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Judo Biomechanical Science for IJF Academy

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Attilio Sacripanti
University of Rome Tor Vergata
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Aknowledgments ......................................................................................................................... 8
Foreword By Mr Marius L.Vizer President of the International Judo Federation IJF ................................ 8
Introduction to the Second English Edition 2017 ................................................................................. 10
“Branches grow due to the healthy roots” .......................................................................................... 10
Introduction to the English Edition 2010 ............................................................................................. 10
“Very strong roots for a big tree” ........................................................................................................ 11
Introduction to the Italian Edition 1988 .............................................................................................. 12
Zen, Physics and Judo. ........................................................................................................................ 12
Part one .................................................................................................................................... 14
Biomechanics for modern Sport ................................................................................................. 14
Chapter 1 Biomechanics ..................................................................................................................... 16
1.1 Classical Biomechanics ......................................................................................................................................... 16
1.1.1 Biomechanical Athlete ...................................................................................................................................... 16
1.1.2 Neuroscience of Muscular System. ................................................................................................................. 18
1.1.2.1. Warm Up and Biomechanics of Muscular System ....................................................................................... 19
1.1.3 Deformation of Biomechanical Athlete, Energy and Fatigue............................................................................ 21
1.1.4 Biomechanics of Motor Actions ........................................................................................................................ 25
1.1.4.1. Study on Motor Action: Gripping .................................................................................................................. 26
1.1.5 Human Body Equilibrium and Stability ............................................................................................................. 29
1.1.6 Human Body Centre of Mass ( ShizenTai, JigoTai, Tanden) .............................................................................. 30
1.1.7 On Site Body’s Rotation (Tai Sabaki) ............................................................................................................... 32
1.1.8 Locomotion (Ayumi Ashi, Tsugi Ashi) .............................................................................................................. 33
1.1.9 Reflexes and Motor Control .............................................................................................................................. 35
1.1.10 Skill, Reaction Time and Anticipation ............................................................................................................. 36
1.1.11 Biomechanical Classification of Sports ........................................................................................................... 38
1.1.12 How to find a good judoka? With a multiregression equation!...................................................................... 40
1.2 Advances in Biomechanics ................................................................................................................................... 42
1.2.1 Astonishing Information In Muscular Contraction............................................................................................ 42
1.2.2 Fractals in Heart Rate ...................................................................................................................................... 45
1.2.3 Fractals in Breathing Patterns ........................................................................................................................... 46
1.2.4 Multifractals in Human Gait .............................................................................................................................. 47
1.2.5 Hot News: shorten Reaction Time by Visual Training. ...................................................................................... 49
Part two .................................................................................................................................... 56
Judo .......................................................................................................................................... 56
Chapter 2 Basic Judo Principles ........................................................................................................... 58
2.1 Straight line unbalances (Happo No Kuzushi) ...................................................................................................... 58
2.2 Abdominal Energy Exploitation (Hara gei) ........................................................................................................ 62
2.3 Placements and basic grips (Shizen on Tai; Kihon Kumi Kata) ........................................................................... 64
2.4 The kernel of judo teaching by Kano (Kuzushi,Tsukuri, Kake) ............................................................................ 66
Chapter 3 Advanced Judo Principles .................................................................................................. 70
3.1 Static and Dynamic Rotational Unbalances (Tai Sabaki) ...................................................................................... 70
3.2 The true unbalance concept in competition ........................................................................................................ 73
3.3 Initiative as exploitation of kinetic energy and angular momentum ................................................................... 80
SEN (Renzoku and Renraku Waza) ........................................................................................................................ 80
GO NO SEN (Bogyo Waza) ..................................................................................................................................... 85
SEN NO SEN (Kaeshi Waza) ................................................................................................................................... 88
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The Old Russian approach to Initiative ...................................................................................................................... 91
3.4 Relative Range , Grips, and Timing ( Mai Ai, Kumi Kata, Kobo Ichi ) ................................................................... 93
The Japanese way ................................................................................................................................................. 97
The Old Russian Way ............................................................................................................................................. 99
Modern Unified Style .......................................................................................................................................... 100
Chapter 4 Biomechanical principles of Judo Training ........................................................................ 104
4.1 Conditioning: Classical linear approximation ..................................................................................................... 104
Some Special Advanced methods ....................................................................................................................... 110
4.1.1 Advances in linear conditioning: software help .............................................................................................. 112
4.1.2 Advances in linear conditioning: Special Biomechanical Instruments ............................................................ 114
4.2 Conditioning: New Trends non linear (undulating) approximation ................................................................... 118
4.3 Technical training ............................................................................................................................................... 122
4.3.10Technical teaching methods historical Analysis ( Go Kyo and Others) .......................................................... 123
4.3.1.1 Cognitive classification ................................................................................................................................. 123
4.3.1.2 Cognitive motor lerning arrangements........................................................................................................ 136
4.3.1.2.1 Children area ............................................................................................................................................. 137
4.3.1.2.2 Adult area ................................................................................................................................................. 146
Japan ................................................................................................................................................................... 147
France.................................................................................................................................................................. 149
England................................................................................................................................................................ 152
Holland ................................................................................................................................................................ 155
Australia .............................................................................................................................................................. 155
Canada ................................................................................................................................................................ 156
Spain .................................................................................................................................................................... 157
Tips for Theachers ............................................................................................................................................... 158
Tools for a Basic Club Training Methodology ...................................................................................................... 158
Tools for a Basic National Level Methodology .................................................................................................... 158
Tools for a High Level Athletes ............................................................................................................................ 158
4.3.2 Technical teaching methods for elite athletes’ modern biomechanical approach.... Errore. Il segnalibro non è
definito.
Chapter 5 Biomechanics of Throwing Techniques. (Tachi waza) ........................................................ 167
5.1.1 Biomechanics of Falls Control (Ukemi) ........................................................................................................... 167
5.1.2 Non Orthodox Falling Techniques (Agonistic Ukemi) ..................................................................................... 171
5.1.2.1 Turnouts: In search of new ways ................................................................................................................. 172
5.2 Biomechanical classification of judo throwing Techniques ............................................................................... 174
5.3 New Vision in Throws (Classic, Innovative and Chaotic Throws) ....................................................................... 190
5.4 Biomechanics Analysis of some selected Throws ............................................................................................ 195
Kinematics and Kinetics Parameters ................................................................................................................... 196
Energy Cost ......................................................................................................................................................... 206
Chapter 6 Biomechanics of Groundwork Techniques (Ne Waza) ....................................................... 209
6.1 Holds Physical principle and Classification (Osae Waza) ................................................................................... 210
6.2 Choking Physical Principle and Classification (Shime Waza) .............................................................................. 214
6.2.1 Physiological effects. ....................................................................................................................................... 216
6.3 Joint Locks Physical Principle and Classification ( Kansetsu Waza ) ................................................................. 219
6.3.1 Physiological effects. ..................................................................................................................................... 222
Chapter 7 Competition (Shiai) ......................................................................................................... 225
7.1 Competition Classical Approach for Coaches and Athletes ............................................................................... 226
Competition: Classical Evaluation for Coaches. .................................................................................................. 227
A) Energy ............................................................................................................................................................. 227
B) Athletes’ Motion Patterns in Competition ..................................................................................................... 229
C) Grips (for interaction) ..................................................................................................................................... 230
Competition: Classical Athletes Approach .......................................................................................................... 233
A) A winning grips condition. ............................................................................................................................. 233
B) A chance for applying trick techniques. .......................................................................................................... 235
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C) Tricks: and New Techniques ........................................................................................................................... 236
D) Shortening attack time ................................................................................................................................... 237
E) Skill techniques evolution ............................................................................................................................... 238
F) Connection Tachi Waza –Ne Waza .................................................................................................................. 238
7.2 Initiative as Psychological tool, Strategy and Tactics ......................................................................................... 240
7.3 Scientific Studies on Competition: a Survey ..................................................................................................... 244
a) Statistical Studies on Competitions................................................................................................................. 244
b) Male Athletes .................................................................................................................................................. 245
c) Female vs Male athletes .................................................................................................................................. 249
c) Female athletes ............................................................................................................................................... 252
e) Studies on Dynamics of competition ( Kalina Method) .................................................................................. 254
f) Grips laterality and attack effectiveness ......................................................................................................... 255
g) Technical-Tactical actions in competitions ..................................................................................................... 258
h) Throwing techniques effectiveness in competition ........................................................................................ 262
i) Conclusion about competition scientific studies ............................................................................................. 263
7.4 Competition at light of Classical and Advanced Biomechanics. ......................................................................... 264
I) Basic Biomechanical parameters able to obtain the most effective performance .......................................... 264
II) Biomechanics of competition: some classical remarks. .................................................................................. 266
III) Acting External forces on the couple of athlete system ................................................................................ 266
IV) Couple of atlete System internal forces, motion analysis ............................................................................. 268
V) Interaction (Throws) Connection on Shifting Velocity .................................................................................... 269
VI) Athletes’ Interaction ...................................................................................................................................... 270
VII) Functional Tactic .......................................................................................................................................... 275
7.5 Competition from a Female point of view ......................................................................................................... 276
I)Somatotype and Morphological features ......................................................................................................... 276
II) Female strength in grips ................................................................................................................................. 276
III) Grips and neuroscience.................................................................................................................................. 278
IV) Throws preferred ........................................................................................................................................... 280
V) Tips on training ( Sogabe) .............................................................................................................................. 284
Chapter 8 High Level Coaching I. ...................................................................................................... 290
Complementary technical-tactical tools .................................................................................................................. 290
8.1 Referees’ rules and their impact on competition .............................................................................................. 291
8.2 First Contact Tactics and Rotational Approach .................................................................................................. 297
8.3 Breaking Symmetry and related Histories ......................................................................................................... 311
8.4 How to enhance effectiveness in direct attack .................................................................................................. 313
8.5. How to build Combination in competition ....................................................................................................... 325
8.6 Action Reaction attacks. .................................................................................................................................... 337
8.7 Optimization tips for Coaches ............................................................................................................................ 341
8.8 Some thought on Seoi Family ............................................................................................................................ 344
8.9 Some thought on Uchimata and Couple techniques ......................................................................................... 356
8.10 How to build new throws................................................................................................................................. 369
Chapter 9 High Level Coaching II ..................................................................................................... 374
Match Analysis in Judo............................................................................................................................................. 374
9.1 Physiological Area: Input for Conditioning, Nutrition and Safety ..................................................................... 378
9.2 Technical Area : Input for Biomechanical Optimization .................................................................................. 383
Static (Minimum of Energy), Dynamics ( Maximum Effectiveness) ......................................................................... 383
9.3 Strategic Area: Input for Strategic Optimization................................................................................................ 389
9.4 Main Use of Judo Match Analysis: Adversary’s scouting. .................................................................................. 396
( The Japanese SMART centralized system ) ............................................................................................................ 396
9.5 Prevision Area: Input for Forecasting ................................................................................................................ 406
9.6 JUDO: The Next Generation (virtual training) .................................................................................................... 413
Virtual Reality VR and augmented reality AR .......................................................................................................... 413
Bibliography and References.................................................................................................... 416
Appendices .............................................................................................................................. 430
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Judo beyond Legend ................................................................................................................ 430
Man and Judo Scientific Complexities ..................................................................................................................... 432
Appendix I ....................................................................................................................................... 434
A Physical Complex System .............................................................................................................. 434
Advanced Biomechanical theory of judo competition ........................................................................ 434
I Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................... 436
II “Athlete” and “couple of athletes” systems: definition and physical ................................................................... 436
III Mutual distance as main parameter of contest dynamics ................................................................................... 436
IV Reference systems and interaction: definition and classification ....................................................................... 437
V Possible classes of potentials: a general study ..................................................................................................... 437
VI Potential and interaction in the centre of mass reference system ..................................................................... 438
VII Potential and interaction in the centre of mass reference system .................................................................... 439
VIII Experimental check (verification- validation) .................................................................................................... 442
IX Physical principles and interaction trajectories ................................................................................................... 443
X Probabilistic analysis of interaction ...................................................................................................................... 446
XI Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................ 447
XII References .......................................................................................................................................................... 448
Appendix II ...................................................................................................................................... 450
Non Linearity in Human Body ........................................................................................................... 450
Movement and Man at the end of the random walk ......................................................................... 450
1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 452
2 Inside the Body ..................................................................................................................................................... 452
2.1 Fractal Dimension : Self Similarity and Self affinity ...................................................................................... 452
2.3 Gauss and Pareto Inverse Power Law ........................................................................................................... 455
2.4 Random Walk and its limits ........................................................................................................................... 456
2.5 Continuum limit of fractional random walks ................................................................................................ 457
2.6 Time series : some example of internal body answers. ................................................................................ 458
2.7 Myosin (II) Brownian Ratchet and the Muscular Contraction ..................................................................... 460
2.8 On the Boundary ........................................................................................................................................... 461
3 Outside the Body .................................................................................................................................................. 462
3.1 Fluctuation of surface body temperature. .................................................................................................... 462
3.2 Human balance Centre Of Pressure ( COP ) vs. Centre of Mass ( CM) ......................................................... 464
3.3 Multifractals in Human Gait .......................................................................................................................... 465
4 From Usual Movement to Sport Movement ...................................................................................................... 466
4.1 Multifractals in Running training................................................................................................................... 466
4.2 Situation Sport .............................................................................................................................................. 467
4.3 Dual sport ...................................................................................................................................................... 467
4.4 Active Brownian Motion ............................................................................................................................... 469
4.5 Team sport ................................................................................................................................................... 469
5 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................................................... 471
6 Bibliography .......................................................................................................................................................... 472
Appendix III...................................................................................................................................... 476
How Athletes shift during fights ........................................................................................................ 476
Competitions’ Judo Patterns in Computational biomechanics and fighting strategy indication ........... 476
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. 478
The starting position ................................................................................................................................................ 478
Neurophysiologist’s linear approximation mistake ................................................................................................. 479
Numerical Evaluation. .............................................................................................................................................. 481
The projection theorem ........................................................................................................................................... 485
From the Brownian approach to the Newtonian ones ............................................................................................ 485
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................................. 488
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 Appendix IV ..................................................................................................................................... 490
Biomechanical Optimization of Judo ................................................................................................. 490
sharp Coaching tool .......................................................................................................................... 490
1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 492
2. Optimization in Sports ......................................................................................................................................... 493
3. Optimizations in judo ........................................................................................................................................... 494
4. Situation 1: Teaching Lessons - Statics - Minimum Energy Optimization ............................................................ 494
5. Competition: Dynamics- Maximum Effectiveness Optimization ......................................................................... 497
6. Competition: Some Problems .............................................................................................................................. 498
7. Competition: A more wide Optimization Concept- Strategic Optimization ........................................................ 499
8.Scientific Study of complex System: Shifting’s Paths Optimization ...................................................................... 499
8.1 Macroscopic Level : Locomotion .................................................................................................................. 500
8.2 . Mesoscopic Level approach. ...................................................................................................................... 505
Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................................. 516
References ............................................................................................................................................................... 517
Appendix V ...................................................................................................................................... 520
Complexity of Judo Experimental Research ....................................................................................... 520
Safety on Judo Children: Methodology and Results ........................................................................... 522
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. 522
System Safety Criteria .............................................................................................................................................. 522
Mechanics of Throwing Techniques and Impact Biomechanics .............................................................................. 523
Safety Criteria Mechanical Analysis of falls produced by Judo throws .................................................................... 524
Tatami Material Science and Thermodynamics. ...................................................................................................... 527
Elastocaloric Effect ................................................................................................................................................... 528
Judo Throws and Their Specific Way of Falls, in Safety Analysis ............................................................................. 530
The Rational Goal of the Research ........................................................................................................................... 531
Avio Thermal Camera and impact surface measurement. ...................................................................................... 531
Data for “Judo boy Dummy” and Crash test methodology. .................................................................................... 537
Head Injury Criterion, Skull fracture Probability, Thoracic Trauma Index, Compression Criteria. Results for “Judo boy
Dummy”. ........................................................................................................................................................... 537
Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................................. 539
References ............................................................................................................................................................... 539

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