
[5].
 Arduino is an open source electronics platform used
according to hardware and software that’s easy to use. The
purposes of this device is to let all people can build their own
project. Arduino is able to detect environment by receiving
input from sensor and effect the environment to do
controlling [6].

Figure 1. Communication Flow of SMS

In the Figure 1 shows how the communication flow of

SMS from the MS1 to MS2. When the user transmit the SMS,
then the SMS is transmitted to MSC by cellular network that
available. Then, MSC will forward the SMS again to SMSC
for saving it.
In general, the communication system of mobile phones
is reliable. The data can quickly be transferred between the
users and the microcontroller via SMS feature. This feature
will be used as the communication system in fire detector.
III. DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
Wireless Sensor Networking consist of 3 main
components that is node, gateway, and software where node
was distributed from interface like sensor that monitor asset
or environment. Data from sensor send by wireless from
gateway where can free operation or connect to host system
where data gathered, process, and displayed use software.
Arduino is an electronic platform open to the public based
on easy-to-use software and hardware. This device is made
so that everyone can make a project. Arduino can be
programmed using the Arduino Development Environment
(Arduino ID).
The wireless nRF24L01 module is a remote
communication module that utilizes 2.4GHz ISM RF waves
(Industrial, Scientific and Medical). This module uses the SPI
interface to communicate. The working voltage of this
module is 5V DC. The flow of information delivery through
the wireless nRF24L01 is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Block Diagram of the System
Figure 2 shows the system design. The sensor is used to
detect the initial conditions in an environment simultaneously.
Data will be obtained from measurements made by sensors.
Then the data will be processed with an Arduino nano
microcontroller that functions as a slave. Furthermore, the
Arduino nano microcontroller will send this data to the nano
microcontroller that functions as a master. then the
microcontroller will activate the alarm as a warning as a
buzzer.
Figure 3 show the system flow diagram to be simulated.
All sensors will detect the sample space in real time. When the
sensor detects fire and smoke in room 1, a notification will be
sent and the location where the fire occurred from the room 1.
When the sensor detects fire and smoke in room 2, a
notification will be sent and the location where the fire occurs
from room 2. When the sensor detects a fire and smoke in
room 3, a notification will be sent and the location where the
fire occurred from room 3.
 nRF24L01

Arduino Nano
As Slave

Fire Sensor
Gas & Smoke
Sensor
(b)

Figure 4. (a) Implementation System As Master, (b)

Implementation System As Slave

Testing system output:

1. Fire Sensor
Testing is done by providing a heat source such as
fire right in front of the sensor receiver after the fire
sensor is connected to Arduino nano. In the Arduino IDE
software the serial monitor will be activated so that the
output voltage of the fire sensor can be seen. In this test it
Figure 3. The Flowchart of the System also measures the distance from the heat source to the
sensor receiver. With different distances, different
voltages are produced. this table is a table of results of
voltage measurements from serial monitor software.
IV. RESULT AND ANALYSIS
Table 1. Fire Sensor
From the system design, the system can be realized as Jarak
shown in Figure 4. Information
8 cm 10 cm 20 cm 30 cm
Voltage 475 450 400 380

LCD From tabel 1. the farther the distance of the heat source to
the sensor receiver, the value of the voltage generated will
decrease.

2. Gas and Smoke sensors

Testing was done by giving smoke to the smoke
sensor after being connected to the Arduino nano
microcontroller. From the tests conducted, it is known
that the greater the smoke or gas measured, the greater the
voltage.

nRF24L01
Arduino Nano
As Master Buzzer & LED
(a)
 V. CONCLUSION
In this paper was implemented a wireless sensor-
based system to transmit-receive the data consisting fire
alarm. The proposed system is used as first notification
for fire incident. The system performances were focused
to evaluate the transmission time, from the sensors to the
alarm notification through the SLAVE - nRF24L01 –
MASTER. Output of this sensor is in DC signal. And the
longer fire source from the sensor, the lower measurement
voltage will get. Overall, the proposed system can be used
as an efficient first notification as an alarm of fire
incident. However, the resluts are shown that the system
have a succesfull notification transmission more than
80% with the receive time is under 10 seconds.
[10] A. K., Perancangan dan Implementasi Sistem
[11] A. R. S. A. Ratna Susana, Implementasi Wireless
VI. REFERENCES
[1] F. L. Lewis, Wireless Sensor Network, Arlington: The
University of Texas, 2004.
[2] F. Arkan, Sistem Detektor Kebakaran untuk Rumah
Susun dengan Sistem Wireless Sensor Network,
Bangka Belitung: Universitas Bangka Belitung, 2014.
[3] H. M. Yanuar, Sistem Pendeteksi Dini Kebakaran
Hutan Berbasis Wirelss Network, Riau: Politeknik
Caltex Riau, 2013.
[4] H. B. A. G. R. B. Thomas DAum, "Smartphone Apps
As A New Method to Collect Data on Smallholder
Farming Systems in The DIgital Age: A Case Study
from Zambia," 2018.
[5] http://www.arduno.cc/, (access on November 2018).
[6] http://www.ni.com/wsn/whatis/, (access on November
2018).
[7] Sumadi, Analisis dan Implementasi Sistem
Pemantauan Kebakaran Menggunakan Jaringan Sensor
Nirkabel IEEE 802.154, Bandung: Telkom University
Bandung, 2013.
[8] S. Kewei, Using Wireless Sensor Networks for Fire
Rescue Application: Requirements and Challanges.,
Detroit: Wayne State University.
[9] L. Yongsheng, A Novel Accurate Forest Fire Detection
System Using Wireless Sensor Networks, China:
Fuzhou University, 2011.
Peringatan Bencana Kebakaran Menggunakan
Teknologi Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Berbasis
ZIGBEE (IEEE 802.15.4), Bandung: Institut
Teknologi Telkom Bandung.
Sensor Network Prototype Sebagai Fire Detector
Menggunakan Arduino Uno, 2015.