MADERAZO, RALPH CHRISTER A.

MPA 2
Public Fiscal Management

1. Public finance is the study of the role of the government in the economy. It is the
branch of economics which assesses the government revenue and government
expenditure of the public authorities and the adjustment of one or the other to
achieve desirable effects and avoid undesirable ones.
Public Fiscal Administration is the act of managing incoming and outgoing
monetary transactions and budgets for the government, educational institutions,
non-profit organizations and other public service entities.
Public Fiscal Administration is the managing or monitoring of revenues and
expenses received and spent by the government while Public Finance is the
evaluating or assessing of revenues and expenses received and spent by the
government.
2. Fiscal policy refers to the "measures employed by governments to stabilize the
economy, specifically by manipulating the levels and allocations of taxes and
government expenditures. Fiscal measures are frequently used in tandem with
monetary policy to achieve certain goals." In the Philippines, this is characterized
by continuous and increasing levels of debt and budget deficits, though there
have been improvements in the last few years.
The two major examples of expansionary fiscal policy are tax cuts and increased
government spending. Both of these policies increase aggregate demand while
contributing to deficits or drawing down of budget surpluses. They are typically
employed during recessions or amid fears of one.
Classical macroeconomics considers fiscal policy to be an effective strategy for
the government to counterbalance the natural depression in spending and
economic activity that takes place during a recession. As business conditions
deteriorate, consumers and businesses cut back on spending and investments.
3. Development finance is the efforts of local communities to support, encourage
and catalyze expansion through public and private investment in physical
development, redevelopment and/or business and industry. It is the act of
contributing to a project or deal that causes that project or deal to materialize in a
manner that benefits the long-term health of the community.

Development finance requires programs and solutions to challenges that the

local business, industry, real estate and environment creates. As examples, we
need unique financing approaches to address environmentally contaminated land
and specific solutions to unlocking capital access in underserved markets and
industries. Each of the problems that we seek to solve in development require
unique and targeted solutions. 

There are dozens of terms within the development finance industry including
debt, equity, loans, bonds, credits, liabilities, remediation, guarantees, collateral,
credit enhancement, venture/seed capital, angels, short-term, long-term,
incentives, and gap financing. 

Ultimately, development finance aims to establish proactive approaches that

leverage public resources to solve the needs of business, industry, developers
and investors.
 MADERAZO, RALPH CHRISTER A. MPA 2
Introduction to Public Administration

1. Public administration is the implementation of government policy and also an

academic discipline that studies this implementation and prepares civil
servants for working in the public service. As a "field of inquiry with a diverse
scope" whose fundamental goal is to "advance management and policies so that
government can function".Some of the various definitions which have been
offered for the term are: "the management of public programs";the "translation
of politics into the reality that citizens see every day"; and "the study of
government decision making, the analysis of the policies themselves, the various
inputs that have produced them, and the inputs necessary to produce alternative
policies." "Public management" is an approach to government administration and
non-profit administration that resembles or draws on private-
sector management and business techniques and approaches. These business
approaches often aim to maximize efficiency and effectiveness and provide
improved customer service. A contrast is drawn with the study of public
administration, which emphasizes the social and cultural drivers of government
that many contend makes it different from the private sector. Studying and
teaching about public management are widely practiced in developed nations.
Administration is most often concerned with determining goals, objectives, and
purpose while management functions to achieve the goals set by the
administration. In an effort to overhaul government administration there have
been efforts to blend these two aspects supporting the use of both administration
and management interchangeably. This new administration explains the conflict
or confusion sometimes experienced in clearly defining public works
administration today. Public administration jobs may include aspects of both
administration and management.
2. Policy analysis is a technique used in public administration to enable civil
servants, activists, and others to examine and evaluate the available options to
implement the goals of laws and elected officials. The process is also used in the
administration of large organizations with complex policies. It has been defined
as the process of "determining which of various policies will achieve a given set
of goals in light of the relations between the policies and the goals."
Public budgeting is a field of public administration and a discipline in the
academic study thereof. Budgeting is characterized by its approaches, functions,
formation, and type.
Human resource management in public administration concerns human resource
management as it applies specifically to the field of public administration. It is
considered to be an in-house structure that ensures unbiased treatment, ethical
standards, and promotes a value-based system.
3. Strategic framework of public administration reform. Achieving the necessary
standard of public administration requires reforms in many areas of policy and
administration. When planned and implemented on a fragmented and ad
hoc basis, reforms may not transform the governance system and overall
functioning of public administration as expected. Public administration reform
(PAR) is also considered fundamental to the accession process by the EU - it is
one of three key reform pillars, along with rule of law and economic governance. 
Public Financial Management refers to the set of laws, rules, systems and
processes used by sovereign nations (and sub-national governments), to
mobilize revenue, allocate public funds, undertake public spending, account for
funds and audit results. It encompasses a broader set of functions than financial
management and is commonly conceived as a cycle of six phases, beginning
with policy design and ending with external audit and evaluation. A large number
of actors engage in this “PFM cycle” to ensure it operates effectively and
transparently, whilst preserving accountability.
A service delivery is a set of principles, standards, policies and constraints to be
used to guide the designs, development, deployment, operation and retirement of
services delivered by a service provider with a view to offering a
consistent service experience to a specific user community in a specific business
context.