2157 7587 - Hydrology 2014 - Accepted Abstracts PDF

Hydrol Current Res 2014, 5:4
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.S1.015
3rd International Conference on
Hydrology & Meteorology September 15-16, 2014 Hyderabad International Convention Centre, India
Fuzzy logic approach of hydrological modelling
A W Jayawardena
The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
I n recent years, flood disasters resulting from extreme rainfall have been on the increase in many regions of the world. In
developed countries, the usual practice of mitigating flood disasters is by structural means which are unaffordable in most
developing countries. The alternative then is to look for non-structural means that involve, among other things, early warning
systems. The basic technical components of an early warning system involves a measurable input data set that trigger floods, a
measurable output data set that quantify the extent of flood and an appropriate mathematical model that transforms the input
data set into a corresponding output data set. The crux of this paper is on one type of data driven mathematical models, namely
the use of fuzzy logic approach. Fuzzy logic models are conceptually easy to understand, flexible, tolerant to imprecise data
and can handle nonlinear functions of arbitrary complexity and built on the experience of experts. This approach is applied to
forecast discharges in several flood prone rivers in Sri Lanka, China and Fiji using Mamdani, Larsen and Takagi-Sugeno-Kang
Fuzzy (TSK) Inference Systems. Basin averaged daily rainfall and discharges at upstream gauging stations were considered as
input data. Comparison of the performance indicators indicated that that the approach was capable of forecasting reasonably
accurate downstream discharges. Attempts to develop hybrid models using wavelet decomposition, fuzzy logic and neural
networks are also highlighted.
Biography
A W Jayawardena obtained his PhD degree from the University of London. He is a Chartered Engineer, a Fellow of the UK Institution of Civil Engineers, a Fellow
of the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers, and a Life Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers. His research publications (over 165) include a recent
published book (Environmental and Hydrological Systems Modelling by Taylor and Francis Group), book chapters, and several journal and conference papers. He
was the recipient of the 2013 International Award of the Japan Society of Hydrology and Water Resources.
hrecjaw@hkucc.hku.hk
Variability of water masses properties in the Central Mediterranean Sea

Sana Ben Ismail
National Institute of Marine Science and Technology (INSTM), Tunisia
S everal hydrological observations were made in the Central Mediterranean Sea (Tunisia-Sicily Channel and surrounding
area), from 1995 to 2009, that allowed to identify the various water masses in the region and to estimate the interannual
variability of their hydrological characteristics. Besides the well known AW (Atlantic Water) and LIW (Levantine Intermediate
Water), other water masses have been identified even if their presence is not as steady and as stable as for AW and LIW. The
WIW (Winter Intermediate Water) flows beneath the AW to the eastern basin while the IW (Ionian Water), which has a high
intermittent character, flows in the subsurface layer to the western basin. The flows of subsurface water (WIW and IW) are
affected by intense a mixing phenomena which modify water masses and tend to make them disappear. The detailed pathways
of these water masses are not well documented in the central Mediterranean. Then to assess the mesoscale and seasonal
variability of these water masses in this area, it was compared the high sampling in situ data with a high resolution numerical
simulation. Moreover, the same hydrological series have yielded an interesting result concerning the increase of temperature
and salinity in the Tunisia-Sicily Channel. This trend regards particularly the deep layer (LIW and tEMDW) and hypothesized
that this is a direct response to a climatic change occurred in the eastern basin.
Biography
Sana Ben Ismail has completed her PhD at the age of 30 years from University of Tunis and ENSTA-Paris-Tech (France). She was recruited in 2012 as Researcher
at the National Institute of Science and Technology of the Sea. She is responsible for the acquisition, processing and analysis of hydrological data since 2005 in the
Tunisian Channel and off the Tunisian coast. She is interested in the variability of water masses and circulation in the Central Mediterranean. She has published
more than 10 papers in reputed journals and has been active in several regional and international research projects.
sana.benismail@instm.rnrt.tn
Hydrol Current Res 2014

ISSN: 2157-7587, HYCR an open access journal
Hydrology-2014 Volume 5, Issue 4
September 15-16, 2014

Page 133
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Assessing land cover change trajectories in Olomouc, Czech Republic
Mukesh Singh Boori, Vít Voženílek and Jaroslav Burian
Palacky University, Czech Republic
O lomouc is a unique complex of landmarks with widespread deforestation and land use change. This research work was
conducted to assess important complex land use change trajectories in Olomouc region. Multi-temporal satellite data
from 1991, 2001 and 2013 were used to extract land use/cover types by object oriented classification method. To achieve
the objectives three different aspects were used, that is: (1) Calculate the quantity of each transition; (2) Allocate location
based landscape pattern (3) Compare land use/cover evaluation procedure. Land cover change trajectories show that 16.69%
agriculture, 54.33% forest and 21.98% other areas (settlement, pasture and water-body) were stable in all three decade.
Approximately 30% of the study area maintained as a same land cove type from 1991 to 2013. Here broad scale of political
and socioeconomic factors also affects the rate and direction of landscape changes. Distance from the settlements was the
most important predictor of land cover change trajectories. This showed that most of landscape trajectories were caused by
socioeconomic activities and mainly led to virtuous change on the ecological environments.
Biography
Mukesh Singh Boori is involved in European Union Project as well as is a Visiting Assistant Professor in Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic Europe
since 04/2013. He was Scientist in Satellite Climate Studies Branch (NOAA/NASA), selected by National Research Council (NRC), Central Government of USA,
Washington DC. At the same time he completed his Postdoc from University of Maryland USA. He has done PhD (EIA & Management of Natural Resources) from
Federal University – RN (UFRN), Natal –RN Brazil, funded by Brazil-Italy Government fellowship. He has done Predoc (Earth & Environmental Science) form
Katholieke University Leuven Belgium, selected by Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) New Delhi India. He has done MSc (Remote sensing & GIS)
from MDS University Ajmer (2004) and BSc (Bio-group) from Uni. of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India (2002). He has international awards/fellowships from USA, Brazil, Italy,
Indonesia, Belgium, Czech Republic and India. He is editor as well as member of International Journals/Scientific Societies/Committees related to Earth Science.
His prime research interest is “EIA and Management of Natural Resources through Remote Sensing and GIS Technology”. He has more than 25 international
publications including books on Vulnerability, Risk Assessment and Climate Change.
msboori@gmail.com
Impact of land cover change on soil hydraulic properties: A case study of coastal Karnataka of India
Paresh Chandra Deka
NIT, India
T he flow of water in the unsaturated zone has been described as a complex phenomenon involving movement of water,
air, vapour and solutes through a dynamic flow path under the influence of temperature, density and osmotic gradients
in a compressible porous medium. Such complex and often site-specific nature of the hydrologic processes taking place in
the soil plant atmospheric continuum requires the use of indirect methods of analysis based on approximation. The essential
parameters in studying the unsaturated flow are infiltration, hydraulic conductivity and soil water retention curves. Hydraulic
properties of soils play an important role in the movement of soil moisture from the ground surface to the water table through
the unsaturated zone, and therefore affect the runoff and groundwater recharge processes. This work examines the soil
hydrological properties characterised by different land covers. Impact of land covers on hydrological characteristics such as
infiltration and moisture content has been obtained by using advanced field and laboratory techniques.
pareshdeka@yahoo.com


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Hypoxia modulation of endocrine and immune function in fish
Gopalakrishnan S1,2, Wang Y1, Karen Y T Lau1 and Wu R S S1
1
The University of Hong Kong, China
2
City University of Hong Kong, China
H ypoxia caused by eutrophication is the major pressing problems in aquatic ecosystems worldwide and as well as
considerable economic losses to fisheries. These long standing problems will be exacerbate in the coming years due to
global warming, particularly in developing countries where construction of waste treatment facilities lags well behind ever-
increasing population demands. Hypoxia has been shown to be an endocrine disruptor and can impair reproduction and affect
development of fish and higher vertebrates. Chronic exposure to hypoxia could impair reproduction and sexual development
of fish through disruption of sex hormones and their receptors along the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis. Recent
studies showed that many endocrine disruptors may also cause transgenerational effects. Offspring of future generations are
thus affected even though they themselves have not been directly exposed. Using the marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma)
as a study model, this research aims to test the hypothesis that exposure to hypoxia can cause transgenerational effects in
fish, and we further hypothesize that any observed transgenerational effects on immunomodulation, maternal complement
components and also on modulation of steroidogenesis in HPG axis. Nearly 2000 fish were exposed to hypoxic (1.5 mg L-1)
and normoxic (6.0 mg L-1) conditions for 30 days and eggs (F1 generation) were then collected and reared under hypoxic
or normoxic conditions. For chronic exposure the fish was exposed for 250 days under hypoxia and analysed for immune
associated parameters and steroidogenesis genes. Obtained result shows that majority of the immune related parameters and
steroidogenesis genes in HPG axis are modulated. This study highlights the interesting findings from the F0/F1/F2 generations,
with a focus on the changes in hypoxia-responsive mRNAs and protein in both steroidogenesis and immunomodulatory
pathways.
Biography
Gopalakrishnan S has completed his PhD at the age of 27 years from Madras University in 2002 and worked as Research Associate in Institute for Ocean
Management, Anna University (2003-2007) and did his Postdoctoral studies from State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Sciences, Xiamen University,
Xiamen, China (2007-2010). He has done his second Post doctoral fellowship in School of Biological Science, Hong Kong University. In parallel he worked as
a visiting scientist in Area of excellence, City University of Hong Kong (2010-2013). Currently he is working as a Post doctoral Fellow in Centre for Biosystems,
Neuroscience and Nanotechnology City University of Hong Kong and as a visiting Scientist in Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong.
He has published more than 30 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as a constant reviewer in many reputed toxicology and immunology journals.
sing_gopal@yahoo.com
Effect of foundation flexibility on seismic response of concrete gravity dams

Bakenaz A Zeidan
Tanta University, Egypt
I nvestigation of the behavior of dams against seismic loads is a key factor for dam safety requirements. One of the most
important problems in evaluation of seismic behavior of concrete gravity dams is dam-reservoir-foundation interaction.
Hydrodynamic pressures generated due to seismic forces and Fluid-Structure-Soil Interaction (FSS); are inevitable. In this
paper, the basic equation involved in the water-structure-foundation interaction and the effective factors are considered for
concrete gravity dams. Dam-reservoir-foundation interaction has been investigated utilizing seismic analysis. 2-D dam-
reservoir-foundation coupled system is analyzed using FEM via ANSYS code. Dam and foundation are assumed to be linear
and elastic while reservoir water is considered acoustic, inviscid and incompressible. The dam and foundation have been
idealized by considering linear, elastic and plane stress conditions. The modeling of reservoir has been carried out by fluid
acoustic element and proper consideration of fluid boundary and initial conditions. The effect of foundation flexibility has been
obtained by considering various dam-foundation rock interaction ratios i.e. modulus of elasticity of foundation to modulus of
elasticity of dam. Results show that both foundation mass and flexibility have an outstanding impact on the behavior of dams
and is necessary to consider their impact while simulating seismic response of concrete gravity dams.
drbakenaz@yahoo.com


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Status of water resources in mining region of Goa

Gurdeep Singh
Indian School of Mines, India
W ater is one of the prime natural resources on which the sustenance and economic development of any State is largely
dependent. Unlike most of the rivers in the northern part of the country, none of the rivers in Goa are snow-fed,
resulting in sharp imbalances in water availability between the summer and monsoon months. Groundwater basins in the
State do not have any significant inter-state component and to a large extent may be considered as “Hydrologically Land
Locked”. Central Water Commission (CWC), Government of India, has estimated the surface water potential of Goa to be
8437 million cubic meters (MCM). Assuming a 10% recharge to groundwater due to the average annual rainfall (3500-4000
mm), the groundwater potential of Goa has been worked out to be 152 MCM by the Central Ground Water Board. Despite
such an enormous resource base, the potential utilization of water resources has been low. Factors such as steep topography,
short river length, unique physiography, etc., result in low capability for utilization of water resources. Anthropogenic factors
like mining activities, agricultural practices and increased built-up area have further widened the demand supply gap. For
assessing the surface water quality status of Goa mining region, thirty six (36) water quality monitoring stations were identified
and established at various locations along rivers, streams and nallahs etc. Hotspots as per the sensitivity criteria with respect to
the water quality deterioration, scenic, aesthetic and recreational aspects and water supply have been established. To assess the
status of groundwater, forty five (45) monitoring locations were sited from North & South Goa. To determine the recharging
potential of aquifers, Hydrographs were plotted for the wells at all 45 locations. It is seen that wells have good recharge potential
and the quantitative impact is primarily persistent in certain areas like Shrigao, Dhandkal (Honda), Pissurlem, Dignem etc.
where some wells dried up during the summer season. Several management strategies like settling ponds, laterite rubble wall
arrestors, garland drains, overburden and mineral dumps in series (which also help during annual desilting of the ponds),
application of Geo-textiles etc. to arrest silt and sediment flows from soil are suggested along with development of central water
supply tanks to meet water demand.
s_gurdeep2001@yahoo.com
Major global changes and their impact effects

Mohamed Tharwat Salah Heikal
Tanta University, Egypt
M ajor global changes would result from the impact of a large meteorites, asteroids or comets. The collision would set the
planet ringing like a giant bell. This leads to produce powerful earthquakes and violent volcanic eruptions. In addition,
the impact into the ocean would send gigantic tsunami racing toward nearby shores. The impact could also reverse the planet’s
magnetic field. On the other hand, the impact effects would make a thick blanket of dust into the atmosphere, shutting out
the Sun and chilling the planet. The dust and smoke blocking out the Sun would cause a rapid cooling of Earth’s surface by
20°C or more. The cooling would persist from several months, bringing freezing weather conditions, giving rise to glacial
accumulation. So much damage would beset Earth that extension of species would surely follow.
Biography
Mohamed Tharwat Salah Heikal received PhD from Tanta University, Egypt in 1987. Currently he is Professor of Petrology at Tanta University. He is the Coordinator
of Petroleum and Mining Geology Program (PMGP) at Tanta University and President of Arab Meteors and Space Sciences Association (AMSSA). His activities
include; peer reviewer of highly cited geological journals and he has published more than 75 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as a reviewer of
repute.
mohamed.heikal2010@yahoo.com
mtheikal@tu.edu.eg


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High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for determination of trace nitrate and nitrite
in dew, snow and rain water
Yuegang Zuo1, Xiaofei Lu1 and Yiwei Deng2
1
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, USA
2
University of Michigan, USA
A lthough nitrate has been determined routinely in most rain water surveys due to the concerns about the causes of acid
rain and the eutrophication of surface water, measurements of nitrite in snow and other atmospheric condense phases are
scarce. Recently, it was reported an ion-pair HPLC method for the determination of nitrite and nitrate in dew, and rain waters.
In this presentation, a more sensitive hydrophilic interaction HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of nitrite
and nitrate in snow, dew, rain and other environmental samples is reported. Quantification was carried out by the peak area
integration method using a Waters HPLC 2695 Module with UV-visible detection at 215 nm. A clean separation of analytes
was achieved in less than 10 minutes. Limits of quantification (LODs) of 5.0 ppb for nitrate and nitrite were obtained. This
developed method has been successfully applied to the analysis of snow, dew and rain samples collected in the Southeastern
Massachusetts. The concentration of nitrate and nitrite has been found in the range from undetectable to as high as 3.5 and 0.90
ppm respectively. The method proved a sensitive, accurate, and cost-effective technique for the analysis of trace level nitrate
and nitrite in snow, dew, rain water and other environmental water samples.
yzuo@umassd.edu
Nitrate leaching and water balance estimation for fallow or cover cropped maize based on WAVE
model
Jose L Gabriel
Technical University of Madrid, Spain
N itrate leaching decreases crop available N and increases water contamination. Replacing fallow by cover crops (CC) is
an alternative to reduce nitrate contamination, because it reduces overall drainage and soil mineral N accumulation. A
study of the soil N and nitrate leaching was conducted during 5 years in a semi-arid irrigated agricultural area of Central Spain.
Three treatments were studied during the intercropping period of maize (Zea mays L.): barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), vetch
(Vicia villosa L.), and fallow. Winter CC were killed in March, allowing direct seeding of maize in April. All treatments were
irrigated and fertilised following the same procedure. Soil water content was measured using capacity probes. Soil mineral N
accumulation was determined along the soil profile before sowing and after harvesting maize. Soil analysis was conducted at six
depths every 0.20 m in each plot in samples from 0 to 1.2-m depth. The mechanistic water balance model WAVE was applied in
order to calculate water and N balance of the different treatments. The model showed that drainage during the irrigated period
was minimized in all treatments, because irrigation water was adjusted to crop needs, leading to nitrate accumulation on the
upper layers after maize harvest. Then, during the intercrop period, most of the nitrate leaching occurred. Cover crops usually
led to a shorter drainage period, lower drainage water amount and lower nitrate leaching than the treatment with fallow. These
effects resulted in larger nitrate accumulation in the upper layers of the soil after CC treatments.
Biography
Jose L Gabriel completed his PhD in 2011 at the Technical University of Madrid (UPM), being prized with the best thesis of the year award by the University. Today
he is developing his research in the soil-plant-atmospheric system, focused on water and N cycles, in Crop production department at the UPM, and also worked at
the University of Florida (USA) and the Université Catholique de Louvain (Belgium). He has collaborated with 2 European and 5 national competitive projects and
3 non-competitive. He has published 10 papers in JCR journals and presented more than 20 abstracts at international congress.
joseluis.gabriel@upm.es


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Quality control of waters in the Gafsa town (south west of Tunisia)
Malik Nadia
Tunisia
I n Tunisia, as in most semi-arid countries, the problems of access to water populations are acute especially with irregularity of
rainfall and arid climate combined with the insufficiency of natural water resources and pollution. This study consists in the
identification of the factors which influence the water quality parameters in the aquifer of Gafsa, located in the south–west of
Tunisia. Rapidly increasing urban population, growth rates over the last few decades have been responsible for the production
of huge quantities of wastewater, often evacuated without any particular treatment especially in the septic tanks. Groundwater
samples for chemical and microbial analysis were collected from 19 drillings spread throughout the study area. Results showed
significantly elevated levels of sodium, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates and coliform bacteria all over the urban area. High levels
(NO3: 8.8–278 mg/l; Na:4002 mg/l; Cl:6526 mg/l; Coliforms [72/100 ml) can be related to more densely populated areas.
Alternatively results showed a very variable salinity composition of groundwater, ranges from 0, 96 to 15, 03 mg/l. We also
note that among pollutant elements, we found fluorine with maximum of 2.78 mg / l and manganese with 0.04 mg/l. Finally
methods of controls must be established in order to stop this pollution.
Biography
Malik Nadia is student at the Faculty of Sciences of Tunis (Tunisia) preparing a Doctoral thesis. She got her Master’s degree in Geology, Cartography and Planning
specialty. She has done several internships: Microbiology laboratory, chemistry laboratory, in ONAS (National Sanitation Office) in the CRDA (Regional Commissary
for Agricultural Development) of Monastir, DGAT (Directorate General of Land Territory) in Tunis. She has participated in several conference, WATMED3 (Lebanon),
WATMED 6 (Sousse, Tunisia) National Conservation Park Ichkeul: Model of Sustainable Management (Gammarth, Tunisia). She has published 02 articles
in Desalination and Water Treatment journal and in Revue Méditerranéenne de l’Environnement.
malikbahri@yahoo.fr
Climate change impact on variability of rainfall intensity in Upper Blue Nile Basin
Lakemariam Yohannes Worku
National Meteorological Agency, Ethiopia
E xtreme rainfall events are major problems in Ethiopia with the resulting floods that usually could cause significant damage
to agriculture, ecology, infrastructure, disruption to human activities, loss of property, loss of lives and disease outbreak.
The aim of this study was to explore the likely changes of precipitation extreme changes due to future climate change. The study
specifically focuses to understand the future climate change impact on variability of rainfall intensity-duration-frequency (IDF)
in Upper Blue Nile basin. Precipitations data from two Global Climate Models (GCMs) have been used in the study are Hadley
Climate Model Version 3 and Canadian Global Climate Model version 3 (CGCM3). Rainfall frequency analysis was carried
out to estimate quantile with different return periods. Probability Weighted Method (PWM) selected estimation of parameter
distribution and L-Moment Ratio Diagrams (LMRDs) used to find the best parent distribution for each station. Therefore,
parent distributions for twelve stations from frequency analysis are Generalized Logistic (GLOG), Generalized Extreme Value
(GEV), and Gamma & Pearson III (P3) parent distribution. After analyzing estimated quantile simple disaggregation model
was applied in order to find sub daily rainfall data. Finally the disaggregated rainfall is fitted to find IDF curve and the result
shows in most parts of the basin rainfall intensity expected to increase in the future. IDF parameter A, B, and C are estimated
for each scenario period and return period with both HadCM3 and CGCM3 projections. For the IDF parameters sensitivity
analysis was carried out by increasing 10% from estimated result and parameter C is highly sensitive than A, and B. It is also
expected to have a change on extreme precipitation by 1 to 26% increase with HadCM3 projection and by 11 to 61% increase
with CGCM3 projection for most parts of the study area. But at station Debre Birhan (2020s) and Debre Markos (2080s) with
HadCM3 result and at Hayk (2020s) with CGCM3 result and Gondar (both GCMs) shows decreasing extreme precipitation.
As a result of the two GCM outputs, the study indicates there will be likely increase of precipitation extremes over the Upper
Blue Nile basin due to the changing climate. This study should be interpreted with caution as the GCM model outputs in this
part of the world have huge uncertainty.
mistrelake@yahoo.com


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Waste water characteristics and treatment from land reclamation using incineration bottom ash
Augustine Quek
Chemilink Technologies Group, Singapore
R eclaiming land from the sea, or land reclamation, causes deviations in the local geochemical and hydrological cycles:
Recent advances in technology has enabled waste materials, such as incineration bottom ash (IBA) and marine clay, to be
used as land reclamation material, by binding the two together with additives, forming a solid matrix. Such matrices inevitably
produce wastewaters during and after the land reclamation processes, potentially impacting the geological, geophysical,
hydrological and biological environment. Results showed that while heavy metal concentrations within the matrix meets the
Dutch criteria for industrial land use, the wastewaters produced during certain stages may not meet local wastewater discharge
standards. The wastewaters produced during the construction stage contain heavy metals, whose concentrations could be
controlled by the type construction methods employed. Wastewaters produced from leachates after land reclamation typically
showed high concentrations only for one or two metals, selenium and copper. However, these wastewaters could be collected
and treated easily, as confinement is part of the land reclamation processes. The use of polyaluminum chloride (PACl) or iron
oxide (Fe2O3) could reduce heavy metal concentrations significantly, at different optimal dosages. pH reduction of the alkaline
wastewaters could also be achieved through the addition of PACl. This presentation will discuss the potential impacts on the
use of IBA in land reclamation, and how they can be mitigated.
Biography
Augustine Quek obtained his PhD from the National University of Singapore, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, before completing two and a half years
of Postdoctoral studies at the same University. He was an Assistant Professor at Nottingham University, before assuming the position of R&D Project Manager at
Chemilink Technologies, a specialty chemical company for the construction industry. He has published more than 11 papers in peer-reviewed, international journals,
including three review papers on waste to resources.
augustineq@gmail.com
Synthesis, characterization and application on arsenic (III) adsorption from contaminated water
using HCZMO as adsorbent
Abir Ghosh1, Krishna Biswas2, Sharadindra Chakroborty3, Debabrata Nandi1, Sayan Bhattacharya1, Indranil Saha1 and Uday Chand Ghosh1
1
Presidency University, India
2
Maharaja Manindra Chandra College, India
N anocrystalline agglomerated hydrous Ce(IV)-Zr(IV) oxide (Ce/Zr ~1:1, mole/mole) (HCZMO) prepared by chemical
precipitation and characterized by SEM,TEM,AFM etc. The prepared adsorbent material showed irregular surface
morphology and high surface area (185.04 m2. g-1) with pHzpc=5.8 (±0.2), which was employed for high Arsenic (>0.01 mg.
L-1) groundwater treatment. The presence of As (III) also confirmed by EDS spectra of As adsorbed surface. The Arsenic
adsorption kinetics and equilibrium data obtained at an optimized pH~6.0 described, respectively, the pseudo-second order
equation (R2=0.98-0.99) and the Langmuir isotherm (R2>0.99) very well. Langmuir monolayer capacity (θ, mg. g-1) values
computed for this reaction was 17.07, respectively. Homogeneous surface nature of HCZMO was evident from the equal
distribution co-efficient values and well Langmuir isotherm fit. The Arsenic adsorption reactions at 298 to 313 K with HCZMO
were spontaneous (DG0=negative) despite exothermic nature (DH0=negative), owing to the increase of entropy (DS0=positive)
indicates a spontaneous exothermic reaction.
Biography
Abir Ghosh is pursuing his PhD work on Chemistry under the guidance of Dr. Uday Chand Ghosh and Dr. Sharadindra Chakroborty at the Department of Chemistry,
Presidency University from August 2012 as a JRF. He completed his BSc (Chemistry) from Calcutta University (Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira (Belur)) in 2010
and his Master degree in 2012 from NIT Durgapur. He is GATE qualified, 2012 and recently has published 2 international papers in reputed journals.
abirbanga@gmail.com


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Application of Saccharomyces cerevisae for enhance electricity generation during domestic wastewater
treatment via microbial fuel cell technology
Abhilasha S Mathuriya
Anand Engineering College, India
T he need for viable, cost-effective and energy-efficient solutions for wastewater treatment remains an enduring concern.
Microbial Fuel Cell is among those elegant solutions. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an electrochemical system that converts
chemical energy of organic compounds viz. pure compounds or wastewater into electricity through the catalytic activities of
microorganisms. MFCs are a promising method for wastewater treatment due to removal of contaminants from wastewater
while at the same time producing electrical power. The wastewater, which is a source of enumerable extremophilic microbial
flora, is used as inoculum in many recent studies. But wastewater conditioning with some additional efficient microorganisms
can accelerate the performance of microbial fuel cell. In present contribution, comparative analysis was made by treating the
domestic wastewater by foreign microbial consortia (Saccharomyces cerevisae) with raw wastewater containing only natural
habitat microbes, already present in wastewater. It was observed that Saccharomyces cerevisae remarkably enhanced the
performance. Up to 324 mW/m2 power density and 98.5 per cent of chemical oxygen demand removal was obtained during
30 days of operation.
Biography
Abhilasha S Mathuriya has completed her MTech from HBTI Kanpur and PhD (Engg.) in Microbial Fuel Cells from UP Technical University India. She always been
brilliant scholar and held high positions in college and University merit list. She is Dy. Head, Biotechnology at Anand Engineering College, Agra (under flagship
of SGI- Largest educational group of northern India). She has published 17 papers in high impact factor journals, has authored 5 books and has 1 patent. She is
serving as member of editorial board of two international journals and is member of reviewer board of 17 journals (Springer, Elsevier, Taylor & Francis etc.)
imabhilasha@gmail.com
Hydraulic geometry of River Alaro, Ibadan, Nigeria

A Adediji1, A O Fashae2 and O T Joseph2
1
Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria
2
University of Ibadan, Nigeria
T his study focuses on hydraulic geometry of small stream basin (Alaro Stream) in Ibadan South East of Oyo State,
Nigeria. In the studied stream, measurements were taken to assess the morphometric and morphologic attributes. The
morphologic attributes selected are channel bankfull width (m), depth (m) and velocity (m/s). Bankfull width and depth were
measured with the surveyor’s tape. The width was measured across the river perpendicular to stream flow, while depth was
taken at regular intervals along the channel cross-section. Velocity was estimated using Valeport Current Meter, and river
discharge was determined using velocity-area technique (m3/S). The relationship among the variables selected was expressed
in power function in order to derive the exponent values b, f, and m which were calculated as: 0.56, 0.31 and 0.12, respectively.
The exponents derived for the studied stream (Alaro Basin) showed that b>f>m. These results further showed that width
increases more rapidly with discharge while velocity increases with the discharge. The b value (0.56), with R2=0.96 showed
also that width has been found to be the most important predictor compared to channel depth and velocity. The values of
the three hydraulic exponents derived were >0.5. This indicated that Alaro stream had a ‘well developed’ hydraulic geometry.
The product moment correlation coefficient obtained showed that significant relationship between cross-sectional area and
discharge (with value r2=0.73).
remiadediji@yahoo.co.uk


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Sustainability of water quantity and quality within the urban water cycle
John Sansalone and Saurabh Raje
University of Florida, USA
T he built environs including urban land uses, infrastructure systems and activities therein, generate particulate matter (PM)
and metal loads in rainfall-runoff that are equal to or greater than untreated wastewater discharges and second only to
treated wastewater discharges as a source of nutrient loads to receiving waters. Quantifying the nutrient, metals and PM load
recovery and economics thereof for the urban water cycle is beneficial for all stakeholders. The idea that sustainability of urban
water is quantifiable is critical in all economic conditions. These sustainability operations are essential and coupled with operations
that recover gross solids (detritus), coarse PM and associated nutrients (or metals) from the built environs that accumulates as
urban watershed inventory; inventory that is transported through, stored in, and on urban drainage infrastructure systems.
PM is a mobile substrate and the primary vehicle to and from which nutrients partition from source areas to inland and coastal
waters. Control of rainfall-runoff PM is challenging; in part due to the wide gradation of PM, solubility of nutrients, complex
geometries of many urban drainage systems and urban water best management practices (BMPs) and episodic events with
highly unsteady flow rates. Such challenges and the expense associated with resolving such challenges have led to the common
examination of a spectrum of BMPs as black-box systems. The economics and nutrient load reduction of primary maintenance
operations (pavement and urban infrastructure appurtenance cleaning) are compared to the functionality of current BMPs
whose performance deteriorates as a function of increasing maintenance periods. Experience has demonstrated that there
continues to be a gap in knowledge transfer between the design, analysis and monitoring of these BMPs and fundamental unit
operations and processes (UOP) concepts, sustainability requirements for BMPs, as well as new developments in the behavior
of green urban infrastructure. Tools such as UOP concepts, laser diffraction, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and
continuous simulation modeling are removing urban water controls from the category of “black-boxes”. With such tools we can
now demonstrate treatment viability as a function of the hydrologic, physical, chemical, biological and thermal phenomena
for rainfall-runoff or snowmelt. This synthesis is critical whether the objective is hydrologic restoration, source and near-
source control, water chemistry control, water reclamation and reuse, or often, a combination of these. However, storm water
systems that do not provide some level of hydrologic restoration, for example through “green” infrastructure materials, are not
sustainable. Further advances with respect to sustainability of urban water require tools such as continuous simulation models,
smart sensors and modeling advances such as CFD. The urban water cycle is complex but these complexities can be resolved as
presented herein with coupling continuous simulation tools and CFD with physical modeling data.
jsansal@ufl.edu
Flood flow modeling incorporating ungauged sub-basins

Sangita Deb Barman and Parthasarathi Choudhury
National Institute of Technology, India
F loods cause enormous economic damage and human suffering and needs flood control measures to minimize the losses
due to floods. The present study focuses on evaluation of flood control alternatives for a river system incorporating flows
from multiple gauged and ungauged sub-basins. A linear programming (LP) model incorporating flows from both gauged
and ungauged sub-basins is presented in this study to determine the relative impacts of upstream catchment flows on the
downstream flood flow. Flow contributions for different ungauged sub-basins are computed by applying unit hydrograph
technique. The model uses multiple inflows routing model to determine effects of the upstream flows on the downstream
station in a river system. The model is applied to Barak river system, Assam with downstream flow at Badarpurghat. Three
flood events are used in the study. The LP model is run for various upstream conditions to evaluate impacts of flood flow at
the downstream locations. Model results demonstrates the extent of flow regulations required in the upstream gauged and
ungauged sub-basin to create safe flow at the downstream locations.
dbsangita@gmail.com


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Water resources conservation and management in Haryana State, India by using remote sensing and
GIS techniques
B S Chaudhary
Kurukshetra University, India
R emote Sensing (RS) and GIS are effective techniques in timely and efficient generation of database for water resource
management. The synoptic view and multi resolution satellite data is helpful in generating information on various scales.
The effective planning for water resources conservation and management at district level can be made if the data is generated
on 1:50,000 scale or larger. Indian Remote Sensing Satellite data has been used in conjunction with ancillary data available
on topography, ground water quality, depth and fluctuations. Hydrogeomorphological maps showing different ground water
prospective zones have been prepared for different districts in Haryana State, India. The other maps such as land use/land cover,
geomorphology, drainage/canal network and soils etc are consulted for preparing water resources action plan for different
areas. The maps thus prepared depict different units for further ground water prospecting. Surface water resources map has
been prepared by taking into consideration satellite data, topographic sheets and ground information. GIS based integrated
maps have been prepared for both surface and ground water action plans. Various sites have been suggested for site specific
water resources conservation measures such check dams/gully plugging, earthen dams etc for recharging the ground water.
The information thus developed was supplied to various government departments, district agencies and NGOs involved in the
planning and management of natural resources for further implementation of the activities suggested. The present paper gives
details about various such activities undertaken and future planning at the state level.
Biography
B S Chaudhary completed MTech (Applied Geophysics) from Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra in 1985 and PhD from University of Rajasthan, Jaipur. He is
presently working as Professor at the Department of Geophysics, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra (Haryana), India. Before joining Kurukshetra University,
he worked as Scientist (Geology/ Geophysics) at Haryana Space Application Centre (HARSAC), Hisar from 1990 to 2004. He is working in the domain of
Remote Sensing and GIS applications for natural resources mapping and management specializing in water resources, geo-environmental studies and disaster
management. He has 4 PhD’s to his credit and supervising 5 PhD’s at present in the domain of ground water, snowmelt runoff, snowpack characterization,
watershed conservation and management. He has over 50 publications in various national/international journals and conference proceedings. He is the Fellow of
Indian Water Resources Society, South Asian Association of Economic Geologists and the Society of Earth Scientists and life member of ten national/international
scientific societies/academic associations. He is the recipient of DAAD (German Academic Exchange Services) fellowship at University of Freiburg, Germany from
1997-1999 and visited the countries like USA, UK, Austria, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Poland, China, Indonesia, Bangladesh and Thailand for various
academic/ scientific assignments and conferences. He is a member of the Editorial Board of prestigious national and international journals.
bschaudhary@kuk.ac.in
Groundwater quality in the residential areas of Ujjain

Neelam Sharma and Madhu Purohit
Govt. Madhav Science College, India
G roundwater is ultimate, most suitable fresh water resource with nearly balanced concentration of the salts for human
consumption. Due to over burden of the population pressure, unplanned urbanization, and unrestricted exploration
policies and dumping of the polluted water at inappropriate place enhance the infiltration of harmful compounds to the
groundwater. The present study was aimed to assess the groundwater quality of some residential areas of Ujjain. The physico-
chemical parameters were analyzed by following the standard methods of APHA and results were compared with BIS, WHO,
ICMR standards for drinking water. Groundwater samples were collected in the month of June. The results were analyzed
comparatively and conclusions. Regarding the suitability of the use of such waters were made.
tanirakesh@ymail.com, drmadhupurohit@rediffmail.com


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Water quality index modelling for an administrative block in New Delhi using M-FIS technique
Rama Mehta and C K Jain
National Institute of Hydrology, India
T he problem of ground water quality is more acute in densely populated and industrial areas and on areas where ground
water is withdrawn from shallow aquifers in Delhi. Soft computing technique as Mamdani-Fuzzy Inference System (M-FIS)
is being used to study the ground water quality for Alipur block. Data for eight different physico-chemical water quality
parameters (pH, TDS, Chloride (Cl), Sulphate (SO4), Nitrate (NO3), Calcium (Ca), Fluoride (F) and Magnesium (Mg)) have
been used with 39 samples. Mamdani Fuzzy Water Quality Index (WQI), Guidelines given by Canadian Council of Ministry
of Environment for Water Quality Index (CCME_WQIG) and Empirical method are applied in order to assess the degree of
drinking water resources. The problem of water quality classification can be approached using combination of Degree of Match
and the Fuzzy Rule-based System. In M-FIS, input data are categorised into three linguistic terms (“Desirable”, “Acceptable”,
& “Not-Acceptable”) based on water quality standards for drinking water, whereas the output data are categorized into six
classes (excellent, very good, good, fair, marginal, & poor) based on WQI. Total three models have been developed using
three methods/ techniques. Results calculated by Empirical method, is being used as an alternative to the expert knowledge
in M-FIS technique. Comparative results have been shown by different graphs with all three methods. Through Performance
indices table, CCME _WQI is better than FWQI but still the use of FWQI is recommended for future use because once the
model is developed, its FIS file can be used to calculate WQI just be giving the observed values of the input parameters without
considering the environmental changes of study area.
rama@nih.ernet.in, 44.rama@gmail.com
Conserving rainfall runoff and soil to improve productivity of citrus orchards on vertisol
P Panigrahi1, A K Srivastava2 and A D Huchche2
1
Directorate of Water Management, India
2
National Research Centre for Citrus, India
T he higher runoff in monsoon period and soil moisture shortage in post monsoon during critical growth stages induces the
poor yield and fruit quality of citrus plants in central India. It is utmost essential to conserve the rainwater in orchards.
Rain water harvesting and its efficient use for citrus production is need of the hour for sustainable citriculture in water scarce
region. Keeping this in view, the study was conducted to explore the feasibility of rainwater harvesting and recycling the
harvested water with drip irrigation at best irrigation regime and mulch for enhancing the productivity of citrus. Various in-
situ rainwater conservation treatments viz., continuous trenching, continuous bunding, staggered trenching between the rows
across the slope (4.2%) and control (without any soil and water conservation treatment) were evaluated in 1 year-old Nagpur
mandarin at Nagpur during 2003-2009. The continuous trenching produced the best response conserving 38% runoff, 32.28%
soil, 32.44% N, 27.67% P, and 28.95% K over control, besides 15.7% higher fruit yield with better fruit quality. Moreover,
rainfall runoff from 3.2 hectare of land with continuous trenches was harvested in a tank of size 35m×35m×3m and recycled at
the best level of irrigation (60% of pan evaporation) through drip with black plastic mulch of 100 micron thickness in 1 ha of
Nagpur mandarin. The harvested water also recharged the groundwater in the nearby wells and water from wells was used for
irrigation purpose after drying of water in harvesting tanks during May and June. Over all, the fruit yield was enhanced up to
110% with better quality fruits under rainwater conservation practices and groundwater use over rain-fed trees. These studies
suggested the combine adoption of continuous trenches, rainwater harvesting in tanks and groundwater recharging through
harvested water and use of the water under drip irrigation with black plastic mulch to reduce the water scarcity along with
inducing better growth, yield and health of the plants in Nagpur mandarin orchards of central India.
pravukalyan@rediffmail.com


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Study of the domestic sewage and its utilization for pisciculture along the south-west coast of Maharashtra
Swapnaja A Mohite
College of Fisheries, India
S ewage, the liquid waste discharged from all domestic, municipal and industrial sources within a given area, has become
a major concern especially in rural and urban areas along the coasts of India. The domestic sewage is generally released
through open or closed drainage system traversing the human habitats and finally discharged in the sea. In the rural areas
along the south west Maharashtra coast, the domestic sewage runs unchecked through the open drains and has become a major
problem. Though the use of sewage effluent for raising fish productivity was recognised much earlier in countries like China,
Taiwan, Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia, in India this potentiality of sewage was noticed much later. Rearing of fish in sewage
fed ponds has provided a new way to tackle the problem of sewage in some of the Indian states including Maharashtra. The
possibility of utilizing the domestic sewage for pisciculture was studied by sampling the domestic sewage from five locations
along the coast of Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India. On an average the water parameters showed a similar trend. pH 6.5 to 7.5,
Dissolved oxygen zero, Dissolved carbon dioxide 20 to 85 ppm, Free ammonia 12.0 to 62.6 ppm, Hydrogen sulphide 2.0 to 4.6
ppm, Phosphate–0.12 to 14.5 ppm, Nitrite–0 to 0.09 ppm, Nitrate–0.03 to 0.33 ppm, Alkalinity–170 to 450 ppm, Chloride-115
to 450 ppm and suspended solids–160 to 400 ppm. The sewage was collected and was subjected to sedimentation, dilution and
storage. The treated water was used to study the survival and growth of Pangasius sp. and Tilapia mossambicus.
Biography
Swapnaja A Mohite has done her PhD in Aquaculture and her subject of research was biology, ecology and culture of Paphia malabarica along the Ratnagiri coast,
Maharashtra, India. She is working as a Faculty of College of Fisheries, Ratnagiri and has been working on various bivalve species. Currently she is associated
with the prestigious Maharashtra Gene Bank program funded by Rajiv Gandhi Science and Technology Commission, Government of Maharashtra and is working
as Principal Investigator for the project entitled “Inventory and bio-prospecting of marine invertebrates of the Maharashtra coast with special emphasis on sponges
and associated microorganisms”.
sa_mohite@yahoo.co.in
Surface water pollution: A case study from Tripura, north-east India

Nibedita Das
Tripura University, India
K ata Khal is flowing along the northern part of Agartala, the capital city of Tripura. The reasons for pollution of the Kata Khal
are dumping of various types of domestic wastes, solid and sewage disposal of markets, disposal through various drains
of Agartala Municipal Corporation (AMC) as well as by the four major sluice gates of the capital city. The root of this problem
lies with the increased population pressure within the AMC. Land use changes for 73 years (1932-33 and 2005) have been
detected using Remote Sensing technique. For assessing the water quality, mainly physico-chemical as well as bacteriological
quality of Kata Khal, water samples from different points of Kata Khal were collected and different parameters were analysed
by using the standard methods given in APHA (American Public Health Association). The findings indicate that the Kata Khal
is highly polluted by continuous discharge of waste water received from different drains of Agartala city and excreta discharged
directly or indirectly by the residents of northern bank of the channel. From the observed value of Dissolved Oxygen (DO),
Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Coli form and Ammonical Nitrogen, it is
concluded that the water of Kata Khal is not suitable for any domestic use.
Biography
Nibedita Das was awarded PhD degree in Geography in the year 2000 from University of Calcutta. Her field of specialization is Fluvial Geomorphology and Fluvial
Hazard Analysis and Management. She has experience of teaching in schools, Govt. Degree College and Tripura University (A Central University) for a total period
of more than 25 years. A number of research scholars are carrying out their research under her guidance. She has published research papers in different national
and international journals and has written chapters in books.
nibeditadaspan@gmail.com


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Yield forecasting for rice in Cauvery delta zone of Tamil Nadu using space, agro meteorology and land
based observations
P Parasuraman, G Senthilkumar, E Subramanian, R Pushpa and R Rajendran
Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, India
R ice is the principal crop of Cauvery Delta Zone (CDZ). District Level Rice Yield Forecast for Delta districts viz., Thanjavur,
Thiruvarur, Perambalur, Nagapattinam, Cuddalore, Ariyalur and Trichy was issued by using Statistical Model at mid-
season (F2) and pre-harvest stage (F3) during Kharif, 2013 and Rabi 2013-14. The forecast has been developed by using crop
yield data considering four weather variables (Maximum and Minimum temperature, Rainfall, Morning and Evening Relative
Humidity) with Long term weather (1995-2013) and historical crop yield (1995-2011) data. During Kharif, 2013 the highest
paddy yield of 3929 kg/ha has been predicted for Thanjavur district while the lowest yield has been predicted for Tiruvarur
district (3287 kg/ha). The major rice varieties grown in Cauvery delta zone during Kuruvai season is ADT 43, ADT-45 and
ADT 36. In F3 forecast, higher paddy yield of 3853 kg/ha was predicted in Thanjavur district followed by Nagapattinam district
(3575 kg/ha). Lower yield of 2909 kg/ha was predicted in Cuddalore district. Verification on yield forecast by using actual yield
indicated that actual yield was more than predicted yield in all the districts .The error percentage varied from 1.5 to 23. The
lacunae in the statistical model is that it is taking into consideration of the weather parameters prevailed during the season
only and not the management practices adopted by the farmers. During Rabi, 2013 season the highest paddy yield of 3955
kg/ha has been predicted for Tiruvarur district. The major rice varieties were CR1009, ADT 46, and BPT 5204. During F3
forecast, Perambalur district registered higher rice yield of 3717 kg/ha and Ariyalur district recorded lower yield of 2784 kg/ha.
Verification of yield forecast by using actual yield indicated that actual yield was less than predicted yield in two districts (Karur
and Perambalur) and actual yield was more than predicted yield in Thanjavur, Thiruvarur, Nagapattinum, Trichy, Ariyalur
and Cuddalore. The error percentage was very less in Perambalur (-0.5) followed by Karur (-2.8). Tiruvarur and Cudadalore
recorded the highest error percentage of 25.2, 29.1 respectively.
Biography
P Parsuraman has completed his PhD at TNAU, Coimbatore during 1993. After completing his service in various capacities, at present he is working as rice
Agronomist under AICRIP system. He has published more than 25 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as an editorial board member of reputed
Journal like Indian Journal of Agronomy, Mysore Journal of Agricultural Sciences etc. His field of specialization is agricultural meteorology, INM, weed management
and dry farming.
parasuraman.p@gmail.com
River flow forecasting using higher order neural networks coupled with wavelet analysis
Mukesh K Tiwari1 and C Chatterjee2
1
Anand Agricultural University, India
2
Indian Institute of Technology, India
D aily river flow forecasting is an important component of effective and sustainable management of water resources. Accurate
predictions of daily river flow can play a significant role for water resources planners and managers. Performance of
traditional Neural Network models weakens with Non-Stationary dataset. To improve the NN model performance, a novel
approach based on coupling discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) and higher order neural networks (HONNs) for river flow
forecasting is explored in this study. HONNs-wavelet based HONNs (WHONNs), multiple linear regression (MLR) and
wavelet based multiple linear regression (WMLR) models are developed in this study for river flow forecasting in the upper
Mahi river basin, Gujarat, India. The performance of the developed models is evaluated using the coefficient of determination,
Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient, root mean square error, and mean average error. The key variables used to develop and validate the
models are daily precipitation, daily maximum temperature and daily river flow. It is found in this study that the WHONNs
models are found to provide more accurate river flow forecasts than the HONNs, WNNs, WMLR and MLR models. The
results of this study indicate that coupled wavelet-higher order neural networks (WHONNs) models improve the performance
significantly and can be used successfully for accurate and reliable river flow forecasting.
tiwari.iitkgp@gmail.com


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Contribution of water on the prevalence of fluorosis and some suitable remedial measures
Gopalan Viswanathan
Sengunthar Engineering College, India
W ater is highly vital for each and every form of life in earth. However, about 80% of the diseases in world are due to poor
quality of drinking water. Furthermore, the prevalence of fluorosis is mainly due to the consumption of more fluoride
through drinking water. The safe limit of fluoride in drinking water is 1.5 mg/l. All over the world, several millions of people
from 22 countries are affected by various forms of fluorosis. In India, around 20 millions of people are severely affected by
fluorosis and about 40 millions are expected to its risk. Hence, it is necessary to estimate the quantitative contribution of
water on the prevalence of fluorosis and daily fluoride intake through drinking water and water used for processing food
and beverages. Moreover, it is essential to find suitable practices to reduce daily fluoride intake level and fluorosis risk. A
suitable methodology was adopted for the estimation of daily fluoride intake through drinking water and water used for food
processing. The estimated daily fluoride intake ranges for the different age groups of people from various fluoride endemic areas
are compared with the safe intake level of fluoride ranged between 0.05 mg/kg/day to 0.07 mg/kg/day. The rate of prevalence
of fluorosis and daily fluoride intake levels significantly increases with increase of water fluoride level. More than 60% of the
total fluoride intake per day is derived from water. Hence, the people residing in the fluoride endemic areas are advised to take
serious concern about the fluoride level in water used for drinking and food processing.
Biography
Gopalan Viswanathan has completed his PhD from Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. Presently, he is working as Assistant Professor in Department
of Chemistry, Sengunthar Engineering College, Tiruchengode. He has published 9 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as a reviewer of repute.
viswakind@gmail.com
Non invasive hydraulic conductivity estimation using microgravity: Case study

Arushi Saxena and Rambhatala G Sastry
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India
G ravity estimation of hydrological parameters of unconfined aquifers exists in literature. However, similar results are not
available for confined aquifers. So, our case study on our campus sets out to investigate the application of microgravity
in estimation of hydraulic conductivity of a confined aquifer. An approximate 470,000 kg groundwater mass withdrawal from
a 17 m thick confined aquifer, over 2.5 hours pumping interval, forms a cone of depression whose maximum gravity effect
was recorded as 0.1 mGal near the pump using a Scintrex CG-5 Gravimeter. Gravity measurements were taken before, during
and after pumping at various stations around the pump. The observations were inverted using L-1 norm minimization for
height and radius of the cone formed just after pump is stopped. The estimated radius and height of cone were 9.6 and 5.4 m
respectively. Using Thiem equation for steady state flow in confined aquifer, hydraulic conductivity was estimated as 1.7x10-4
m/sec, which is an acceptable value for the fine sand aquifer. Thus, the feasibility of micro-gravity in hydrological investigations
is established.
Biography
Arushi Saxena is currently working on her Masters dissertation (2013-14) at Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee.
rgss1fes@iitr.ac.in


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Simulation of a flood producing rainfall event of 9 September 2012 over Jacobabad, Pakistan using
WRF-ARW model
M N Ahasan1 and M A Mannan1,2
1
SAARC Meteorological Research Centre (SMRC), Bangladesh
2
Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD), Bangladesh
S imulation of a flood producing rainfall event of 9 September 2012 over Jacobabad (28.28N,68.45E), Pakistan has been
carried out using the Advanced Research WRF (ARW) dynamic core of Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model
(WRF-ARW). On 9 September, 2012, Jacobabad received the heaviest rainfall in last 100 years, and recorded 380 mm in 24
hours, where monthly normal rainfall of September is only 11.2 mm. This was an extraordinary rainfall event and localized
over Jacobabad, Pakistan. The WRF model was run with the double nested domains of 27 km and 9 km horizontal resolution
using Kain-Fritsch (KF) cumulus parameterization scheme (CPS) having YSU planetary boundary layer (PBL). The model
performance was evaluated by examining the different model simulated parameters and some derived parameters. The model
derived rainfall was compared with TRMM observed rainfall. The model suggested that this flood producing heavy rainfall
event over Jacobabad, Pakistan might be the result of an interaction of active monsoon flow with severe convective activities
over the area. The Jacobabad was the meeting point of the southeasterly flow from the Bay of Bengal following monsoon trough
and southwesterly flow from the Arabian Sea which helped to transport high magnitude of moisture. The vertical profile of
the humidity showed that moisture content was reached up to upper troposphere during their mature stage (monsoon system
usually did not extent up to that level) like a narrow vertical column where high amounts of rainfall were recorded. The other
favourable conditions were strong vertical wind shear, low level convergence and upper level divergence, strong vorticity field
which demarked the area of heavy rainfall. The WRF-ARW model might be able to simulate the flood producing rainfall event
over Jacobabad, Pakistan, and associated dynamical and thermodynamical features reasonably well, though there were some
spatial and temporal biases in the simulated rainfall pattern.
Biography
M N Ahasan has completed his PhD in Atmospheric Physics from Department of Physics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Presently, he is working
as a Senior Research Officer (SRO) with SAARC Meteorological Research Centre (SMRC), Dhaka, Bangladesh. He has published more than 20 research papers
in national and international reputed journals, and more than 25 research papers in national and international proceeding. He also looks after the computer systems
of SMRC as a System Administrator. His fields of interest of research are Monsoon Systems, Heavy Rainfall and Thunderstorms. He also delivers lecture in Physics
and Meteorology in some reputed Universities of Bangladesh.
nazmul_smrc@yahoo.com
Urban heat island and indoor comfort effects in social housing dwellings
Eduardo L Kruger
Universidade Tecnologica Federal do Parana, Brazil
L inkages between urban growth and the formation of urban heat islands (UHI) have been proposed by diverse authors and
for various climatic regions. In Curitiba (25.5ºS), located within a region of subtropical climate in elevation, population has
risen from approximately 600,000 inhabitants to 1.5 Million within three decades. In this paper, an analysis of the urban heat
island is performed by means of a long-term climate monitoring between December 2011 and February 2013 using a pair of
weather stations in and outside the urban area. Resulting effects of the local UHI on thermal comfort conditions in low-cost
houses are shown in terms of predicted percentages in cold and heat strain in and outside the urban area.
ekruger@utfpr.edu.br


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Choice between spate and other rainwater harvesting irrigation technologies
Mekonnen B Wakeyo1 and Naoya Fujimoto2
1
Ethiopian Development Research Institute, Ethiopia
2
Japan International Research Centre for Agricultural, Japan
M oisture stress weakens the use of modern inputs such as fertilizer and this undermines yields. In a growing population,
low yields often cause food shortage. Investing in irrigation could mitigate moisture stress though it is expensive for
smallholder farmers. Spate irrigation, a sudden flood diverting, could be cheaper to invest than other irrigation technologies.
This study investigates factors deriving the choice of spate irrigation, compares the crop-choice in spate irrigation with other
irrigation methods and measure yields in Ethiopia. For the investigation of the technology choice, a probit model is estimated
using data collected from Ethiopia in 2005. Analysis of secondary data is used to look into crop-choice and yields. The findings
show (1) farmers with more irrigation capital, family-labour and expectation of lower operation and maintenance costs tend
to choose spate irrigation. In addition, among others, high aridity, long-period rainfall-shortage being in low and mid agro-
ecology increases the probability to choose spate irrigation. 2) Market is not a factor driving choice. 3) Users of spate irrigation
grow cereals and pulses than farmers using other irrigation methods which could enhance food security. 4) Spate irrigation
increases grain supplies by increasing yields. The findings suggest that encouraging irrigation capital creating opportunities
and introducing low-cost operating and maintenance methods, meteorological service and considering agro-ecological and
regional diversities could increase the probability to use and flood modernize spate irrigation and help users decide crop
choice effectively. With these measures, farmers in marginalized and remote areas using spate irrigation could improve their
livelihood.
wmekonnen_bekele@yahoo.com
Percolation description of the global topography and the water level on Earth
Abbas Ali Saberi
University of Tehran, Iran
R emarkable global correlations exist between geometrical features of terrestrial surfaces on Earth, current mean sea level,
and its geological internal processes whose origins have remained an essential goal in the earth sciences. Theoretical
modeling of the ubiquitous self-similar fractal patterns observed on Earth and their underlying rules is indeed of great
importance. Here the author presents a percolation description of the global topography of Earth in which the present mean
sea level is automatically singled out as a critical level in the model. This finding elucidates the origins of the appearance of scale
invariant patterns on Earth. The criticality is shown to be accompanied by a continental aggregation, unraveling an important
correlation between the water and long-range topographic evolutions. To have a comparison point in hand, the author applies
such an analysis to the lunar topography which reveals various characteristic features of the Moon.
Biography
Abbas Ali Saberi has completed his PhD at the age of 27 years from Sharif University of Technology and Postdoctoral studies from IPM School of Physics, and
University of Cologne, Institute for theoretical Physics. He was also awarded Alexander von Humboldt fellowship (Germany) as well as ICTP Associate Research
(Italy). He is an active referee of many high impact journals in physics like those by APS, AIP and IOP. He has published more than 25 papers in reputed journals.
ab.saberi@ut.ac.ir


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Sustainable use of groundwater resources: A case study of spring and gravity water in River Gucha-
Migori catchment, Western Kenya
Haushila Prasad1 and Kennedy Obiero2
1
Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, India
2
Kenyatta University, Kenya
R iver Gucha-Migori is located in Western Kenya, Lake Victoria basin of East Africa. The river Gucha-Migori catchment is
characterized by high altitude areas with steep slopes in its headwaters. High population densities of over 698 persons per
km2 have enormous pressure on existing water resources in terms of high demands for various uses. The area’s population
depends on spring water, gravity water, rain water, river/stream water and boreholes for various uses. The residents of the
area heavily rely on spring water sources for drinking water demand. Due to land use activities, this source of water is under
threat due to reduced recharge during the dry season. Steep slopes also make it difficult to collect water for daily uses which
is mainly done by women and children. The spring water is also threatened by the growth of eucalyptus trees whose evapo-
transpiration rates are high in comparison to other plant species. This reduces water level in the springs especially during the
dry season. Intensive cultivation to meet food demands for the high population has contributed to deforestation and land
degradation pushing people to cultivate on steep slopes. The result has been increased soil erosion that contributes to high
sediment loadings in springs and even changes the colour to levels unpleasant to the communities. The spring water source
faces a number of challenges that need to be addressed to ensure sustainable use of water resources within the catchment. One
of the interesting aspects of the ground water sources is gravity water where water is channeled in pipes where it flows down
stream. The water is tapped at different points where people collect the water to meet their various daily demands. This supply
has numerous advantages such as it reduces congestion in water sources and also reduces distances to water sources to collect
water. However it also faces a number of challenges that need to be addressed for its sustainable use. This paper will address
the various issues related to the water resources and will suggest remedial measures for sustainable use and management in
the study area.
haushila@yahoo.com
Materials science for alternative green energy technology

Preetam Singh
University of Texas at Austin, USA
W ith depletion as well as price rise of hydrocarbon fuels and to fulfill the continuously increasing energy demand, major
attention is focused on hydroelectricity which resulted huge pressure on rivers. The large scale hydroelectric projects
reduce the flow of rivers which results in increasing pollution level in water. The modern life style and excessive use of fossil fuel
based energy also resulted in several environmental issues such as global warming, acid rain, increase level of poisonous gases
in atmosphere. These issues are further participating in water pollution and causing danger to water or river ecology. Thus the
development of clean, green energy alternatives is important not to curb only energy crisis but to save global environment
and water ecology. In Professor John B. Goodenough` Group, we are engaged in developing clean energy alternatives and
energy storage systems. Professor Goodenough has developed current generation of Li-ion battery technology which enables
long battery life and utilization in current generation of electronic devices and now research is focus on providing clean,
exhaust free, green energy alternative for automobile and as small scale power station. Currently solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs)
are considered as more efficient clean energy alternatives to meet global energy and environmental challenges. The current
materials development and technological improvement in realizing more energy efficient and economical SOFCs will be
discussed in this presentation and also future roadmap of coupling of bio-gas (gobar-gas) with SOFCs to make small scale
power stations in village level will be also discussed.
preetamchem@gmail.com


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Recycling of wastewater through sewage-fed aquaculture in the peri-urban Kolkata of West Bengal, India
Joydev Maity
Vidyasagar University, India
W ater scarcity and water pollution are crucial issues in today’s world. One of the ways to reduce the impact of water
scarcity and pollution is to expand water and wastewater reuse. The use of aquaculture for the purpose of wastewater
treatment to improve the quality of sewage effluent prior to its release to the land and or any aquatic body has been practiced
for a relatively short time. Since household wastewater often intermixes with effluents from industries and agricultural runoff,
multidimensional approaches have been made towards maximizing protein production through rational exploitation of
available resources. Sewage-fed aquaculture is a unique system and has manifold advantages in developing tropical countries
acting as a major source of nutrients for crop farming and aquaculture, economical for sustainable production and helps to
combat environmental pollution. The current study is on East Calcutta Wetland (ECW) which is a model for multi-use resource
recovery system with activities like aquaculture and agriculture. The entire city’s soluble waste is disposed into the raw sewage
canals which finally drains into the shallow, flat bottom fish ponds called Bheri. These sewage fed fisheries act simultaneously
for the purification process like removal of heavy metals, coliform reduction as well as fish production at a commercial scale.
Mainly three types of commonly consumed fishes were chosen for the study namely Labeo rohita, Catla catla and Cirrhinus
mrigala. Little scientific and technical attention may help to improve the water quality and in the same time use of economic
benefit and uplift the socio-economic status.
jmaity2003@yahoo.co.in, jmaity@vidyasagar.ac.in
The impact of split flow on atmospheric extinction coefficient: A case study

S Sabetghadam, M Hafezi and A Mohebalhojeh
University of Tehran, Iran
V isibility impairment is an indicator of air pollution in industrial cities. In this paper, the effect of the split of jet stream flows
in the upper troposphere on the increase of atmospheric extinction coefficient is investigated. The extinction coefficient
used is that derived from the radiative transfer equation. The split jet is composed of the following components: the subtropical
jet, the polar front jet and the gap between these two. The split flow index is derived from the mean relative vorticity of each
component on 300 hPa level. The negative and positive values correspond to, respectively, the split flow and non-split flow
states. The impact of split flow on atmospheric extinction coefficient is presented for the period of 29th to 31st December
2009, a period of marked visual impairment in Tehran, Isfahan, Zanjan, Kermanshah and Ahwaz. The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis
is used to calculate the split flow index and horizontal visibility from synoptic station data in the above cities are used to
calculate extinction coefficient. Results show that the change of sign in split flow index from positive to negative may provide
an explanation for the corresponding increase of atmospheric extinction coefficient on the same day or the day after.
Biography
S Sabetghadam, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of Space Physics at the University of Tehran, Iran, since February 2014. She completed her PhD in June 2013 and
she is a visual air quality specialist. She has published 4 research papers in journals such as Atmospheric Environment, Aerosol Sciences etc.
ssabet@ut.ac.ir


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Nutrient loading in high alpine lakes of the Sierra Nevada: Sources of elevated phosphorus
Blodwyn M McIntyre
University of Redlands, USA
P hosphorus loading to Sierra Nevada lakes has been identified as a prevalent and increasingly detrimental problem. As a
key limiting nutrient for primary productivity, small increases in phosphorus loads boost the occurrence of algal blooms
which over time can result in eutrophication. Instances of excessive phosphorus enrichment are commonly associated
with agricultural and urban runoff, however, given the remoteness of most Sierra lakes, recent studies have identified other
sources as potential explanations for the increased phosphorus; these sources include non-native stocked fish, atmospheric
deposition, and wetlands. The introduction of salmonoid fishes into historically fishless lakes of the Sierra Nevada is a common
practice to enhance recreational fishing. Recent scientific studies have shown that these stocking programs can drastically
alter phosphorus recycling within naturally fishless ecosystems. Significant phosphorus contributions can be transported from
the atmosphere to lake ecosystems via wet or dry deposition. Organophosphate pesticides can be an important source of
atmospherically transported nutrients to Sierra lakes. Adjacent wetlands may also be contributing to phosphorus loading in
Sierra lakes. The dynamics of nutrient release from wetlands is relatively complex given the ecosystems’ ability to also act as
a nutrient sink for solutes discharged from upstream environments. Hydrologic condition and biological activity are major
determinants of whether a wetland functions as a nutrient sink or source. In this study three Sierra lakes were sampled and
analyzed for phosphorus content. Seasonal and between-lake trends are presented. Atmospheric samples and those collected
near a development on one lake contained significantly higher phosphorus concentrations.
Biography
Blodwyn M McIntyre completed her PhD at the University of Virginia in Environmental Science. She is the Chair of Environmental Studies at the University of
Redlands. Her previous work includes being the manager of a Mountain Cloud Chemistry Project in the Shenandoah National Park and studying Common Raven
predation on the Threatened Desert Tortoise in the Mojave Desert. She received her Master’s degree in Forestry from Duke University and her Bachelor’s degree
from Colorado College.
wendy_mcintyre@redlands.edu
Qualitative assessment of groundwater from southern part of Mor Basin of Jalgaon district, Maharashtra
N P Marathe, S N Patil and N R Kachate
North Maharashtra University, India
T he present study area is located in the northeastern parts of the Jalgaon District. Water is a prime natural resource and is a
basic human need. It is a part of ecological system, and preservation of the quality of environment and ecological balance
is a prime consideration in planning, implementation and operation of water resources projects. It is also a vital element in
all developmental planning programmes. As the developmental process gathers momentum and the demand of water for
domestic, agricultural and industrial purpose increases day by day. This may lead to over-exploitation of the water and may
have an adverse impact on the environment. The environmental degradation caused due to groundwater development and
utilization may be visible in terms of groundwater depletion, groundwater contamination, saline water intrusion, waterlogging
and salinity. The area under study is facing a major problem of groundwater depletion mainly in summer season due to
excessive pumping of groundwater for banana/sugarcane plantation and changes in groundwater chemistry due to excessive
irrigation, industrial effluents and natural salinity problems. The qualitative characteristics of groundwater were studied by
collecting samples from fifteen locations. The chemical parameters included pH, electrical conductivity, total hardness, total
alkalinity, chloride, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, sulphate, phosphate and nitrate have been determined. The
concentration of abundant cations and anions was employed to describe and assess the temporal variations in the groundwater
quality in the lower part of the basin. Cations show an increase towards the lower part of the basin. In the present investigation
an attempt has been made to study the suitability of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposes. The water from the area
is moderately to very hard. SAR, KR, SSP ratios were calculated for irrigation suitability of groundwater. These ratios indicate
that the quality of groundwater is quite good for irrigation purposes.
drsnpatil9@gmail.com


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Assessment of water quality of the pilgrim sites of Godavari River through correlation study between
different physico-chemical parameters
Kolhe B G1, Zambare S P2 and Shinde S M3
1
M.V.P’s ACS College, India
2
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, India
3
S.S.V.P.S’s L.K. Dr. P.R. Ghogrey Science College, India
T he present study was conducted to assess the water quality of Godavari River water at two Pilgrim sites (PS) of Nashik city
during May 2010-April 2011. Total 15 physical and chemical parameters such as temperature, pH, electrical conductivity,
total dissolved solids, suspended solids, ammonia, NO2+NO3, phosphate, total hardness, sodium, chloride, total alkalinity,
dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand were determined. Evaluation of estimated values of
parameters with WHO drinking water standards revealed that water of studied pilgrim sites is polluted and indicative of
eutrophic condition. A correlation coefficient analysis has been carried out amongst all pairs of studied parameters which
signify positive and negative correlation among the studied parameters. From the present study it is suggested that, drinking
water quality can be checked effectively by controlling the electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids of water as well as
usual monitoring of the water quality of pilgrim sites is essential for appropriate management.
Biography
Kolhe B G has completed her PhD from Dr. B. A. M. University, Aurangabad (MS), India. She has published 10 papers in reputed journals.
drbharatikolhe23@gmail.com, sureshchandraz@yahoo.co.in, satish.shinde02@gmail.com
Remediation and monitoring of water system

Jayshree Ramkumar
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, India
W ater is very important for the sustenance of life. However, the quality of water available is always not suited for consumption
due to the continuous industrial development. Therefore it becomes important to monitor the water quality. The water
conditions are always changing due to the pollution. Pollution comes from the Latin word “pollutionem” meaning, “to make
dirty”. The substance that causes pollution is known as “pollutant”. Pollutant is defined as the “substance that is present in the
wrong place, at the wrong time and in the wrong quantity”. The term pollutant is mostly confused with another term known
as contaminant. Hence the subtle difference between the two terms becomes important to understand. Removal of these
pollutants is known as remediation. Remediation is achieved by separating the toxic species like heavy metal ions, organic dyes
etc. from the aqueous streams. Various procedures like membrane technology and sorption have been attractive for removal of
various species both at lab and industrial scales. In practice, sometimes it is seen that a combination of procedures are adopted
for complete treatment of water. Separation can be carried out using different membranes or sorbents ranging from bulk
matrices to nanomaterials. The chemistry involved in remediation process gives an insight to the development of analytical
methodologies used for monitoring different species in the water system. In the present discussion, the separation of various
organic and inorganic pollutants using membrane technologies and sorption carried out at lab scale has been discussed. Newer
analytical methodologies developed have been highlighted.
Biography
Jayshree Ramkumar, ACD, BARC, is involved in the development of newer procedures for separation and monitoring of different species using membranes and
sorbents. Her PhD was on the ion exchange and related studies using Nafion membrane. She has more than 50 international peer reviewed journal publications
and chapters in 5 books to her credit in the field of separation science. She pursued her Postdoctoral research on the use of mesoporous materials for remediation,
at the NIMS, Japan. She is also an Assistant Professor and guide of HBNI, India and currently guiding students as a co guide for their PhD.
jrk@barc.gov.in


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Comparative study of water quality of two tube wells of Jammu city, J&K
Meenakshi Khajuria
University of Jammu, India
A comparative study was undertaken to assess the groundwater quality for drinking purposes. One tube well selected was
situated near a sewer while there was no sewer in the vicinity of the other tube well. The water samples were collected and
analyzed for physico–chemical viz., temperature, turbidity, pH, EC, FCO2, DO, B.O.D., C.O.D., CO3”, HCO’, Cl’, Ca++, Mg++,
TH, Na+, K+, SO4, SiO3, NO3, PO4, Fe, Cu, Cr, Zn and Pb and bacteriological characteristics i.e., MPN index/100 ml. for a period
of two years on monthly basis. The study has revealed some alterations in physico–chemical parameters and MPN of water in
the first case, while in the second case, the water quality was within permissible limits. On the basis of microbial count analysis,
the water quality of first tube well (IIIM/RRL, Jammu) comes under the category of unsatisfactory (MPN >10/100ml.) due
to effect of sewage drain. Qualitatively, E. coli and Klebsiella / Klebsiella and Citrobacter recorded their perennial presence in
the first/second i.e., Coffee house (Jammu Press Club) tube well, respectively, during both the years. Quantitatively, the MPN
index/100 ml. ranged between 7 and 18/6 and 17 in the water samples of first tube well and 1 and 2 / 1 and 2 in the second
tube well during the first/second year of study. MPN count recorded summer and monsoon increase and winter decrease.
According to standards recommended by British Ministry of Health (1957), the water quality comes under the category of
unsatisfactory (MPN >10/100 ml.) in case of first and satisfactory for the second tube well.
mk_env@rediffmail.com
Non invasive and invasive technologies for translational medicine applications

Francesco Crespi
Istituto Euro Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia, Italy
I n preclinical studies the feasibility of non-invasive analysis of brain activities is studied in the attempt to overcome the major
limitation of actual in vivo methodologies i.e., invasiveness. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive technique
that can be used to monitor changes in oxygenation of hemoglobin (Hb). Importantly, the absorption spectra of near-infrared
light differ for the oxygenation–deoxygenation states of Hb (O2Hb vs. HHb, respectively) so that the two compounds can be
directly monitored. The sum of HHb + O2Hb is considered=blood volume and a recent work has demonstrated the feasibility
of using NIRS to monitor these three parameters in the rat brain. Briefly, the effectiveness of such non-invasive methodology
in preclinical studies has been tested via physiologic (i.e., with exogenous oxygen (O2) or carbon dioxide (CO2) inflated
orally) or pharmacologic (i.e., with drugs of abuse such as cocaine or nicotine) experiments. Furthermore, coupling NIRS with
a well established although invasive in vivo method such as electrophysiology allowing concomitant analysis of cerebral cell
firing in discrete brain areas, was confirming the putative correlation between blood levels, brain metabolism and neuronal
activities in rat CNS. Finally, the possibility that changes in brain metabolism as measured by NIRS might be a useful index
of brain penetration of chemical entities has been investigated using different compounds from different chemical classes
that were selected on the basis of their known brain penetration and overall pharmacokinetic profile. It appeared that in vivo
non-invasive NIRS might contribute to assess brain penetration of chemicals, i.e., significant changes in NIRS signals could be
related to brain exposure, or vice versa the lack of significant changes in relevant NIRS parameters could be indicative of low
brain exposure. These data were supported by concomitant standard pharmacokinetic studies of brain penetration. Further
improvement of NIRS hardware and software will allow shaping also the distribution of penetrating drugs within discrete brain
areas and this could be potentially used to study neurobiological processes and psychiatric diseases in preclinical but also in a
translational strategy from preclinical to clinical investigations.
fm.crespi@libero.it


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Groundwater challenges & groundwater recharge potentials of Pakistan
Amir Haider Malik
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Pakistan
T he groundwater recharge in Pakistan is estimated to be about 68 BCM (55 MAF). It is being exploited through installation
of about 16,000 large public capacity (3-5 cusecs) and 500,000 small capacity (0.5-1.5 cusecs) private tube-wells. The
groundwater abstraction in Pakistan has increased from about 4 BCM (3.34 MAF) in 1959 to about 60 BCM (48 MAF) in
1996-972. The mining of water is causing intrusion of saline water. In the Indus Basin, water table is going down in 26 canal
commands out 45. Many cities are having difficulties in getting sufficient quantities of raw water as local aquifers are being
over-pumped and contaminated. Thus there is an urgent need of groundwater recharge not only to compensate the declining
water tables in the agriculture sector and also in the urban areas but also to compensate the rise in the anthropogenic and
geogenic pollution of groundwater. With increase in groundwater recharge, the farmers will get access to good quality &
quantity of groundwater. The yields of wheat, cotton and rice and other crops can increase after the application groundwater.
There will be more employment in agriculture sector, industry & more poverty eradication, thus also more development of the
country. The surplus water taken from floods and harvested rainwater will reduce the flood risks in the downstream and also
to secure safe water reserves to cover the coming droughts.
ahmalik@comsats.edu.pk
Availability of freshwater in future: A challenge

Mubeen Beg
Aligarh Muslim University, India
A mong all natural resources, water is the most vital for the survival of mankind. Almost 70 percent of the earth’s surface
is covered with water. The seemingly abundant availability of water is misleading. Freshwater, the only usable kind, as
far as human needs are concerned, is only a small fraction (2.5 percent) of the water present on our planet. Further, most of
freshwater is in the form of permanent ice and snow, or in the form of groundwater which is regarded as un-renewable. In the
end only 0.3 percent of freshwater is renewable. Water quality considerations are equally important as thousands of children in
India die of water borne diseases each year as a result of drinking unsafe water. Population growth, people’s changing life style
and urbanisation are direct determinant of increase in water demand particularly for domestic uses. A major fresh water crisis
is gradually unfolding in India due to lack of access to safe water supply to millions of people as a result of inadequate water
management and environmental degradation. The crisis endangers the economic and social development of the country. In
rural areas, women still have to walk long distances and spend several hours every day to provide the household with water. In
view of aforementioned circumstances it becomes imperative to conserve more and more freshwater by implementing water
management strategies. This paper focuses on very effective and result producing strategies for water management including
community awareness, people education, ground water legislation and regulations, application of new technologies in the
optimal use of water, use of sprinkler and drip irrigation, rainwater harvesting, reuse of wastewater and use of new water
fittings and better distribution systems to reduce considerable wastage of water.
Biography
Mubeen Beg has completed his PhD degree from AMU, Aligarh. He has published more than 70 papers in reputed journals, conferences and symposia. He has
presented research papers abroad in Chicago; USA, Singapore, The Netherlands, San Francesca; USA, Japan and Saudi Arabia. He is a Reviewer of several
national and international journals. He has guided a number of MTech dissertations. Water resources, fluvial hydraulics and hydrology are his research areas. He
has been working on several consultancy projects.
raisbeg2013@gmail.com


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Comparative study of plants waste biosorption efficiency
Ashish Kr. Dwivedi
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India
I n this study, sorption efficacy study of selected bio- materials was carried known for their potential usage as natural dyes.
Hibiscus rosa sinensis flower and Trapa natans fruit skin (exocarp) were used for sorption study. These plant parts after the
extraction of natural dye and evaluated for bio-sorption of heavy metal from effluent. Batch tests indicated that hexavalent
chromium sorption capacity (qe) followed the sequence qe (Trapa) > qe (Hibiscus). Due to high sorptive capacity, Trapa fruit
skin (exocarp) was selected for further processes like drying crushing and sieving in powder form of even mess size. Sorption
kinetic data has shown first order reversible kinetic model for all the sorbents in which biosorption of chromium by Trapa
natans biomass occurred in two stages. In the first stage, 95% sorption was reported for Cr (VI) in 15 minutes followed by a
slower second stage which reached in equilibrium in one hour at which all heavy metals were 90-98% bio-sorbed by Trapa
natans. Experimentally reported equilibrium data fitted well to both the Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherms. The FT-IR, XRD
and XPS analysis showed that the main mechanism of Cr(VI) biosorption onto Trapa dried powder was their binding with
amide group.
Biography
Ashish Kr. Dwivedi completed his PhD work from Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur India in Applied/Environmental Chemistry under Dr. Padma S Vankar
Principal Research Scientist Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur. He is currently DST-Fast Track young scientist fellow in Department of Chemistry at Indian
Institute of Technology, Kanpur. He has published 6 international publications in peer reviewed journals and 2 book chapters.
ashishkd@iitk.ac.in
Mitigating India’s surface and groundwater scarcity

Govindasamy Agoramoorthy
Tajen University, Taiwan
A bout 500 large dams across India have passed 50 years of age and 100 among them were built a century ago. Decommissioning
dams is not an easy task. India also lacks legally binding dam accountability. So, the question is: How did the largest
democracy manage to build over 5000 large dams without a safety bill? One way the government can tackle this ecological
nightmare is to revive building of smaller check dams - small barriers using stones, cement, and concrete built across the
direction of water flow on rivers. They retain excess flow during rains in catchment areas, and the stored water can be used
for irrigation. India’s oldest check dam, the Grant Anicut is only 4.5 m tall; it was built by the Chola King in river Cauvery
during 2nd century AD, which is still in use. In 2007, the Sadguru Foundation has built a large check dam on Mahi River in
Rajasthan with a cost of USD 1.18 million, which is 7.25 m tall (length 367 m). The check dam with 350 million cubic feet
capacity irrigates 7000 acres and benefiting 18,000 farmers. Upstream lays a large dam, Mahi-Bajaj Sagar with a construction
cost of USD 300 million, which irrigates 154,000 acres or 22 times more than the irrigation area of the check dam. If 22 more
check dams were to be built in series, it would cost USD 24.2 million, with the potential to irrigate the same area of the Mahi-
Bajaj Sagar dam. So, this check dam model has remarkable potential to reduce irrigation water stress and river water conflicts.
Biography
Govindasamy Agoramoorthy currently serves as Distinguished Research Professor at Tajen University, Taiwan. His research ranges from environmental sciences
to sustainable development and he has carried out field research in Asia, Africa, and South America. He is Editor-in-Chief of the American Journal of Social Issues
& Humanities, Consulting Editor of Journal of Environmental Biology and serves in the Editorial Board of Journal for Nature Conservation (Elsevier). Between 1989
and 1993, he served as visiting Scientist at Smithsonian Institution, USA. He is currently Tata Visiting Chair at Sadguru Foundation, India where he reviews water
and natural resources management projects. He has authored 25 books, 80 book chapters, and 300 scientific articles in international journals with impact factor.
agoram@mail.tajen.edu.tw


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A record of late quaternary Asian southwest monsoon rainfall from upper montane peat archive in Sri
Lanka
Rathnasiri Premathilake
University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
T he upper montane (2,200 m above sea level) peat archive of environmental response to climate change provides a unique
opportunity to understand low latitude monsoon rainfall changes. In this regard, an accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS-
14C) dated palaeo multi-proxy (i.e., pollen, spores, diatoms, phytoliths, charcoal, Sphagnum spp. macrofossil carbon isotopes,
C/N ratios, grain size and environmental magnetics) rainforest record from peat archive in the Horton Plains, central Sri
Lanka reveals a ca.24 kyr (24,000 year) history of millennial- to multi century-scale monsoon climate change since the Last
Glacial Maximum (LGM). Arid-LGM punctuates fairly climatic ameliorations in very short episodes. Proxies indicate that
post-LGM earliest tropical warming and monsoon initiation preceded Northern Hemisphere ice-sheet melting by >3 kyr
before the Bolling interval, with a significant increase in rainfall at Termination 1A. This suggests an early strengthening of
the monsoon at low latitudes. Starting ca. 18 kyr before AD 2000 (kyr BP), rainforest diversity increases in-step with several
progressively increasing rainfalls. The first Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) induced rains occur between 16.2-15.9 kyr
BP and a period between 13.7-13 kyr BP is marked with a short-lived monsoon strengthening as landmark event in regional
hydrological history. The progressive trend is interrupted by two major relatively semi-arid phases (decreasing rainfall),
of which the second (Termination 1B) ending ca. 10.4 kyr BP may reflect a delayed Younger Dryas event. Large climatic
amelioration, with significant increase in monsoon rains occurs during the early Holocene (10.4-8.8 kyr BP), but rainfall in
the first part of this period seems to have a fluctuating trend. Optimum rainforest diversification coincides with the Holocene
monsoon rainfall maximum between 9.2-8.8 kyr BP. A disruption to these millennial cycles coincides with a gradual monsoon
downturn, rainfall and rainforest decline and increasing aridity occurs between 8.1-3.4 kyr BP, which marks a global change in
hydrological cycle during the middle Holocene. Rainfall changes towards the progressive trend, with significant fluctuations
during the late Holocene. Finally, the overall record suggest that period of monsoon rainfall weakening lasted longer than the
period of monsoon rainfall intensification during the past 24 kyr. Broadly synchronous palaeo climatic records of the Horton
Plains, Arabian Sea, Oman and India, west and east Africa, and the North Atlantic regions indicate two-way teleconnections
between tropical Asian monsoon rainfall fluctuations and high latitude temperature changes. The above changes reflect
vast spatial rearrangements in atmospheric circulation patterns, probably caused by forcing associated with coupled ocean-
atmosphere-vegetation feedbacks.
premathilake@hotmail.com
Study of drinking water quality of Chas block of Bokaro district Jharkhand India
Kumari Minoo and D N Sadhu
Vinoba Bhave University, India
T he underground water in Bokaro districts has already been reported to contain high percentage of iron. Increasing number
of deep bore wells especially in urban areas of Chas due to increasing number of apartments has already started aggravating
the problems with underground water including high concentration of mineral content of underground water which has gone
much deeper than the desired water level. Due to lack of proper drainage system most of the house hold liquid waste are sent in
the disposal wells underground. The problem is most critical where disposal wells are near pumping wells. Leakage from these
wells can introduce high concentration of BOD, COD, nitrate, organic chemicals, and possibly bacteria into ground water.
kumariminoo77@gmail.com


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Conservation of fresh water bodies by biological control of the aquatic weed water hyacinth
A G Murugesan
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, India
T he proliferation of aquatic weeds, which is particularly more intense in tropical and sub-tropical countries, has created
major problems in water bodies. Predominantly the floating aquatic weed water hyacinth is found in shallow waters and
is rooted. In India it is estimated that this weed covers over 0.4 million ha of water surface. The thick layer formed by the
matured plant over the water surface can be upto 2 meters height, it prevents the penetration of light and oxygen, affects the
aquatic flora and fauna and also reduce the fish production. It sucks up the water and evaporation leading to an increased loss
of water, 3.5 times higher than the plant free surface of same water body. It directly affects irrigation, hydroelectric generation
and navigation. Decayed water hyacinth plants submerge at the bottom of the lakes and reservoirs and increase the silt and
make the water bad tastes and odours. Water hyacinth-infested aquatic bodies are suitable places for the breeding of vector
mosquitoes; hence leads to spread of vector borne diseases. The diverse habitat and the varied growth forms of water hyacinth
make it difficult to find an effective approach to their control. Various methods are followed to control water hyacinth. By
manual and mechanical removal technique the upper part of the plant only removed from water ways, but the root remains
in the water. It re grows to nuisance density and requires more than one removal per season. Re-proliferation of weeds with
in short period is also experienced. So this method has proved unsatisfactory and uneconomical. Chemical control using
herbicides such as glyphosate, diaquat etc. are widely used and effective technique although it has its effect on aquatic animals
and humans through herbicide contaminated water. Biological control is the best alternative method of water hyacinth control
as it is eco friendly and economically feasible since the exploitation of living organisms to reduce or prevent the growth
and reproduction of weeds. Biological control offers a longer term, cheaper and less resource intensive solution compared to
herbicidal treatment. Potential and target specific bio-control agents like water hyacinth weevils, mites and a fish grass carp
are more effective in water hyacinth control. Biological control requires time for the assessment of their impact, but once
established, populations of bio-control agents remain present and in this way, the long-term cost in weed management, are less
than other control measures and less harmful to the environment. The cost of control in bio-control method is comparatively
very cheap. This paper explains the outcome of the biological control of water hyacinth in a irrigation tank in a river in
Tamilnadu.
agmspkce@rediffmail.com
Estimation and comparison of curve numbers based on dynamic land use land cover change, observed
rainfall-runoff data and land slope
Dida Aberra1, D S Deshmukh1, U C Chaube2, Ambaye Ekube1 and Melaku Tegene1
1
Jimma University, Ethiopia
2
IIT Roorkee, India
T he CN represents runoff potential which is estimated using three different methods for three watersheds namely Barureva,
Sher and Umar watershed located in Narmada basin. Among three watersheds, Sher watershed has gauging site for the
runoff measurements. The CN computed from the observed rainfall-runoff events is termed as CN(PQ), land use and land
cover (LULC) is termed as CN(LU) and the CN based on land slope is termed as SACN2. The estimated annual CN(PQ)
varies from 69 to 87 over the 26 years data period with median 74 and average 75. The range of CN(PQ) from 70-79 are most
significant values and these truly represent the AMC II condition for the Sher watershed. The annual CN(LU) was computed
for all three watersheds using GIS and the years are 1973, 1989 and 2000. Satellite imagery of MSS, TM and ETM+ sensors
are available for these years and obtained from the Global Land Cover Facility Data Center of Maryland University USA. The
computed CN(LU) values show rising trend with the time and this trend is attributed to expansion of agriculture area in all
watersheds. The predicted values of CN(LU) with time (year) can be used to predict runoff potential under the effect of change
in LULC. Comparison of CN(LU) and CN(PQ) values shows close agreement and it also validates the classification of LULC.
The estimation of slope adjusted SA-CN2 shows the significant difference over conventional CN for the hilly forest lands. For
the micro watershed planning, SCS-CN method should be modified to incorporate the effect of change in land use and land
cover along with effect of land slope.
dsdesh@gmail.com

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Observations of EPBs over India: A study using OI 630.0 nm images and TEC measurements
D P Nade1,2, A K Sharma1, D J Shetti3, A Taori4, G A Chavan1, S S Nikte1,5, O Gurav1 and S Gurubaran6
1
Shivaji University, India
2
Sanjay Ghodawat Group of Institutions (SGI), India
3
Smt. Kasturbai Walchand College, India
4
National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, India
5
Vishveshwarya Technical Campus Patgaon-Miraj, India
6
Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, India
T he simultaneous observations of total electron content (TEC) and intensity of nightglow OI 630.0 nm emissions is used to
examine the occurrence of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPB) in low-latitude night time ionosphere over India. The radio
observations of TEC using the Global Positioning System (GPS) were carried out from Hyderabad (17.67°N, 83.32°E). The
optical observations of nightglow OI 630.0 nm images have been carried out using all sky imager (ASI) from Kolhapur (16.8°
N, 74.2° E) during April 2011. We have taken an average intensity of a square bin (5 × 5 pixel) of an individual image (OI 630.0
nm) in order to study occurrence of EPBs. The zonal drift velocities of EPBs were estimated using method recently developed
by Sharma et al. (2014). The EPBs occurred in evening hours ~19:30 IST and move towards eastward with average speed 138
m/s. prior to local midnight, and then gradually decreases with time. The calculated EPB velocities are compared with recently
developed model by England and Immel (2012). We found that the time difference between occurrences of EPBs in TEC
measurement and intensity of OI 630.0 nm about ~1 hr. Herein we have discussed possible mechanism for occurrence and
evolution of EPBs over Indian region.
Biography
D P Nade has completed his PhD at the age of 32 years from Shivaji University Kolhapur. He is Assistant Professor in Department of Basic Science and Humanities
of Sanjay Ghodawat Group of Institution, Atigre. He has published more than 14 papers in reputed journals and has been attended more than 19 national and
international conferences, workshops etc. He has been serving as reviewer of Journal of Geophysical Research.
aks_phy@unishivaji.ac.in
Hydrology & metrology services towards desert prosperity in Libya

S P Bindra and Ashour Sassi
Meteorology Civil Aviation & Meteorology Technical College, Libya
T his paper is designed to present hydrological & meteorological technologies application for devising strategies and a plan
of action to evolve low or no carbon prosperity for sustainable and equitable development of desert regions that faces
climate change impacts mainly because of rise in temperature due to human activities like Libyan man made river, target to
increase oil & gas production to 3.0 mbd by 2020 leading to global warming. Interesting findings on hotspots, bright spots and
trend exciting studies initiated in Libyan desert region shows that short-term remedial programs for dealing with immediate
problems such as ground water recharging, green sky initiative, soil remediation, soil erosion, salinization or famine are
possible to enhance desert prosperity. It shows the extent to which deserts prosperity is threatened by a combination of human
exploitation by way of manmade river for ground water exploitation, air cargo expansion plan, enhanced oil & gas production
and climate change. Role model of UNCSD Rio+20 Focal Point at Civil Aviation Technical Colleges Sphea is briefly outlined
to show how the Best Practices Programme on various desert prosperity initiatives using hydrology & meteorology services
are helping to provide new solutions to accelerate and streamline learning that applies recent technology, industry know-how
and business essentials to provide new and effective blended learning products and programs. Finally the paper presents how
adaptation planning by incorporating climate change impacts in to hot arid regions development plans can play a role in
fostering desert prosperity by strengthening of existing centers and for the establishment of a more extensive international
monitoring network with personnel equipped and trained to collect baseline hydrological & meteorological data relevant to
study all aspects of Linkages between Climate Change and Desert prosperity using zero carbon or low carbon initiatives to
meet the millennium development goals.
s.p.bindra@gmail.com


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GNSS Weather applications: PW performance with GPS techniques about rainfalls in Spain
Diego Ferragud Trillo
Politechnic Valencia University, Spain
T he Spanish Mediterranean area is periodically affected by torrential rainfall events during autumn. In September 2012,
one of these episodes took place with upto 50 mm of rain in a 1 hour and more than 300 mm in 12 hours. This study
shows the spatial and temporal variability of the GNSS estimated atmospheric water vapour content (GWV) and the observed
rains during this event. GNSS technology is now an established atmospheric observing system which can accurately sense
water vapour. GNSS data were obtained from the 38 GNSS sites available in the Spanish Mediterranean Area. The GNSS data
processing strategy demonstrated its goodness by comparison of the obtained GNSS water vapour values with three radio
sounding observed data. It was observed a good correlation between the GWV maximum values and the registered rains.
Tropospheric water vapour monitoring shows the fast changes in this variable when a rain front is approaching. Predicting
the development of severe weather phenomena such as cyclone and storm evolution is highly dependent on very precise
estimates of water vapour contained within the lower atmosphere. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) technology
has demonstrated its capacity as an accurate sensor of atmospheric water vapour with the application of GNSS for numerical
weather prediction. GNSS data processing estimates the content of atmospheric water vapour, based on the signal propagation
tropospheric delay across the satellite-receiver path. So, thanks to the permanent GNSS reference stations this variable can be
continuously estimated around the world, improving the knowledge of the tropospheric water vapour distribution.
Biography
Diego Ferragud Trillo has completed his Master of Science in GIS, Geodesy and Cartography engineer at the age of 26 years from Politechnic Valencia University
and Bachelor Degree in Surveying engineer studies from the same University. Also, he belongs to the Group COST (European Cooperation in Science and
Technology) Action ES1206 allowing the coordination of nationally-funded research on a European level, being a working group member.
diefertr@gmail.com
Study of regional variability in the quiet day pattern of cosmic radio noise using riometers
S S Nikte1,2, A K Sharma1, M P Yadav2, D P Nade1,3, G A Chavan1, M V Rokade4 and R V Bhonsle1
1
Shivaji University, India
2
Vishveshwarya Technical Campus Patgaon-Miraj, India
3
Sanjay Ghodawat Group of Institutions (SGI), India
4
Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET), India
T he quiet-time (ΣKp≤ 3) daily variations of the cosmic radio noise at Polar, auroral, subauroral and mid-latitude stations
during period of solar minimum are utilized to develop the quiet day pattern of cosmic noise signals with corrected
geomagnetic latitude and longitude. Riometers at different locations will observe a different part of the sky noise and that
is the reason that QDCs are produced for each individual riometer. Data of three southern and seven northern riometer
stations have been used in the present study. Average of five international quiet days is done to execute a signal pattern for a
particular month. We studied latitudinal and longitudinal variations in the signal strength of cosmic radio noise for both the
hemispheres. For polar latitudinal stations Davis and Mason (Geomag lat.73.05˚S, Geomag Long. 111.67˚E), it is observed that
there is a change in the maximum value of the signal strength. At sub-auroral latitudes minimum of the signal strength shows
similar patterns during winter months. We observed shift of quiet day pattern in each month is due to the sidereal day.
Biography
S S Nikte has completed his PhD at the age of 30 years from Shivaji University, Kolhapur. He is Assistant Professor in Department Vishveshwarya Technical Campus
Patgaon-Miraj. He has published more than 15 papers in reputed journals and has attended more than 17 national and international conferences, workshops etc.
aks_phy@unishivaji.ac.in


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Coals seam gas (CSG) and its application in agriculture industry
Talal Yusaf and Ihsan Hamawand
University of Southern Queensland, Australia
C oalbed methane (CBM) or coal seam gas (CSG) as it is known in Australia is becoming an increasingly important source
of energy around the world. Many countries such as United States, Canada, Australia and China are investing in the
CSG industry. Arise in the cost of conventional natural gas and many other energy resources, along with a decline in these
conventional resources and issues such as climate change have encouraged a global interest in alternative resources of energy
like CSG. The estimated quantity of CSG worldwide is around 1.4×1014 m3, it is clear that coal seam gas is a significant source
of energy. CSG can be the alternative fuel for high fuel-consumption industries such as agriculture. In this article, a technical
analysis was conducted to show the potential of natural gas in replacing diesel in agriculture. A comparison of different
conversion methods such as dual-fuel and mono-gas systems is undertaken. Data was collected from a number of sources to
determine the potential demand for natural gas in the agricultural sector in Queensland (QLD) and New South Wales (NSW).
Also, a conversion cost analysis is conducted. Analysis finds compressed natural gas (CNG) to be the preferred alternative fuel
to diesel engines in the agricultural sector.
Biography
Talal Yusaf is currently the Executive Director of the International and Development at the University of Southern Queensland and Professor in the Faculty of
Health Engineering and Sciences. He is also leading the bioenergy/biofuel research group at the National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture, Australia. From
2010 - 2013, he led the International Sponsorship and Research Partner (ISERP) team at USQ. He obtained his first PhD on Alternative Energy from UKM and
the second PhD on Biomechanical Engineering from his current University (USQ). He is the Editor/guest Editor of excellent international Energy journals (Energy,
Applied Energy, Energies) with extensive publications in high ranked international journals. He is also visiting/Adjunct Professor at International Universities such
as University College London UCL, University Malaya UM and University Malaysia Pahang UMP.
yusaft@usq.edu.au, director.id@usq.edu.au, Talal.Yusaf@usq.edu.au
Mesozooplankton community structure in a degrading mangrove ecosystem of Kerala, India

Sreelekshmi S, Preethy C M, Philomina Joseph, Rani Varghese and S Bijoy Nandan
Cochin University of Science and Technology, India
T his contribution presents the diversity, abundance and community structure of mesozooplankton from 10 hydrographically
different mangrove ecosystems in Cochin. Eleven zooplankton groups were identified, of which copepods (62%) formed
the predominant population followed by Crustacean nauplii (22%) and mysids (12%). Nutrient limiting (N:P ratio 5.13±7.03)
with mixo-mesohaline salinity conditions (8.96±3 ppt) and relatively low temperatures (30.28±0.9 ºC) was a characteristic
feature of the study zones. Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) based on Bray–Curtis similarity (PRIMER) analysis
revealed that there was not much variations in the mesozooplankton structure among stations (Stress 0.05; ANOSIM test
Global R:0.325, P=19%). BEST (Bio-Env + Stepwise) analysis indicated that temperature and salinity showed best correlation
(0.696) with fauna. Hence, from our observation, it is clear that, the zooplankton communities were getting depleted due to
shallowness and unfavourable environmental condition of water bodies as a result of human intervention.
Biography
Sreelekshmi S is UGC Junior Research Fellow perusing her PhD in the Department of Marine Biology, Cochin University of Science and Technology. She has 3
years of research experience.
bijoynandan@yahoo.co.in


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Hydrobiology of Vembanad wetland on the South West Coast of India and its sustainable management
for livelihood measures
S Bijoy Nandan, Asha C V, Retina I Cleetus and Suson P S
V embanad wetland system, a major Ramsar site on the West coast of India nurture high biological diversity providing
a wide range of inter related environmental functions and socio-economic benefits. To regulate salinity intrusion into
the Kuttanad agrarian system, the Thaneermukkom barrage was constructed in 1975 across the Vembanad estuarine system,
transforming the water body into a fresh water zone on the south and a brackish water zone on the north, resulting in gross
changes in physical, chemical and biological entity of the wetland system.The eco biological studies in Vembanad backwater
from March 2011- February 2012 formed the basis of the present investigation. The average depth ranged from 1.27 to 7.5 m;
temperature ranged between 25ºC to 32.5ºC. The ANOVA of water temperature showed an overall significance at 1% level
(F=5.36). pH ranged between 5.94 to 10.02 that of dissolved oxygen showed a variation from 4.88 mg/l to 9.76 mg/l. Average
annual salinity ranged from 0.9 ppt in St. 2 to 14.18 ppt in St. 10. An oligohaline condition prevailed in the southern stations
(0.5-5ppt), whereas meso and polyhaline condition (5-18 ppt) prevailed in the northern stations. A significant seasonality in
the nutrient cycling was observed in Vembanad estuarine system. Concentrations of nutrients viz. nitrite (0.03 to 5.53 µmol/l),
nitrate (0.05 to 5.9 µmol/l) and ammonia (0.06 to 37.31 µmol/l) also varied significantly on a spatial scale. Maximum N/P ratio
of 6.85 was observed during postmonsoon and minimum of 4.89 was observed during monsoon. During the study period, a
nitrogen limiting condition was observed (N: P < 16) in Vembanad backwater. Compared to the northern zone, a higher N/P
and Si/P ratio was always observed in the southern zone. Comparing the prebarrage phase, the dominance of Microcystis sp.,
Pediastrum sp., Leptocylindricus sp., Zygnema sp., Ulothrix sp., Oscillatoriasps. was observed in the southern part of the water
body. In the southern zone, fresh water copepod, Heliodiaptomus cintus contributed maximum abundance (62%), whereas
in northern zone, Acartia southwelli were the abundant group (36%). The annual fishery production indicated a declining
trend with an annual landing of 4387.31t, of which 480.98t and 3906.33t was contributed by southern and northern zone of
Vembanad respectively. From the 14 species of polychaete observed during the study period, only two species, Nemalycasis
indica (80%), Dendronereis aestuarina (20%) were present in the southern sector of Vembanad. On a time scale basis, glaring
changes were observed, on the ecology of the estuarine system, influencingthe regionaldynamics of planktonic, benthic and
fishery structure. A more retrained and effective management of the resources and environmental quality is proposed for the
long term conservation of the largest Ramsar site of Kerala.
Heavy metal-laden wastewater treatment using a waste material

Pejman Hadi
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China
T reatment of industrial wastewater effluents containing various pollutants is a subject of many researches. Numerous
methods, including precipitation, filtration, membrane, reverse osmosis, solvent extraction, cementation, ion exchange
and adsorption have been studied and developed for the removal of pollutants from wastewater streams.Each of these treatment
techniques has specific disadvantages, such as low removal efficiency, high energy consumption, high capita/operation cost
and high material/chemical cost. Among all these treatment technologies, adsorption has been proved to be a popular and
promising approach to remove the pollutants from industrial effluents with high efficiencies. However, high cost of the
adsorbent materials has driven the researchers to look for more economic precursor options to reduce the material cost. Waste
carbonaceous precursors have been the most widely-investigated materials for porous adsorbent production. However, high
activation temperatures and low yield are the two common disadvantages of this class of materials. Our research focuses on the
innovative production of porous functionalized siliceous adsorbent material from nonmetallic fraction of waste printed circuit
boards (NMF). The novel modification and utilization of NMF as precursor for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater
poses significant advantages namely lower activation temperatures, higher yield and higher removal capacities, compared with
the carbonaceous materials. Furthermore, the utilization of this waste material for wastewater treatment purposes diverts it
from being disposed of into landfill. The efficiency of this novel material has been shown to be much beyond the commercially-
available adsorbent materials under the same experimental conditions.
kehadi@ust.hk


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Seasonal variation in methane and nitrous oxide flux in the Cochin coastal micro tidal estuarine system
Akhilesh Vijay, Regina Hershey N, Neelima Vasu and S Bijoy Nandan
T he Cochin estuary is a micro tidal positive estuary situated on the southwest coast of India, in its banks where the country’s
major shipment ports and industrial sectors are located. It is the second largest estuarine system in India, fed by six rivers
discharging about 2 x1010 m3y-1 of fresh water. The seasonal distribution of dissolved methane and nitrous oxide in micro
tidal Cochin estuarine hydrological system was investigated during the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons
from August 2013 to July 2014. The surface and bottom samples were investigated extensively from representative estuarine
provinces extending from organic loaded riverine discharge to the bar mouth of the Arabian Sea. Dissolved methane in the
subsurface water was supersaturated in the entire study area in all the seasons, ranging from a lowest value of 2.9 µmolesl-1 in
the post monsoon to highest value of 64.8 µmolesl-1 in the pre monsoon season. The near- bottom waters showed relatively
reduced concentrations of methane ranging from 0.3 µmoles/L in the monsoon to 15.5 µmoles/L in pre monsoon. The methane
concentration in the Cochin estuarine system is largely determined by in-situ production, inputs from the coastal wetlands
and air-water exchange. Low super- saturation of nitrous oxide was observed in the subsurface waters in all the seasons during
the study period. The average surface water nitrous oxide concentration ranged from 9.08 nml-1 in the post-monsoon to 20.88
nml-1 in the pre-monsoon. Increased concentrations of dissolved nitrous oxide were observed in the near bottom waters
ranging from10.60 nm.l-1 in the postmonsoon to 53.85 nml-1 in the monsoon. Costal estuarine environments of the Cochin
seem to be an important source of methane rather than a sink.
Biography
Akhilesh Vijay is a Senior Research Fellow pursuing his PhD in Dept. of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, CUSAT under the supervision of Dr. S Bijoy
Nandan in the topic “Carbon Sequestration Potential of Coastal Wetlands a Comparative Model”.
Abundance of mesozooplanktonin Cochin estuary with reference to calanoid copepods

Santu K S and S Bijoy Nandan
I ndia is blessed with many extensive estuarine systems. The South – West Coast is a tropical environment with diverse
waterways and hydrological habitats. Cochin estuary extending from Munambam (10° 10’N, 76°15’E) in the north to
Thanneermukkam (09030’N, 76025’E), is one among the most productive estuarine environments. Diversity of the copepods
from nine stations in the Cochin estuary was explored by carrying out a pre monsoon sampling. Fifteen species of calanoid
copepods belonging to five families namely Acartidae, Centropagidae, Pontellidae, Paracalanidae and Pseudodiaptomidae
were identified from these stations. Physico chemical parameters such as water temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen and
nutrients like nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, silicate were analyzed. Mean abundance of mesozooplankton in the Cochin estuary
was found to be 31467 No/m3 and the copepods dominated 48% of the mesozooplankton, out of which, calanoid copepods
dominated and their abundance was about 45% and the cyclopoid copepods constituted 2% of the total mesozooplankton
abundance. Shannon Weiner diversity index - H’ was recorded highest at Fort- Kochi (2.45) followed by Eloor (2.34). The
Bray- Curtis MDS plot based on the average abundance of mesozooplankton indicated the highest similarity in abundance of
80% in Stations Eloor, Mulavukadu, Bolghatty and Thoppumpadiin Cochin estuary.
Biography
Santu K S is Research Scholar, in the Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology & Biochemistry, Cochin University of Science & Technology and is working in
the University Grants Commission funded project.


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Investigating algorithm to estimate shallow water bathymetry from multi-temporal satellite imageries
Vinayaraj Poliyapram
Osaka City University, Japan
I nformation concerning water depth of near shore water region is one of the most basic requirements for coastal zone
management. Bathymetry is especially important for near coastal lines, where changes can occur rapidly due to sedimentation
and erosion. Here, a simple method for estimating water depths from single spectral band is described and is applied to
multi-temporal and multi-source passive remote sensing data such as Landsat 7, Landsat 8 and ASTER data. The proposed
empirical method is a combination of physical and statistical model. Two different methods; Single Band Algorithm (SBA) and
Radiance Based Estimation (RBE) were applied to estimate bathymetry from NIR band of multi-temporal images. The RBE,
basically proposed by this study is only applied when there is no in-situ depth data available. Both methods assume a constant
attenuation coefficient and homogenous bottom type all over the study area. Lyzenga’ noise correction method has been used
to remove atmospheric and water column reflectance. The accuracy of the depth algorithm is determined by comparison
with ground-truth measurements. The correlation coefficient of least square fit and RMSE to detect the good quality of the
bathymetry is derived by the proposed method. The proposed method has been provided for good correlation with various
data sources with different radiometric and spatial resolution. Various methods have been developed by several authors who
were tested and compared with the proposed method. Results obtained by the proposed method are comparatively better than
the other methods. High radiometric resolution data (Landsat 8) provides better correlation with ground truth information
than other data sources.
Biography
Vinayaraj Poliyapram has completed his Masters in Geoinformatics and is engaged in PhD studies at Osaka City University, Japan. He is presently receiving
Monbukagakusho scholarship from Japan Government. Soon after completing Masters Degree, he has been working as a Research Assistant in National Institute
of Oceanography (NIO), Goa. During his tenure in NIO, he qualified UGC-NET examination. He has published several papers in reputed journals.
vinay223333@gmail.com
Impact of monthly curve number and five days antecedent rainfall-runoff data set on performance of
SCS-CN method for Ozat catchment in India: A case study
Manoj J Gundalia
Gujarat Technological University, India
T he Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) is a well-established and widely used loss-rate model to compute
surface runoff volume. It combines watershed and climatic parameters in one entity curve number (CN). Much of the
variability in CN has been attributed to antecedent runoff condition (ARC). The (CN) exhibits an inherent seasonality beyond
its spatial variability, which cannot be accounted for by the conventional methods. In the present study, CN were determined
by standard CN procedure, month wise CN and five days antecedent rainfall-runoff (ARR) data set using standard asymptotic
fit and gauged rainfall-runoff data with an objective to evaluate the impact of monthly CN and five days ARR data set on runoff
estimation for Ozat catchment (Gujarat State-India). This study shows that the runoff predictive capability of SCS-CN methods
can be improved by using monthly CN and five days ARR data set.
Biography
Manoj J Gundalia has completed his BE in Civil Engineering from M.S. University and did ME in Civil (Water Resources Management) Engineering from Gujarat
University. He has published 3 research papers in national journals and 6 research papers in international journals. He has 14 years of field experience and 5 years
of teaching experience and currently he is Assistant Professor and Head of the Department of Civil Engineering in Dr. Subhash Technical Campus, Junagadh,
affiliated with Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
mjgundalia@gmail.com


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Performance and emission analysis of 1.5 MW photovoltaic energy systems
Md. Fahim Ansari
JK Laxmipat University, India
I ndia has high solar insolation, making the place good for solar power initiatives. Thar Desert has been set aside for solar
power projects, sufficient to generate 700 to 2,100 GW. India unveiled a $19 billion plan to produce 20 GW of solar power
by 2020. India receives solar energy equivalent to over 5,000 trillion kWh/yr. The daily average solar energy incident varies
from 4 -7 kWh/m2 depending upon the location. Many parts of the country do not have an electrical grid. The paper presents
performance, sensitivity analysis and optimization studies are carried out for PV energy system proposed at Minambakkam.
Energy model of 1.5 MW PV energy systems is simulated to judge its performance. Two configurations are analyzed one with
battery and other without it battery for PV system, capital and replacement multipliers has been chosen as 0.8, and PV life 20
yr. Considering energy security, results with battery cash flow summary is illustrated in this paper.
Biography
Md. Fahim Ansari received PhD (Electrical Engineering) from NITTTR Chandigarh, Punjab University, Chandigarh MTech (Electrical Engineering) From Central
University AMU Aligarh BTech (Electrical Engineering). He has published over twenty two research papers in international and national journals/conferences and
supervised more than 13 MTech theses. His many research papers have been awarded by international and national committees/conference. He has chaired
several national conferences. He has given expert lecture in various colleges like NITTTR Chandigarh. He has visited many countries for attending and presenting
the research papers in the international conferences. Currently, he is supervising two PhD scholars and evaluated two PhD theses. He is the active reviewer of
IEEE Journal, Taylor and Francis Elsevier and other various journals. He is member of BOG of BRCM CET Bahal.
fahim402001@yahoo.co.in
Diversity of Poecilostomatoida copepods including new records from Kavarathi, Lakshadweep Island,
India
R Radhika, S Bijoy Nandan, V F Sanu and Rithin Raj
S ince 1972 many eminent scientists have been surveying zooplankton assemblages with special reference to copepods
mainly on calanoid copepods and little on cyclopoid copepods. Copepod research in Kavarathi island of Lakshadweep
archipelago started with Goswami (1973, 1979, and 1983) from National Institute of Oceanography, who reported 52 species
from Kavarathi lagoon and sea among which only 16 species belonged to cyclopoid group, the rest being calanoids. Subsequent
studies in this same region by Madhuprathap et al (1977) included 30 species out of which only 7 were under cyclopoids and
the rest being majority of calanoids. Madhuprathap et al (1991) yielded only one cyclopoidand 14 species of calanoids from
Kavarathi, Kadamat and Minicoy islands. Suresh and Mathw (1997), CMFRI, Cochin also reported copepods from Kavarathi.
Six species of cyclopoids were only reported by Usha Goswami and Goswami (1990) from Kavarathi and Minicoy islands, the
rest being 33 species of calanoids and 3 harpacticoids. Recent studies by Robin et.al (2012) reported only 3 cyclopoid species,
10 species of calanoids and 1 belonging to Harpacticoida. Taxonomic and diversity studies on copepods in Lakshadweep
islands have usually been concentrated on calanoid group and little is known about the marine cyclopoid groups. The present
study briefly outlines 16 species of Poecilostomatoid copepods identified from Kavarathi Island, Lakshadweep, of which 13 are
new records from Kavarathi region.
Biography
R Radhika is a Junior Research Fellow perusing her PhD in the Department of Marine Biology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, under the supervision
of Dr. S. Bijoy Nandan, under the Department of Biotechnology funder project “Taxonomy and genetic characterization of pelagic copepods from marine habitats
along south west coast of India”.


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Identification of groundwater potential zones by using remote sensing and GIS techniques: A case study
in Chittoor district Andhra Pradesh, India
V Charankumar Reddy
Sri Venkateswra University, India
G roundwater is an important resource contributing significantly in total annual supply. However, overexploitation has
depleted groundwater availability considerably and also led to land subsidence at some places. Assessing the potential
zone of groundwater recharge is extremely important for the protection of water quality and the management of groundwater
systems. Groundwater potential zones are demarked with the help of remote sensing and Geographic Information System
(GIS) techniques. In this study a standard methodology is proposed to determine groundwater potential using integration of
RS & GIS technique. The composite map is generated using GIS tools. The accurate information to obtain the parameters that
can be considered for identifying the groundwater potential zone such as geology, slope, drainage density, geomorphic units
and lineament density are generated using the satellite data and survey of India (SOI) toposheets of scale 1:50000. It is then
integrated with weighted overlay in ArcGIS. Suitable ranks are assigned for each category of these parameters. For the various
geomorphic units, weight factors are decided based on their capability to store groundwater. This procedure is repeated for
all the other layers and resultant layers are reclassified. The groundwater potential zones are classified into five categories like
very poor, poor, moderate, good & excellent. The use of suggested methodology is demonstrated for a selected study area
in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh. This groundwater potential information will be useful for effective identification of
suitable locations for extraction of water.
charryyreddy@gmail.com
Biochemical-remediation and physicochemical analysis of abattoir waste water effluent: A case study of
Birnin-Kebbi abattoir
Mohammed Yusuf, Abdullahi Dandare, Peter A Achigili, Adewale O Emanuel, Musliu Abdulkadir and Oyinbo Kashiri
Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic, Nigeria
W ater quality and treatment is of increasing concern, especially in the developing countries where water quality is poor
and proper treatment is lacking. The purification of abattoir waste effluent by bioremediation, and chemical remediation
were carried out with the view of mitigating environmental pollution, disease outbreak and enhance recycling of slaughter
house waste water effluent. Effluent collected from Birnin Kebbi abattoir was digested anaerobically for five (5) days using
Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes inoculated together, then the digested water sample was grouped into six
(A B C D E F and H) these were subsequently flocculated with alum, moringa seed extract, alum and moringa seed extract,
and chlorine, for four hours after which the samples were decanted then the resultant filtrates were subjected to the following
physicochemical tests pH, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD), also the whole
set up were subjected to microbiological test such as colony plate count to enumerate the bacteria in CFU/ml, which were
found to be within the range of 6x102– 210x102, while that of coliform count in ml/l 3 -200. The following pH average values
was obtained at 7.24 and the COD range was 250 – 500,while the BOD range was 6.8 – 14.2 and the turbidity range in NTU
was 55 – 650, for samples digested by the combined efforts of S. aureus and S. pyogenes. When all the results were compared to
that of the world health standard all the tested parameters were found to be in conformity, but when compared with sample G
(undigested waste water) they significantly differ, indicating that the treated waste effluents may be portable, and when released
may cause no harm to the environment in the overall the combination of alum, moringa seed extract and chlorine yielded the
best result for all the parameters tested.
myzarma@gmail.com


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Scale problem: A stepping stone in hydrology
Mohammad Javad Abedini
Shiraz University Shiraz, Iran
T his paper is intended to investigate the effects of surface storage elements on catchment response at a range of spatial scales
and experimental settings. The spatial scales include small-scale laboratory experiments, small-scale field experiments
and large-scale field experiments. Interaction of surface treatments, slope orientations, rainfall patterns and initial soil-water
conditions on one hand and surface storage, and resulting effects on runoff response including timing of outflow hydrographs
on the other hand, are considered at these spatial scales. From the analysis of runoff data, it is found that when there is no
infiltration, depression effects can be detected in response, i.e., effects due to size of depressions and spatial location of different
sizes. However, in light of lack of this information, one could not delineate and attribute such spatial effects to response. In
the presence of infiltration, it is extremely difficult if not impossible to distinguish depression effects from infiltration effects
on catchment response. As for the interaction between infiltration and surface storage, it becomes clear that one has to be
very careful estimating effective infiltrability from apparent steady state response conditions. From modeling applications, the
above field observations and subsequent assessments are verified and found to be quite consistent.
abedini@shirazu.ac.ir
Geospatial analysis of groundwater quality in Suri – I and II blocks, Birbhum District, West Bengal
Shreya Das and S K Nag
Jadavpur University, India
A study involving geospatial analysis of groundwater samples from the Suri I and II blocks of Birbhum district, West Bengal
(latitudes 23.76°N–23.99°N and longitudes 87.42°E-87.64°E) was carried out to assess their suitability for drinking,
domestic and agricultural purposes. For this study samples were collected from 26 (twenty six) locations during the post- and
pre-monsoon sessions spanning over 2012 and 2013. Groundwater samples were analyzed for their physical and chemical
properties using standard laboratory methods. Various water quality indices like SAR, SSP, RSC, MAR, PI and KR have been
calculated for each water sample to identify the irrigational suitability standard. According to most of these parameters, the
groundwater has been found to be well to moderately suitable for irrigation. In the post monsoon session exceptionally high
RSC values for around 80% samples indicate an alkaline hazard to the soil. The Piper’s trilinear diagram used to determine
drinking water suitability depending on the water type indicates groundwater in the study is of CaHCO3 type in post monsoon
and CaMgCl/CaCl types in pre monsoon, and hence is suitable for drinking as well. Gibb’s diagrams prepared for the post
monsoon and pre monsoon sessions indicate that the overall hydrogeochemistry of the study area is dominated by rock – water
interaction processes.
Biography
Shreya Das joined as a Research Fellow under UGS-BSR scheme for meritorious students after completion of her Master degree in Environmental Science from
Asutosh College. She has participated in the final round of Young Scientist completion in the 100th Indian Science Congress in Earth Science Section.
nag_sk@yahoo.com


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Climate projections for regional hydrology
Prashant Goswami and K V Ramesh
CSIR Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation, India
C limate change is expected to have large impacts on regional hydrological cycles, affecting spatio-temporal distributions
of water availability and water sustainability. A major requirement, therefore, is reliable estimates and assessments for
pro-active planning, adaptation and mitigation. A critical input for such assessment is reliable projections at regional scales.
However, assessing reliability of projections based on current data is both a conceptual and a methodological challenge.
A major issue, given the large uncertainties in climate simulations, is the choice of an ensemble for enhanced reliability. A
methodology is presented for assessment of impact of climate change based on different climate ensembles like event-based
and trend-based ensembles as well as conventional all-model ensemble based on IPCC projections; these ensembles highlight
the spread in projections and the need for quantitative estimates of reliability. We consider the continental Indian monsoon
as an example and apply a hierarchical approach for assessing reliability, using the accuracy in simulating the historical trend
as the primary criterion. The assessments based on trend-based or event-based ensemble are appreciably different from those
based on a conventional all-model ensemble. While the scope has increased in CMIP5, there is essentially no improvement in
skill in projections since CMIP3 in terms of reliability (confidence). Thus, it may be necessary to consider acceptable models
for specific assessment rather than simple ensemble. While trend-based ensembles can provide enhanced reliability, the event-
based ensemble can provide more accurate assessment of impacts of climate extremes for designing management practices.
Biography
Prashant Goswami obtained his PhD in Theoretical and Mathematical physics from IISc, Bangalore; before talking up research in atmosphere, climate and multi-
disciplinary modeling. He is the recipient of prestigious Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Earth Science for the year 2001. He leads the group on Climate and
Environmental Modelling at C-MMACS. He had been a Lead Author (Working Group I, Chapter 14) of recently concluded IPCC Assessment Report 5. He has more
than 60 publications in reputed SCI journals and has many national and international collaborative programmes; he also coordinates a national data infrastructure
termed Climate Observation and Modelling Network.
goswami@csir4pi.in
The extent of nutrient removal by wastewater treatment plants along the Nyalenda Wigwa stream and
the river Kisat (Kenya)
Chamula Patrick Musungu
Maseno University, Kenya
K isat Wastewater Treatment Plant (KWWTP) and Nyalenda Waste Stabilization Ponds (NWSP) clean wastewater before
discharge into Winam Gulf (Lake Victoria), but there is lack of information on their efficiency. The current study was
carried out to determine the efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus removal from Kisumu City wastewater disposal by KWWTP
and NWSP. Samples of water were collected from the inlet, within and outlet of the treatment plants, preserved, processed
and analyzed using standard methods. The concentrations varied significantly (P≤0.05) between inlet, within and outlet at
KWWTP and NWSP except for NH3 - N which had no significant difference. Percentages of nutrient removal at KWWTP
were 41.3% NO2- -N, 13.7% NO3- -N, -5% NH3 -N, 27% NOrg and 10.4% (T-P); while at NWSP the levels were 50%, 10.4%,
0%, 16.6% and 30.8%, respectively. These percentage removals of nitrogen and phosphorus in both the treatment plants were
below the internationally acceptable minimum values. Hence urgent mitigation steps are necessary to modernize KWWTP
and possibly widen and deepen the NWSP to counter this problem.
Biography
Chamula Patrick Musungu is studying for his PhD in Chemistry at Maseno University, Kenya. He is a holder of MSc in Environmental Chemistry and is a Lecturer
of Chemistry. He has published some papers in reputed journals (Environ. Earth Sci. and Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology) and has been serving as an editorial board
member {Board Member of the Global Research Journal of Business Management (GRJBM) and Global Research Journal of Marketing Management (GRJMM),
Editorial Board Member of the Landmark Research Journal of Agriculture and Soil Science (LRJASS) and Academic Journal of Environmental Sciences (AJER)}.
chamulap@yahoo.com


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Phosphorus amendment reduces the toxicity of chromium as in case of Raphanus sativus
Shardendu and D Sayantan
Patna University, India
T he toxicity of chromium (mainly Cr6+), a heavy metal is common in both plants and animals. However, there are certain
soil nutrients like phosphorus (P), that interfere with the Cr during the uptake process in plants. The toxic effect of Cr
and its amelioration by P was determined, in terms of physiological and anti-oxidative parameters, in Raphanus sativus L. The
experiment was conducted as two factor randomized 5x5 design, where five concentrations of Cr was supplied for 28 days to
R. sativus, and each Cr concentration was amended with 5 concentrations of P. The dose dependent physiological toxicity was
recorded as increase in the accumulation of Cr along with decrease in the levels of total chlorophyll in leaves, biomass, total
P and N contents of roots. The oxidative toxicity was visible as increase in the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase
(CAT), peroxidise (POD) enzymes as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. Among the P amended samples, there was
marked decrease (of up to 3-folds) in the toxicity of Cr, as there was improvement in the chlorophyll and biomass contents
along with decrease in the levels of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT and POD, as well as MDA. The above results may
contribute to the society in the sense that if P content of fertilizers is increased, the amount of Cr entering into the food chain
via primary producers decreases leading to lower level of biomagnifications in the forthcoming trophic levels of food chain.
Biography
Shardendu has obtained his MSc and PhD degrees from Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. He is presently serving Patna University, India as Associate
Professor in Botany, and holding the post of Coordinator of Undergraduate studies in Environmental Science in the department. He is a successful researcher
with more than 35 publications in various national and international journals like New Phytologist, Environment International, Chemosphere, Ecotoxicology and
Environmental Safety etc., with various impact factors.
shardendu77@rediffmail.com
Anaerobic wastewater treatment

Radhika Singh
Dayalbagh Educational Institute, India
A naerobic wastewater treatment is an ideal method of biological treatment of any wastewater which contains biodegradable
(organic) matter. If such water is let off untreated, putrefaction of the organic matter takes place which besides harming
land and ground water also results in aesthetic nuisance due to its obnoxious odour, colour etc. On the other hand, if such
wastewater is systematically treated anaerobically, it would result in water free of organic matter and also generation of energy
in form of biogas. A consortium of bacteria is involved in the anaerobic process and hence a mixed culture taken from cowdung
can be effectively used for the anaerobic treatment of wastewater. The process can also be diverted for the production of
hydrogen gas, a cleaner fuel, by pre-treating the mixed culture initially. Pre-treatment of the culture enables the enrichment of
robust hydrogen producers and also deactivates the hydrogen consumers. Common pre-treatment methods can be by heating
the culture, by treating it with acid or alkali, by exposing it to microwaves etc. Hence by optimizing different parameters, waste
can be effectively converted into energy.
Biography
Radhika Singh has done her Masters in Chemistry from Indian Institute of Technology Delhi and Doctorate in Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology from the
same Institute. Her thesis was on “Anaerobic Biodegradation of Phenol” in which she worked for the conversion of phenol-containing wastewater to biogas. She
joined her alma mater, Dayalbagh Educational Institute from where she did her graduation, in 1998 as Technician Grade I and became Assistant Professor in 2006.
Since then she has guided more than 25 MSc and 5 MPhil dissertations in anaerobic waste (both solid and liquid) treatment. She has two PhD students under her.
She has published 20 papers in national and international journals and has attended 20 national and international conferences.
radhika1263@gmail.com


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Enhancement of biohydrogen production from waste of Benincasa hispida using microwave pretreatment
process at optimum power
Yogita Singhal
Dayalbagh Educational Institute, India
H ydrogen was produced successfully from the solid waste generated during sweet produced from Benincasa hispida using
enriched mixed microbial culture. Solid waste was first characterized and chemical oxygen demand was found to be 3000
mg/L having neutral pH. For better hydrogen production and to stop the methanogenesis, microbial culture was pretreated
using microwave irradiation having power of 320 W with a frequency of 2450 MHz. Pretreatment was done for different time
intervals (1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 min) to optimize the pretreatment conditions. In present study pretreated reactors were compared
with a normal or untreated reactor. Maximum hydrogen production was observed when inoculum was pretreated for 7 min
(76.4% of total gas produced). SEM analysis was also done to study the effect of pretreatment on microbial culture.
Biography
Yogita Singhal has done MPhil in 2011 from DEI University, Agra and presently pursuing PhD on the topic entitled “Optimization of process parameters for
biohydrogen production petha industry waste”. She has attended 13 seminars and conferences in her research period till now and has published 5 papers in
reputed journals and co-authored a chapter in a book. She has also been awarded with Junior Research Fellowship in 2013.
yogitasinghal342@gmail.com
Tillage and vegetative barriers in a sub-humid region of Central Kenya: Soil conservation and economic
benefits
Samuel Nyachio Guto
Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Kenya
T illage and anti-erosion barriers can reduce the degradation of soil and water resources in the steeply sloping highlands
of East Africa but adoption by smallholder farmers has been slow. Trade-offs between soil conservation efficiency and
economic benefits for tillage and anti-erosion barriers were assessed over four cropping seasons to understand benefits of soil
and water conservation strategies under local farming conditions. Minimum tillage was compared with regular tillage and
vegetative barriers (leucaena and Napier) with no anti-erosion barriers. Between the tillage and anti-erosion barriers, grain
yields were greater with than without vegetative barriers, except with Napier barriers when minimum tillage was practiced.
Napier barriers with regular tillage conserved most soil (72%) followed by Napier with minimum tillage (53%) while minimum
tillage without anti-erosion barriers conserved least soil (1%) with leucaena barriers having intermediate conservation
efficiency. Across tillage practices, negative economic returns were realized in the first cropping season with vegetative barriers
whereas without barriers, economic returns were also negative with minimum tillage but slightly positive with regular tillage.
Considering economic returns and the soil conserved, minimum tillage without anti-erosion barriers or adequate soil cover
was inefficient in soil conservation and had poor economic returns making it an unsuitable option for the local farming system.
Leucaena barriers had attractive economic returns across tillage practices but conserved less soil. But for leucaena barriers
with minimum tillage, labour price should be below US$ 0.36 hour-1 and herbicide price below US$ 20 litre-1 to guarantee
attractive economic returns to the farmers. Napier barriers with regular tillage presented a win-win scenario for farmers and
environmental impacts because of the simultaneous attractive economic returns and efficient soil conservation. However, the
price of labour should be below US$ 0.30 hour-1 for acceptable economic returns given current input-output prices. Further
studies are necessary to ascertain the performance of minimum tillage without barriers due to the influence of one extreme
rain season on its performance. Additionally, long-term multi-locational studies are neccessary to assess the feasibility of tillage
and vegetative barriers across the diverse conditions that prevail on smallholder farms in the African highlands.
snyachio@gmail.com


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Numerical simulation of dust events in the Middle East
Mehdi Hamidi
Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Iran
I n this paper, the severe dust event of 3-8 July 2009 in the Middle East is simulated using the WRF-DuMo model. To improve
the model capacity in dust emission estimates, the effect of soil salt on threshold friction velocity for wind erosion is taken
into consideration. A soil-salt propagation map and the other input parameters are compiled based on remote sensing and
a Geographic Information System. The satellite images and synoptic data are used for the validation of the model results.
Synoptic analysis is done for the Middle East and the synoptic systems for the severe dust event are identified. Comparison of
the model results with the observed data shows that in the Aral-Caspian Sea area, central Iran and the Dead Sea Basin, dust
emission is suppressed due to the high soil-salt content. The model shows better performances when the soil-salt effect is
considered.
Biography
Mehdi Hamidi has completed his PhD at the age of 32 years from K.N. Toosi University of Technology in 2013 in Hydraulic engineering. He works as an Assistant
Professor in Babol Noshirvani University of Technology. He has studied more than 7 years on dust storm modeling on Middle East and Asia South-West area with
cooperation of Cologne Institute of Geophysics and Meteorology in Germany and he published more than 5 papers on dust events modeling in the mentioned area
in recent year.
hamidi@nit.ac.ir
Synoptic analysis of dust storms in the Middle East

Mehdi Hamidi
Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Iran
D ust storm in the Middle East and south-west Asia is a natural hazard and the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial plain has been
recognized as the main dust source in this area. In this study, more than 60 dust storms that occurred during the period
2003-2011 are investigated on the basis of MODIS satellite images, and 12 of the dust storms are selected for synoptic analysis
using the NCEP-NCAR Reanalysis Data. The potential dust sources in the Middle East and south-west Asian region (20o E
to 80o E, 5o N to 50o N) are analyzed and used in the synoptic analysis. Dust storms in the region can be grouped into two
main categories, i.e., the Shamal dust storms and the frontal dust storms. Synoptic systems, associated with the two categories,
are distinguished and the frequency of the patterns is identified. For 68% of the Shamal dust storms, a high pressure system is
situated between 0o E to 30o E and 27o N to 45o N, and a low pressure system between 50oE to 70oE and 23oN to 43o N. For
86% of the frontal dust storms, a high is located between 51o E to 67o E and 18o N to 33o N and a low between 28o E to 48o E
and 32o N to 43o N. Three main patterns for Shamal dust storms are identified, which represent about 60% of the Shamal dust
storms. This analysis confirms that the Shamal is related to the anticyclones located over northern Africa to Eastern Europe
and the monsoon trough over Iraq, southern Iran, Pakistan and the Indian Subcontinent. The analysis also shows that the main
dust sink for the frontal dust storms in Tigris and Euphrates alluvial plain extends from center of Iraq to west and center of Iran
and, in most severe cases, to northern Iran and the southern coast of the Caspian Sea.
Biography
Mehdi Hamidi has completed his PhD at the age of 32 years from K.N. Toosi University of Technology in 2013 in Hydraulic engineering. He works as an Assistant
Professor in Babol Noshirvani University of Technology. He has studied more than 7 years on dust storm modeling on Middle East and Asia South-West area with
cooperation of Cologne Institute of Geophysics and Meteorology in Germany and he published more than 5 papers on dust events modeling in the mentioned area
in recent year.
hamidi@nit.ac.ir


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Changes of terrestrial water storage from GRACE-derived gravity records in India
Dileep K Panda
ICAR, India
I nvestigating the terrestrial water storage changes (TWS) changes is important to understand the hydrological cycle in
response to the recent climate variability in India, a country whose economy and food security depend on its water resources.
We used the monthly gravity solutions from NASA’s Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites to delineate
the spatial-temporal evolution of TWS and groundwater storage (GWS) employing robust statistical tools during 2003 to 2012.
Results show large-scale water storage losses, particularly driven by the significant GWS depletion in the intensely irrigated
Indo-Gangetic north India in the pre-monsoon (JFMAM), monsoon (JJAS) and post-monsoon (OND) seasons, respectively.
Comparison with the rainfall, the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) modeled soil moisture and the Palmer
Drought Severity Index (PDSI) indicates that a little deficit in monsoon rainfall leads to significant water storage losses. In
particular, the indirect effect of climate variability in terms of increases in irrigation demands due to the dry spell in India since
2008, as also observed in the adjacent counties and other overexploited aquifers of the world, has resulted in a marked drop in
GWS over the northern parts, suggesting the persistence of droughts on the subsurface component.
Biography
Dileep K Panda has completed his PhD from Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi in 2000. He is now the senior scientist of the Directorate of Water
Management, one of the premium institutes for water management under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). He has published more than 20
papers in international and national journal, and has reviewed papers of Journal of Hydrology, Global and Planetary Change, and many others. He has undertaken
many prestigious projects, including the ICAR Challenge Project, that ensured training at University of Colorado, Boulder, and this research is a part of that
investigation of GRACE records.
dileeppanda@rediffmail.com
Impacts of global warming on climate of India and strategies to mitigate its challenges
R Shankar and K Sandya Rani
ANGRAU, India
C limate change is a driving force of evolution that life on earth has undergone since its origin. The impacts of climate
change is engaging the attention of planners, governments and the politicians worldwide since the emergence of the threat
of climate change which has origins in anthropogenic activities. There is a growing concern about manmade developments
causing, even if partially or insignificantly, the climate change outcomes. Climate change necessarily brings about changes in
the weather conditions. There is reason to believe that climate change could affect agricultural productivity, and cause increased
health hazards and submergence of lands due to rise in the sea level to name a few. Climate change is the net result of many
factors caused by continuous evolution of Planet Earth through many geological eras. The term global warming is synonymous
with an enhanced greenhouse effect, implying an increase in the amount of greenhouse gases in the earth’s atmosphere, leading
to entrapment of more and more solar radiations, and thus increasing the overall temperature of the earth. Climate has played
a significant role in the economic development of India. India exhibits a wide diversity of temperatures. The climate of India is
dominated by the monsoon season, which is the most important season of India, providing 80% of the annual rainfall Climate
change is net result of several factors and many sectors of the economy are climate sensitive. It is no longer the scientific
enquiry but the concern now rather is the timing and magnitude of the abrupt changes in the climate.
racharlashankar.angrau@gmail.com


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Interaction between the river and its floodplain
Kishanjit Kumar Khatua
National Institute of Technology, India
T he perennial supply of good quantity and quality of water along with a host of other benefits such as fertile and plain
landmasses constituting the floodplains suitable for growth of crops and fodder, water connectivity to major cities both
intra state and interstate etc. have made the rivers very attractive destination for dense population to settle on their floodplains.
However during flood times ironically the same rivers are also guilty of destruction of the very life they seem to sustain. These
compound channels are extremely complex from analysis point of view due to the presence of a number of geometrical and
physical parameters and hence have attracted the attention of researchers in last half century. Geometrically the main river
section is often narrow and deep whereas the floodplains are wide and shallow associated with considerable exchange of
momentum between the main channel and floodplain. From practical point of view engineers are often entrusted not only
with the task of accurate prediction of stage discharge curve but also finding distribution of velocity and boundary shear stress
across the whole compound section for a number of floodplain design measures. It is nearly impossible to get the data in field
condition during flood times in rivers. So laboratory data and validation to river data has become the most challenging tasks to
researchers. Many theoretical, mathematical, and numerical models have been investigated by different investigators to predict
these flow variables of river interacting with floodplain.
Biography
Kishanjit Kumar Khatua completed his PhD on 2007 from National Institute of Technology, Rourkela and has many Pre and Postdoctoral research experiences with
many foreign universities such as University of South Carolina USA, University of Leeds UK, University of Nottingham and University of Birmingham, UK. He has
more than 20 years of teaching, administrative and research experience. He has published more than 100 papers in reputed journals and International conferences
and has been serving as Reviewers and editorial board member in different International and national journals of repute. He has completed and completing many
national and international R&D projects as the main project leaders. He has received many awards in research and development.
kkkhatua@nitrkl.ac.in, kkkhatua@yahoo.com
Seismicity in Aswan reservoir area and its relation to the fluctuation of the reservoir water level and the
underground water
Haggag Hamed Mohamed
National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, Egypt
A swan reservoir (Lake Nasser) is the second largest man-made reservoir in the world. Filling of the reservoir started in
1964. No instrumental earthquakes are known in the area before the reservoir impoundment. In 1981, an earthquake with
magnitude 5.3 MD occurred in the northern part of the reservoir. Due to the closeness of that event from the High Dam, many
detailed seismic studies were carried out and still going on such as the relation between the fluctuation of the reservoir water
level as well as the role played by the pore pressure of the underground water and the seismic activity in the area.
Biography
Kishanjit Kumar Khatua completed his PhD on 2007 from National Institute of Technology, Rourkela and has many Pre and Postdoctoral research experiences with
many foreign universities such as University of South Carolina USA, University of Leeds UK, University of Nottingham and University of Birmingham, UK. He has
more than 20 years of teaching, administrative and research experience. He has published more than 100 papers in reputed journals and International conferences
and has been serving as Reviewers and editorial board member in different International and national journals of repute. He has completed and completing many
national and international R&D projects as the main project leaders. He has received many awards in research and development.
haggaghm@yahoo.com


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Landslide hazard zonation mapping of Mersa (Northern Ethiopia) using slope stability susceptibility
evaluation parameter (SSEP) rating scheme
Jemal Ibrahim Seid1, Tarun Kumar Raghuvanshi2 and Dereje Ayalew2
1
Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Energy, Ethiopia
2
Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
I dentification of slope instability problems in the initial stage of planning and investigation of engineering structures may lead
to evolve possible remedial measures which may either be adopted to improve the slope stability or such problematic slopes
may be avoided if identified during initial planning. Deterministic slope stability analysis techniques are time consuming and
require thorough knowledge on geological and geotechnical considerations with a clear understanding on potential mode of
slope failure. However, due to constraints of time and financial limitations systematic deterministic slope stability analysis
techniques are often neglected or carried out too quickly without proper geological or geotechnical inputs. The developmental
activities in mountainous terrains, particularly road constructions, cover large area of slopes and therefore, require some rapid
slope stability analysis techniques. In this paper Landslide hazard zonation map is prepared using a new slope susceptibility
evaluation parameter (SSEP) rating scheme, which is an approach for landslide hazard zonation. The SSEP rating scheme is
developed by considering intrinsic and external triggering parameters that are responsible for slope instability. The intrinsic
parameters which are considered are; slope geometry, slope material (lithology or soil type), structural discontinuities, land use
and land cover and groundwater. Besides, external triggering parameters such as, seismicity, rainfall and manmade activities
are also considered. For SSEP empirical technique numerical ratings are assigned to each of the intrinsic and triggering
parameters on the basis of their contribution towards instability of slope. The parameters responsible for instability of slopes
has been assigned with numerical ratings which is based on logical judgments acquired from experience of studies of intrinsic
and external triggering factors and their relative impact on instability of slopes. The distribution of maximum SSEP ratings
assigned to different intrinsic and external triggering factors is based on their relative order of importance in contributing
instability to the slope. The SSEP technique was successfully applied in the area around Mersa town of North Wollo Zonal
Administration, Amhara National Regional State in northern Ethiopia, some 490 km from Addis Ababa. The results obtained
indicates that 39% (with total coverage area of 4,557,916 m2) of the area fall under Moderately hazard and 51% (with total
coverage area of 6,847,750 m2) of the total area fall within high hazard whereas 2% (with area coverage of 253,319 m2) of the
area fall under very high hazard. Further, in order to validate the LHZ map prepared during the study, past landslide activities
and potential instability areas, delineated through inventory mapping was overlain on it. All past landslide activities and
potential instability areas fall within very high and high hazard zone. Thus, the satisfactory agreement confirms the rationality
of considered governing parameters, the adopted SSEP technique, tools and procedures in developing the landslide hazard
map of the study area.
jemalybra@gmail.com
Availability and sustainability of water in Imphal city

Naoroibam Deva Singh
Manipur University, India
T he area of Imphal city, capital of Manipur is geologically belong to fluvio-lacustrine origin and extends over 33.29 sq
km where annual rainfall is about 1424 mm. The city is meeting insufficient water supply for the residents of 2.5
lakh when there are wetlands, rivers, ponds, groundwater, in and around, as sources of water. The paper examines geological,
geomorphological and hydrological factors using techniques like potential water availability , water surplus and deficit etc.,
and it is found favourable for sustainability of water in the city.
Biography
Naoroibam Deva Singh did his MPhil from NEHU, Shillong , PhD from Osmania University, Hyderabad and three months Remote Sensing Course, IIRS, Dehraun.
He has published two books and three dozens of papers and is at present Dean, School of Human & Environmental Sciences, Manipur University.
n_deva_singh@rediffmail.com


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Bioremediation- A biotechnological tool for environmental sustainability
Garima Kaushik
Central University of Rajasthan, India
T he environment is the most important constituent necessary for the coexistence of man and other biotic units. The degree
of environmental sustainability reflects the basic status of its biotic and abiotic components. The best method of sustaining
the environment is to return back all the components (wastes and by products) in a recyclable way so that the waste becomes
useful and helps the biotic and abiotic relationship to maintain an aesthetic and healthy equilibrium that characterizes an ideal
environment. One such tool is Biotechnological tool, that use the chemistry of living organisms through cell manipulation
to develop new and alternative methods aimed at cleaner and more effective ways of producing traditional products and at
the same time maintain the natural and aesthetic beauty of the environment. Today, biotechnology is being considered as an
emerging science for environmental protection. The physico-chemical methods of pollutant treatment include high costs and
the need to re-treat the products, which further increases the cost of treatment as these processes only change the state of
pollutants rather than completely eradicating them. On the other hand biological methods involve degradation of pollutants,
solving the problem permanently. In the biological treatment method, pollutants in wastewater can be resolved, detoxified, and
separated by using mainly microorganisms. Due to the relatively low cost and the variations of work progress, bioremediation
process has been most widely used all over the world. Bioremediation technology uses micro-organisms to reduce, eliminate
or transform contaminants present in soils, sediments or water. In many cases these microorganisms or their products are
integrated into the substrates which are used in many processes like, bioleaching (biomining), biodetergent, biofiltrations,
biocatalysts, biomass fuel production, biomonitoring, and so forth. These are biotools (biotechnological tools), which could
solve the problem of pollution and help sustain the environment.
garima4rinku@rediffmail.com
Role of meteorological parameters on thermal comfort in building

B M Suman
CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, India
T he paper presents the role of internal and external meteorological parameters on indoor environment. Amongst internal
parameters, indoor air temperature, wind motion and humidity are important and outdoor air temperature, solar radiation;
wind speed and humidity are the key external factors. Humidity can be derived from dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures. A
parameter known as sol air temperature depending upon short wave and long wave solar radiation, outdoor air temperature,
surface heat transfer coefficients, emissivity and surface absorption coefficient; is proportional to the amount of heat flow
from outside to inside through building components. Heat flow also depends upon thermo physical properties of building
components. The external factors and thermo physical properties of building components are required to determine indoor
air temperature. A comfort index developed at Central Building Research Institute Roorkee is the temperature of still air with
50% relative humidity which produces the same thermal sensation as the given environment. The paper describes the impact
of humidity and air motion on thermal comfort condition of an enclosure. By considering 40% humidity with dry bulb and wet
bulb temperature 40oC and 24oC respectively and wind motion 9 m/sec of an enclosure produces comfort thermal sensation
and by increasing humidity up to 90% when dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures are 40oC and 38.5oC respectively with 9
m/sec wind motion produces discomfort thermal sensation. Result of this study shows that keeping dry bulb temperature
constant, comfort condition can be achieved by increasing wind motion for a certain limit of humidity.
Biography
B M Suman has completed his PhD in 1999 at the age of 41 years from Meerut University and Postdoctoral research was focused on building heat transfer to
achieve energy efficient and thermally comfort building at CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee. He is the Principal Technical Officer and in charge of
Heat Transfer Laboratory at the institute. He has published 65 papers in reputed journals and national and international conferences.
bs_ashishh@rediffmail.com


Page 174
K P Sarma, Hydrol Current Res 2014, 5:4
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Groundwater arsenic contamination in the Brahmaputra and the Barak flood plains of Assam
K P Sarma
Tezpur University, India
O ccurrence of groundwater Arsenic (As) in excess of the permissible limit in the fluvial plain of the Brahmaputra and the
Barak is known to have affected 7 lakhs of population in 21 of the 27 districts of Assam. The As affected areas in the state
are mostly located in the alluvial plains of the rivers Brahmaputra and Barak. In Assam, the Brahmaputra Flood Plains (BFP)
and the Barak Valley Plains (BVP) are the two most important river systems which have given rise to extensive alluvial plains
on which majority of the population of the state is dependent. Both BFP and the BVP have conditions conducive for the release
of As in groundwater. In Assam, the source of As is considered to be geogenic where arsenic is released into the groundwater
by reductive dissolution of ferric oxyhydroxides, to which arsenic was adsorbed during fluvial transport. In most of the high
groundwater As areas, the level of groundwater Fe is high and a positive relation exists between As and Fe, moreover it was
found that DOC (from representative samples) also had positive relation with the groundwater As. The reducing condition of
the aquifers is manifested by high Fe, high DOC, low NO3- and low ORP. It is believed that the process responsible for release
of As in the groundwater of these two river plains is reductive dissolution of iron hydr(oxides). Both the Brahmaputra as well
as the Barak are perennial mountainous rivers with high sediment loads, the mountainous weathered sediments appear to
be the ultimate source of the As bearing minerals. It has been established that the ultimate source of As in BFP could be the
Himalayan Mountains while the Barail hill range could be the source of As in the BVP.
sarmakp@tezu.ernet.in
Hydrogeological studies from some parts of Malkapur area of Buldhana district, Maharashtra
S N Patil, N R Kachate and N P Marathe
North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon
T he area covered by the micro watershed is about 6404 hectares and it is located in the southeastern part of the Tapi Basin. In
recent years there has been an increase in the demand for surface and groundwater, to satisfy the growing needs of the local
population. Since groundwater is a finite resource, we cannot expect the aquifers to continue to yield water at economical cost,
in adequate quantity and of suitable quality for a very long time. The necessity to evaluate and manage groundwater resources
is rightfully getting increased attention. The management and exploitation of groundwater at optimum levels can be achieved
on the basis of the assessment and continuous monitoring of groundwater resources. It is apparent that attempts should be
made to assess groundwater resources independently by more than one method, taking into consideration combination of
various natural elements involved. Such type of comparison shall permit the investigation to arrive at a reasonable estimate.
The groundwater is the major source of water supply for irrigation purposes. The recharge of groundwater varies, depending
up on annual precipitation. The study of groundwater conditions has enabled the recognition of the principal recharge zones.
Weathered vesicular Basalt, jointed and compact Basalt are the two main aquifer in this area. The dug wells pierce the shallow
weathered zone, within which the water table fluctuation takes place. For an economical and meaningful study and estimation
of groundwater resources in such shallow zones, the methodology adopted was as follows. Pumping test is the main tool for
hydrogeologist in the evalution of aquifer parameters leading to groundwater resource evaluation for planned development.
The quantitative study of hydrogeological characteristics of the study area has been carried out. The aquifer parameter viz.
Specific Capacity(C), Trasmissivity (T), Storage Coefficient (S) and Specific Yield (SY) were obtained by conducting pumping
tests. The analysis of four pump test data indicates the limited extent of fractured jointed compact Basalts in comparison with
the weathered vesicular Basalt .The wells taping fractured and jointed Basaltic aquifers show high specific capacities(up to
22.5 lpm/m) than the weathered vesicular Basalt(up to 20 lpm/m). An attempt has been made to calculate the magnitude of
groundwater recharge over the study area. The annual recharge to groundwater in this area has been estimated to be about
783.3 hectare meters.


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Monitoring of tritium (H3) activity in water samples from aquatic environment of Kakrapar Atomic
Power Station
Mohini Gadhia1 and C P Joshi2
1
Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, India
2
Kakarapar Atomic Power Station, India
T ritium is a radioisotope of hydrogen and it is one of the constituents of liquid effluents released during normal operation
of Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (KAPS) located near Surat in Gujarat. KAPS has two units of pressurized heavy water
reactors which are operational since 1993. Water samples were collected and analyzed from twenty three locations covering
the distance of less than 1.6 Km to more than 15 Km from the power station. These samples included upstream, lake water,
downstream, canal and open well. Water samples were analyzed for measuring the tritium activity using Liquid Scintillation
Spectrophotometer (Model No. Tricarb-3170). All the water samples except blowdown point showed the tritium activity below
detectable level (< or=10 Bq/l). However water tritium activity shown in blowdown point was within the prescribed limit.
mohinigadhia@yahoo.co.in
Influence of scale on sediment dynamics and runoff response: A case study of the Thugela Basin in South
Africa
Macdex Mutema
University of KwaZulu-Natal, RSA
T his study assessed the potential impact of hillslope soil erosion on downstream water quality using 15 microplots (of size
1 m2), 10 plots (10 m2), microcatchment (2.3×105 m2), subcatchment (1.0×106 m2), catchment (1.0×107 m2) arranged in
a nested design within a basin (2.9×1010 m2). Total rainfall during the study period, 1st October 2012-30th October 2013, was
783.4 mm from 55 rainstorms. On average, unit-area runoff (R) increased from 9.3 L m-2 at microplot to 13.9 L m-2 at plot
scale, followed by a drastic decline to 4.2 L m-2 at microcatchment scale. The R values along the mainstream were negligible
in comparison to the hillslope. The decline of R from local (microplot and plot) to microcatchment level was attributed to
infiltration losses. However, higher cumulative R at microcatchment was much greater than at microplot and plot scales,
suggesting that subsurface-pathway was a very important conduit of water from the slope to the mainstream. The hillslope R
variability were accompanied by an initial increase of average unit-area sediment loss (SL) from microplot (4.2 g m-2) to plot
(26.3 g m-2), followed by a decline to negligible levels in the mainstream. Although direct transfer of water and sediments
from the slope was negligible, the high cumulative R at microcatchment scale may be accompanied by high levels of dissolved
pollutants, which may still impair downstream water quality. Therefore, further research on the pollutants is recommended.
Immediate local level erosion control strategies are also needed to combat sediment transfer to the stream.
Biography
Macdex Mutema is a third year PhD Hydrology student at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Republic of South Africa. He is working on a project that aims at
evaluating the impact of land use and water harvesting on soil carbon and nutrient losses from soils and their fluxes at different spatial scales. He holds an Honours
degree in Agricultural Engineering and Master of Science degree in Soil and Environmental Management from the University of Zimbabwe. He has a passion in soil
and water management and conservation issues. He has 9 years’ experience working with farmers in soil and water conservation projects.
macdexo@gmail.com


Page 176
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Possible role of equatorial Indian Ocean on Indian monsoon
K Muni Krishna
Andhra University, India
M onsoon rainfall is the important parameter to the Indian Economy. The seasonal reversal of wind direction occurring
in May brings abundant moisture from the warm waters of the tropical ocean to the Indian continent. This study
examines the role of equatorial Indian Ocean (EIO) sea surface temperatures on convection and intra-seasonal variability of
the southwest monsoon and also the moisture supply from the EIO to Indian sub-continent. For this study Hadley sea surface
temperature, IMD rainfall, NCEP-NCAR sea level pressure, outgoing long wave radiation, wind and velocity potential data
sets are used. The sea surface temperature anomalies at EIO and rainfall show a good relation. Moisture dynamics at EIO also
reveals very interesting feature about the convective activity. Statistical tests are also conducted to find out the relation between
SST, moisture, convection and rainfall.
Biography
K Muni Krishna has completed his PhD at the age of 28 years from Andhra University. He joined as a faculty in the same Institute from 2008 to present. He has
published more than 20 papers in reputed national and International journals and has been serving as a Guest Editor, editorial board member and reviewer of
various national and international journals. He also received several honors and awards from International organizations.
munikrishnna@yahoo.co.in
The dynamics of runoff of Aghstev River in the conditions of climate change in the territory of the
republic of Armenia
Varduhi Margaryan
Yerevan State University, Armenia
A ghstev is a right side tributary of Kura. The length of river is 133 km, the surface of catchment basin is 2589 km2 (in the
Republic of Armenia 81 km and 1730 km2 accordingly). Lower reaches of the river is in Azerbaijan. Taking a count the role
and significance of Aghstev, it has to study, estimate and forecast the annual runoff in the conditions of global climate change.
In this work have been solved the following tasks: to study and analyze main physics- geographical factors, which determine
the annual runoff, collect, work out and estimate meteorological and hydrological elements of river basin, to forecast the annual
runoff in the conditions of global climate change. For estimation of regularities of space-temporal changes of river runoff and
study, analyze, forecast it have been used mathematic-statistic, analyze and synthesis, analogy, geography, interpolation and
other methods. For estimation or forecast the influence of climate change is necessary to know about quantitative climatic
changes, which will be in future. But for forecast of future climate there are not reliable methods yet. Instead of them are being
chosen some climatic scenarios of future climate. The changes of annual runoff of Aghstev have been estimated for three
scenarios of climate change: 1) t+1.5; 0.9X, 2) t+2.0; 1.1X, 3) t+2.0; 0.85X. So, possible vulnerability of runoff in basin is more
close to 2-nd scenario. In case of keeping of nowdays tendency of change of air temperature and atmospheric precipitition is
possible increasing of annual runoff of river even up to 15-25 %, in period of 2030-2070, unlike of other areas of republic. In
means, the climate change not only negative, but also possitive influence can be have on river runoff.
Biography
Varduhi Margaryan graduated geographical faculty of Yerevan State University. He/She defended the candidate thesis and is author of more than 50 scientific
articles. He/she is an assistant in YSU.
vmargaryan@ysu.am


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Morphological evolution of the rivers in a subsiding basin
Maminul Haque Sarker
Center for Environmental and Geographic Information Services (CEGIS), Bangladesh
K nowledge on the evolution processes of rivers in the subsiding basins is limited, whereas the characteristics of the rivers
in a depressed basin are found to be distinctively different from that of rivers in an alluvial floodplain. Understanding
of the interaction between the processes of rivers and basins is required for long term water resources management. The
metamorphosis of the rivers in a subsiding basin covering about 9,000 km2in the northeast region of Bangladesh has been
studied using historical map sand time-series satellite images along with bathymetry and sediment data in order to enhance
knowledge. The Brahmaputra River in Bangladesh used to flow at the southwest edge of the basin and supplied sediment to
compensate subsidence. After avulsion of the Brahmaputra nearly 200 years ago to the present course of the Jamuna River,
regular supply of sediment into the basin was cut down, causing net subsidence at a higher rate in the north close to a structural
fault. During monsoon, the major part of the flow is transported over the basin, which makes the river morphologically inert.
Sedimentation occurs in the riverbed, particularly at the river reach in the immediate downstream of the transition between
the floodplain and basin floor, causing problem for navigation. This transition area is also found to be vulnerable to frequent
avulsion of the river. The river becomes morphologically active again when its water is at bank or below bank level. At the
initial stage of the river evolution after avulsion, the downstream reach of the river gradually diminishes as it proceeds towards
and/or over the basin floor. Gradually, the river starts to build up its natural levee and becomes visible in the basin. The reach
averaged width of the river on the basin floor is markedly less than that of the upstream reaches. Based on the understanding
of the river, a process-response model has been developed that could be helpful to decision makers for management of land
and rivers within a subsiding basin.
Biography
Maminul Haque Sarker obtained his BSc in Civil Engineering in 1980 from the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) and he did his Masters
in Hydraulic Engineering from IHE, Delft, The Netherlands. Later, he completed PhD from the University of Nottingham, UK. He is now working in CEGIS as the
Deputy Executive Director. His main field of work is on river, estuary and delta morphology. He has many publications in journals, peer-reviewed books.
msarker@cegisbd.com
Water and its management policy in Delhi

Nawal Prasad Singh
University of Delhi, India
S pace of water is one of the serious problems in Delhi. Water problems are experienced in Delhi. It differs from space
to space. Delhi is the third largest metropolitan city of the country. There are three source of water in Delhi, Yamuna
River, ground water and rain water. It is a policy that needs to extract ground water is to inform district commissioner ten
days in advance but deputy commissioner has no powers to scrutinize applications. Every built-up structure should have
rainwater harvesting facilities is another policy. These management policies do not move together. 200 tube wells have already
been installed after new rules were notified. Rainwater harvesting is not implemented in proper direction. The main aim and
objectives of this work is to come across the spatial issue of water in Delhi and specifically to examine the affordability of water
to get connected, the customers’ ability to pay for the government or private water supplies, availability of water even after
connection, the seasonal effect on water availability. These consumptions have included bathing, cleaning and household use.
People suffers serious health problem due to water problem in slum and urban village. Delhi has relation with water, poverty,
management and management policy. There is affordability issue; because 40 percent people live in slum, urban village and
unauthorized colony, which are not officially allowed for water supply connection. Water problem is in Delhi with small space
in compare to big space.
nawalpsingh@yahoo.com


Page 178
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Geo-informatics of upstream-downstream relations in view of climate change and degrading headwater
hydrology in Himalaya
Pradeep K Rawat
Kumaun University Nainital, India
G eohydrological and ecological linkages between upstream headwaters and downstream river basins are inadequately
recognized worldwide. The headwaters are key source for sustaining the structure, function, productivity, and biocomplexity
of downstream ecosystems and supply with a multitude of geo-ecosystem services, including water, sediment, nutrients (e.g.,
nitrogen and phosphorus), food (e.g., organic matter and invertebrate prey for fishes, salamanders, insectivorous birds).
Unfortunately Himalayan headwaters have been experiencing degrading geohydrological process due to high rate of climate
change and other associated environmental, anthropogenic dynamics which poses a serious threat to the process of sustainable
socioeconomic development in the densely populated downstream river basin in terms of silting of river beds, increased flood
events, and decreased non-monsoon water discharge in rivers. The main objective of the study is to monitor geohydrological
impacts of climate change in upstream Himalayan headwaters and its consequent response to densely populated downstream
Ganga plain ecosystem using modern GIS technology. The Kosi River Basin in Uttarakhand Himalaya has been selected for a
case illustration. This reconnaissance study developed and analyzed the meteorological database for last three decades (1983-
2013) and estimates that the average temperature and evaporation loss have been rising with the rate of 0.07oc/year and
4.03 mm/year respectively whereas the average rainfall has been decreasing with the rate of 0.60 mm/year throughout the
river basin, although these rates increasing with mounting elevations. Consequently the existing micro climatic zones shifting
towards higher altitudes and affecting the favorable conditions of the headwater land use pattern and decreased the eco-
friendly forest and vegetation cover. The land use degradation and high rate of deforestation in the upstream headwater area
leads to accelerate extreme events of land degradation, high runoff, flash floods, river-line floods, soil erosion, denudation,
landslides and slope failures during monsoon season whereas extreme drought events during non-monsoon period as dry-
up of natural springs and decreasing trends of stream discharge etc. These hydrological problems not only affected rural
livelihood and socioeconomic development but also triggering water and food insecurity problems throughout Himalaya and
densely populated downstream Ganga plain. Keep in view the headwater and downstream relation a comprehensive integrated
framework have been proposed to enhance community resilience to mitigate geohydrological and socioeconomic impacts of
climate change in Himalaya and its downstream Ganga plain ecosystem.
geopradeeprawat@yahoo.co.in
Hydrochemistry, ground water geophysics and water supply position in Bin Block, Pithoragarh District,
Uttarakhand
Debasish Bagchi
Central Ground Water Board, India
A detailed study was undertaken in Bin block, Pithoragarh district in eastern Kumaun Himalaya to know the groundwater
chemistry, groundwater physics and urban water supply position in about 160 km2 area including Pithoragarh town, the
district head quarter. Hydrochemical studies included analyzing both the major elements and heavy metals from representative
springs and India Mark-II hand pumps. Ten Vertical Electric Soundings (VES) with half electrode separation (AB/2) varying
from 150 to 600 m were carried out to know the promising zones of groundwater occurrence. Preliminary quantitative
interpretations of VES curves were attempted by using two layer master and auxiliary curves. An attempt was made to analyze
the present urban water supply position in and around Pithoragarh township based on the data of state government agencies.
Keeping in view the increasing gap of demand versus supply, it is suggested to augment the existing water supply schemes
in order to gainfully utilize the surface water and groundwater resources in the study area. It has been estimated that about
83% coverage of a sustainable water supply scheme for every household in the area is achievable by the year 2016. A holistic
groundwater management plan needs to be implemented for this hilly terrain with concerted effort from the water user
groups, district planners, administrators and the local populace. Participatory groundwater management is the key factor for
developing a scientific and holistic policy in Bin block, Pithoragarh district.
debbag@rediffmail.com


Page 179
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Estimation of ground heat flux from soil temperature measurements
R Shrivastava1, Indumathi S I1, R B Oza1, M N Hegde2 and K S Pradeepkumar1
1
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, India
2
Kaiga Generating Station, India
T he ground heat flux is one of the components of the surface energy balance equation at the earth atmosphere interface.
The estimation of the ground heat flux requires the knowledge of soil temperature variation as a function of depth. There
are four Mini Boundary Layer Masts (MBLM) installed at Kaiga with sensors for continuous measurement of soil temperature
at surface (0 cm) and depths of -5 cm, -10 cm, -20 cm, -50 cm and -100 cm. This study describes the use of these data and
the one dimensional heat conduction equation to estimate the ground heat flux. The ground heat flux values are estimated
numerically. At the same site, the net radiation data are obtained from the individual measurements of short and long wave
radiation. The ground heat flux can also be obtained as a fraction of the net radiation and a comparison of the two methods
of estimating the ground heat flux is presented. At present, the study is carried out for March 2013 as a demonstration of the
method. Considerable diurnal variation in soil temperature is seen up to a depth of ~ 20 cm from the surface. Beyond that the
soil temperature remains practically constant with time. Some differences are noted between the two methods of estimating
ground heat flux especially in the peak value. This could be because of the value of thermal conductivity used in the equation.
This study demonstrates the utility of soil temperature measurements in the estimation of the ground heat flux.
Biography
R Shrivastava is working in the Environmental Modeling Section of Radiation Safety Systems Division. Her field of work is numerical weather prediction using
advanced models like TAPM and WRF for DAE sites. Her assignment also includes application of weather prediction data to study atmospheric dispersion of
pollutants and radiological dose computation due to releases from various nuclear facilities.
Hydrological risk due to climate change for hydropower schemes in central Himalayan region
Alka Sapkota
Nepal Engineering College, Nepal
H imalayan region hosts number of Hydropower schemes. It is also potential site for many small and large size hydro
projects. However, hydropower plants are among the most vulnerable to climate change because water resource availability
is closely linked to climate change. Small changes in climate can effect precipitation pattern and temperature profile of the
region significantly. Change in precipitation and snow-melting pattern can increase risk of flooding, landslides, sedimentation,
and flash rainfall events (particularly during the monsoon). Greater unreliability of flows poses potentially serious risks to
water supplies, particularly in the lean season. Global warming can also increase risk of snow melting resulting in glacier
lake outburst further threatening hydropowerstructures. Therefore, increased climate variability, and threatens the potential
for hydropower generation. The existing hydropower plants may not function with designed capacity, as the low flows might
be decreasing in dry season while flow might increase beyond its design capacity in peak Monsoon. These risks should be
investigated to analyze the economic benefit of designing hydropower plants with the possibility of future lowered capacity,
provisioning for increased river sedimentation and increased flood protection.
Biography
Alka Sapkota is faculty at Nepal Engineering College. She received her PhD in Environmental Engineeringfrom UNEP-Tongji Institute of Environment for
Sustainable Development, Shanghai China. She has been working in environmental and sustainable development field notably climate change adaptation, solid
waste management, water resource management, renewable energy and development of EIA and SEA. She has participated in different national and internationals
seminars and presented her research work.
alka.sapkota@gmail.com


Page 180
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In-plane and out-of-plane failure structures improving through the structural retrofitting methods
S. Saileysh Sivaraja
Dr. M.G.R. University, Chennai, India
S election of an appropriate method of retrofitting basically depends upon the structural scheme and the building
materials employed in the construction of parent building along with a feasible and economical technology. Moreover an
understanding of failure mode, structural behaviour with the weak and strong aspects of design as derived from the earthquake
damage surveys also influence the selection of retrofitting schemes. Numerous techniques, used to retrofit seismically efficient
or damaged masonry buildings, may be broadly classified into the three categories on the basis of their effect on structural
performance, namely, (i) improving the existing masonry strength and deformability, not related to any specific objective
which is similar to the repairing process on masonry structures; (ii) improving the in-plane strength of the wall or any weak
zone of the section akin to local/member retrofitting and (iii) improving the structural integrity of the whole structure in terms
of in-plane and out-plane strength or only against out-of-plane forces very much like the global/structural retrofitting.
Buildings, bridges, dams, under-ground storage structures, overhead storage structures, high-rise structures, launch pads,
airport terminals, stadia, shopping malls, cineplex’s, swimming pools, etc., are some of the wide spectrum of civil engineering
structures that are built for different purposes and to carry out different activities. These structures are built with materials
like masonry, concrete, steel and aluminium as per the design requirements and economical considerations. These structures
are subjected to geophysical and man-made loads during their service life. When the magnitude of these loads exceed the
capacity or strength of the structures, they are likely to be damaged. Considering the economy of constructing another new
structure in place of the damaged structures and also the loss of revenue due to interruption in the functioning of the structure
and economic and environmental factors, a decision to repair the structure becomes essential. Sometimes the strength of a
structure is reduced because of the use of substandard materials in its construction or due to the application of additional
load because of changes in its functioning or due to seismic forces for which the structure had not been designed originally.
These situations warrant strengthening or up-gradation of the structure to carry the enhanced loading. A variety of structural
up-gradation and retrofitting techniques has been evolved over the years in respect of different structures and has also been
used. Some methods of seismic up-gradation such as addition of new structural frames or shear walls have been proven to be
impractical because they have been either too costly or restricted in use to certain types of structures.
sivaraja05@gmail.com
Charcoals and seed powders as biosorbents for removal of heavy metals from wastewaters
M N V Prasad
University of Hyderabad, India
B iosorption is the removal of substances (compounds, metal ions, organic etc.) by inactive, non-living, as well as excreted
and derived products materials (materials of biological origin) due to high attractive forces present between the two.
Several of biosorbents of plant, animal and microbe origin have been tested for their use in removal of heavy metals from waste
water. Meloccana baccifera (Bamboo) charcoal is produced from charcoal kiln under the influence of high temperature and
minimal supply of air. These charcoals are grinded to a fine powder and activated with various concentrations of KOH solutions.
The use of activated charcoal is considered to be the best available technology for removing low-solubility contaminants in
water treatment. Operational cost is low. Therefore, M. baccifera raw charcoal (MBRC) and activated charcoal (MBAC) were
evaluated as adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Ni, Zn and Cu from aqueous solutions. 50% and 60%
of KOH activation showed higher adsorption of heavy metals. Surface characterization of MBRC and MBAC were carried out
using scanning electron microscope (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
Most of the adsorption isotherm followed Langmuir isotherm rather than Freundlich isotherm. The maximum adsorption
capacity of MBRC and MBAC for removal of various heavy metals is calculated using Langmuir isotherm. The order of heavy
metals removal (in quantity) are Cu > Pb > Ni > Zn > Cd. Most of the sorption pattern of MBRC and MBAC followed
chemisorption for removal of heavy metals. FTIR analysis of charcoals showed that many functional groups are involved in
heavy metals adsorption.
mnvsl@uohyd.ernet.in, prasad_mnv@yahoo.com


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Impact of precipitation and large scale tree planting on river flow in the Kor river watershed, southwest
of Iran
Majid Soufi1, Saeed Hasanshahi2, Mohammad Reza Kowsari3 and Behrooz Abolpoor4
1
Fars Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources, Iran
2
Arsanjan Islamic Azad University, Iran
3
Yazd University, Iran
4
Fars Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources, Iran
A pplication of tree planting and declining precipitation due to climate change is a paradox for watershed managers in arid
regions in the world. This research aims to determine whether precipitation and/or large scale tree planting is the dominant
cause of river flow reduction in an arid watershed in the southwest of Iran. A watershed with enough rain gauge and hydrometry
station was selected. Data for precipitation, river flow, temperature and evapo-transpiration were collected for 40 years. Maps for
land uses including tree planting, curve number and soil hydrologic groups were produced. Softwares such as Arc GIS, Golbal
Mapper, and Google Earth were used to produce maps. Eviews software was used for modeling and Man-kendall statistical
method was used to show the trend of data. River flow was compared before and after tree planting. The results revealed that
water production reduced after planting tree in an area about 80 sq.km. Comparison of long term data (40 years) showed that
precipitation had a negative trend but comparison of similar rainfall events before and after tree planting indicated that tree
planting was the main cause. Tree planting had more impact on the average flow than low and maximum. River flow reduced
between 25-80% monthly and 41.2% annually. Weighted curve number of the watershed reduced after tree planting in an area
about 80 sq.km but the difference was not significant statistically. The results indicated that watershed managers should be
careful about the impacts of watershed programs of predicted water flow for downstream and climate change.
Biography
Majid Soufi has completed his PhD at the age of 29 years from New South Wales University, Sydney in 1997. He is the Director of Fars Research Center for
Agriculture and Natural Resources in Shiraz, Iran. He has published more than 32 papers in reputed journals. He has more than 20 years experience on gully
erosion and watershed management in arid regions.
Soufi@farsagres.ir
Precision and conservation agriculture through weather informatics

V Rakesh and P Goswami
CSIR Fourth Paradigm Institute, India
A major challenge in designing and implementing best practices is combining immediate gains for the end users with long
term societal benefits; further, such practices must also be sustainable, and acceptable to the end users. In case of agriculture,
best practices therefore require technologies and processes that are beneficial to farmers, but without any adverse effects on the
environment. We present a novel strategy based on forecast-based advisories that combines the above requirements. While a
serious bottleneck in application of forecast-based advisory is low reliability, a methodology, combining optimization of forecast
model, assimilation of data and design of forecast advisories, is presented so that the forecasts are risk-free and yet useful in spite of
their errors. The short-term gains for the farmers come from reducing costs of irrigation and washout with the help of advisory for
when NOT to irrigate because rain is predicted (risk-free because wrong forecast only delays irrigation within tolerance). The long
term environmental benefits result from enhanced water and energy efficiency, and reduction of environmental loads of pesticides
and fertilizer. The methodology has been applied over Karnataka (a state in south-west India with nearly 56% of the workforce
engaged in agriculture). Here we present validation, against observations at comparable resolution from the rain gauge network
established by the state, for the four monsoon seasons (summer and winter) during 2011-2013. Estimates show that the economic
benefits to the farmers are significant. The methodology is quite generic and can be implemented in any part of the world.
Biography
V Rakesh is working as a scientist in the field of atmospheric modeling and data assimilation. He is currently working on verification of mesoscale model forecasts
and data assimilation. His Doctoral research titled “Impact of satellite data in regional model simulations over India” includes the studies of impact of satellite derived
land surface data, temperature and moisture profiles, wind speed, water vapor etc. on simulated regional weather and climate over India under different synoptic
conditions. He is offering courses to PhD students as part of CSIR Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research program.
maheswaran27@yahoo.co.in


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Partial duration analyses for prospective global agro-hydrology and flood management
R C Yadav
CSWCRTI, India
I n the present study a new concept of analyses of partial duration series was carried out on isolations and their trend of
decays patternized to predict annual total and sequential distribution of the daily rainfall events. From the long term rainfall
plot with year these cycles were isolated and a decay coefficient determined for exponential decay functions of hydrologic
process viz decay of flood peak, antecedent moisture and yearly rainfall amounts that operate in a relation, Pn= P0 Kt with
Pn being rainfall for the year under prediction, mm; P0 initial rainfall, mm and t the number of year after the initial year of
the maximum rainfall in the partial duration series. The unified and optimized value K was 0.92. Once the yearly rainfall
total is determined, the sequential initial observations help identify the sequential distribution of rainfall events in the entire
rainy season. Further, conjunctive use of this new technology with an advanced agricultural technology (alive, smart and
enthusiastic) racy nature innovated by the author enabled to simulate rainfall situation by application of sprinkler irrigation
for water management in pattern of rainfall events to accomplish green water supplementation to crops. Thus, utility of this
partial duration series is enhanced in managing extreme drought condition for successful harvest. New cropping pattern is
devised to escape devastating effects of floods ravages in the river riparian areas. Thus, the partial duration series analyses and
racy nature technology enable prospective management of global hydrology for bringing sustainable food production, creating
biodiversity and reducing agony of flood zones of riparian areas adversely affected by global warming and climate change.
Biography
R C Yadav completed his PhD from Indian Institute of Technology Bombay in Water Resources Engineering after 27 years of professional experience post MTech
from Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. He worked as Principal Scientist and Head of Soil and Water Conservation Research Centre, Agra, Uttar Pradesh,
India. In the later years he undertook assignments as Professor in various Indian and Foreign Universities. He has acquired expertise in water and environment
interaction maneuver for managing water resources, food, nutrition and environment conservation. He acquired academic excellence in innovative researches
and received several awards including famous Thomas Edison 2014 Award for knowledge distribution among the young research scholars in Civil Engineering.
ramcyadav@rediffmail.com
Watershed biophysical features and climate change impact on water budget

Dagbegnon Clement Sohoulande Djebou
Texas A&M University, USA
D uring the last decades, unbalanced water budget became a critical concern in the Southwestern United States. An
evidence of the problem is the groundwater depletion frequently reported in the region. Unfortunately, the situation
is not favored by climate change as drought occurrence became more frequent particularly during the last two decades.
To help, we contributed to the knowledge aiming to sustain wise water management strategies at the watershed scale, by
addressing the effects of topography on precipitation variability. In addition we examined vegetation dynamics with respect to
the aridity gradient in the Southwestern United States. We targeted perennial and annual vegetation covers for their Normal
Differential Vegetation Index series. At different levels we employed Entropy theory to analyze precipitation variability and
vegetation dynamics in time and space. The results revealed complex trends in relation with the climate typesand the watershed
biophysical features. The implication on future water budget was analyzed with respect of the critical role of vegetation and
topography. We concluded on potential changes in the future terrestrial hydrological processes particularly in arid regions.
Analyses based on futureclimate scenarios are ongoing and emphasized on the North American Regional Climate Change
Assessment Program’smodels simulations. In sum, our research efforts contributed to a better understanding of the future of
water resources under climate change which is relevant for water managers’ decision making processes.
Biography
Dagbegnon Clement Sohoulande Djebou is Research Assistant at the Agri Life’s Conflict and Development Center. He is a PhD candidate in water management
at the Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering at Texas A&M University. He obtained two Master degrees in agronomics (2005) and later in water
management (2007) from the International Institute for Water and Environmental Engineering of Ouagadougou, and the Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne,
Switzerland. In the past, he served in West Africa. He joined Texas A&M since 2010 and his research interests include water management, climate change, land-
atmosphere interactions and vegetation dynamics. He published in the journal of Hydrology.
sohoulande@neo.tamu.edu

Page 183
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Provision of water containing optimum amounts of fluoride in endemic areas of fluorosis
Deme Raja Reddy
Apollo Hospital, India
E ndemic skeletal fluorosis is a disease caused by excessive ingestion of fluoride through water food or both. Fluoride is a
bone seeking element and 96-99% of fluoride retained in the body combines with calcium phosphate moiety of bones
and hence bones suffer. The disease starts with teeth, later affects the skeleton and lastly spinal cord compression ensues with
severe disabilities and death. This disease is widely prevalent in India affecting 275 districts spread over 20 states. Sixty six
million people living in the endemic areas are at risk of contracting the disease and six million people are crippled because
of it. This disease was first detected in 1937 and it is spreading and becoming more severe in character in recent decades. It is
predominantly a rural problem because 90% of rural water supplies are dependent upon ground waters which have excessive
amounts of fluoride in water for a tropical country like India. In contrast most cities are free of this problem since they get their
water supplies from perennial rivers which contain optimum amounts of fluoride in water. Rural malnutrition and anemia is
widespread in India which aggravates fluorosis incidence. Rural nutrition has deteriorated during the past few decades due
to dependence on ground waters, commercial sale of vegetables and milk to cities and towns without optimum intake by
its residents especially growing children and use of fertilizers and pesticides containing fluorides. Tea drinking has become
common in recent decades even in villages and tea is especially rich in fluoride which adds to the problem. In some endemic
areas such as Prakasam district excessive amounts of trace elements in waters such as strontium, uranium etc aggravates
fluoride toxicity. This disease can be prevented in endemic areas by providing surface waters containing less than 0.5 ppm
of fluoride for drinking, cooking and for cultivation and improving nutrition. This has been proved by our studies in tribal
villages of Jhabua in Madhya Pradesh. Improving nutrition with regard to optimum intake of calcium, magnesium and vitamin
C will further protect the rural population from the menace of fluorosis. This is a huge task in areas such as Nalgonda district
of Telangana where more than 600 villages are affected. Government efforts to provide Krishna water round the year have been
a failure in this district. Defluoridation plants based on alum and activated alumina have been a failure in endemic areas. This
society should find ways to overcome the problem of supplying potable water for drinking and cooking in high endemic areas
of our country such as Nalgonda.
palvashareddy@gmail.com


Page 184
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Dynamics of metal ions in suspended sediments in Hugli estuary, India and its importance towards
sustainable monitoring program
D P Mukherjee
Central Pollution Control Board, India
M etal contamination in a river has often been assessed based on total metal ion concentrations without relating them
with the amount of suspended solids. This approach masks lot of important dynamics of metal ions in water. This is first
time in India, a study has been undertaken to present how the level of metal ions in river water is influenced by suspended
solids in response to spatial and seasonal conditions in Hugli estuary, India and to focus necessity of harmonizing science
and policy. This study presented extent of metal pollution and distribution pattern over the stations, seasons, tides and depth.
Major fraction of metal ions is associated with suspended sediments and discharges into the largest alluvial fan, Bengal fan,
in the world. Enrichment factors indicated that major source of metal contamination is large influx of sediment due to strong
natural activities and moderate anthropogenic activities over the years. Strong seasonal change, variable tidal energy level and
irregular estuarine geometry play crucial role in maintaining metal concentrations in water column. This study established the
importance of evaluating metallic composition of TSS to address the environmental issues of the estuarine system related to
metal contamination and better understanding on the elemental composition of estuarine suspended sediment together with
indication of associated fluxes. The monitoring of TSS and its composition would be less costly and more easily measured
surrogate to assess metal contamination in river. Findings of this study raise important questions regarding the need for new
paradigm for environmental monitoring and assessment towards sustainable water quality management.
Biography
D P Mukherjee has completed his PhD in Environment Pollution and its Control from Burdwan University. Then he joined Central Pollution Control Board
(Central Regulatory Authority), India in 1983 as a Scientist. He has developed his expertise in monitoring of water and air, environmental laboratory management,
implementation of QA/QC, implementation of cleaner technology as well as validation and interpretation of monitoring data using different statistical tools. He is the
guide of MPhill and PhD students. Recently, he took volunteer retirement from CPCB to carry out research work independently related to formulation of policy for
framing prudent water/air quality management practice. He has published more than 20 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as Technical advisor to
Envirotech Instrument Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
bablishukla63@gmail.com


Page 185
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Population dynamics of macrobenthic polychaetes from Vembanad backwater, a Ramsar site on the
south west of India
Asha C V, Retina I Cleetus, Suson P S and S Bijoy Nandan
P olychaetes are the most abundant macrobenthic community in aquatic systems that play a crucial role in recycling detritus,
regulating the flow of energy in the benthic environment. Vembanad wetland system, a Ramsar site on the West coast of
India is the largest estuarine system that is renowned for its rich biodiversity. To regulate salinity intrusion in the Vembanad
ecosystem, the Thannermukkom barrage was constructed in 1975, dividing it into fresh water dominated southern and a
northern region dominated with brackish water that has grossly altered the eco-biology of the region. The study was carried
out from March 2011 to February 2012 on a monthly basis, covering six stations in the southern part and four stations in the
northern part to understand the ecology and diversity of macrobenthic polychaetes. Fourteen species of polychaetes belonging
to 13 families were observed from the study. The species Namalycastis indica contributed 26% of benthic biomass, followed by
Nephthys oligobranchia (19%) and Dendronereis aestuarina (18%). Namalycastis indica and Dendronereis aestuarina were the
only the nereids that survived in the brackish and as well as freshwater environment of Vembanad backwater. In the southern
sector of the backwater, Namalycasis indica contributed 80% of the biomass followed by Dendronereis aestuarina (20%).
Maximum species richness was seen in stations at the proximity to Cochin Metro city and the species, Paraheteromastus
tennuis, Dendronereis aestuarina, Prionospio cirrifera, Mediomastus spp. and Nephthys oligobranchia were dominant in
higher organic enrichment zones. The polychaetes, Glyceraalba and Polydora spp. were highly tolerant to degrading water
quality condition due to industrial pollution in the greater Cochin region. The pollution problems in the in Cochin region
arising from urban effluents, municipal wastes disposal and developmental activities have grossly affected the distribution and
diversity of benthic polychaetes in the Vembanad backwater.
Biography
Asha C V, Research Scholar in the Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, is pursuing her PhD in Cochin University of Science and
Technology for the last 4 years. She is working in the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India funded research project.


Page 186
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Climate change mitigation and adaptation roles of forests: A case from Charnawati watershed in Nepal
Shiva Shankar Pandey
University of Southern Queensland, Australia
C limate change poses challenges to human being. Forestry sectors of developing countries can play role in both mitigation
of climate change and adaptation capacity of vulnerable communities. Now, both mitigation and adaption roles of forests
in addressing climate change have been taken into consideration in climate change related discussions and literatures. There
are several forest management practices are found in developing countries. Assessment of possible roles of forests in addressing
climate change and possible issues to be considered while designing forests based climate change adaptation and mitigation
projects is important. In this context, overarching goal of this paper is to evaluate carbon sequestration and climate change
adaptation benefits of mountain forests located in Charnawati watershed in Nepal. This study analyse four years annual
carbon stock data covering 58 community forests with diverse vegetation and people. Similarly socio-economic as well as
environmental benefits, perceptions and use practices of communities are obtained from local communities and analysed. With
possible climate change related projects, its positive and negative impacts on local socio-economic and environmental benefits
are analysed. This study shows that community managed forests are contributing in sequestering additional atmospheric CO2,
fulfilling forest products need of local people through sustainable management, supplying foods during scarcity time, supplying
water for drinking and hydropower. However, people have strong interests to generate income from forests particularly from
carbon benefits rather than others. Hence, there are possibilities to undermine other benefits which will have negative impact
in long run. Government policies should facilitate to continue both benefits of forests and project developers should respect
them.
Biography
Shiva Shankar Pandey is a PhD Scholar in International Centre for Applied Climate Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Australia. He has more than 15
years of experience in Community forestry, Ecosystem services, biodiversity, Forest based economic development projects in Nepal. He has contributed various
publications including manuals, toolkits, and scientific peer-review articles in the related field.
Shiva.Pandey@usq.edu.au


Page 187
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Modelling effect of climate change on the potential invasion range of an invasive plant, mailing bamboo
in Darjeeling Himalaya
Vivek Srivastava, Hitendra Padalia, Km Renu and Nitin M Changade
Lovely Professional University, India
C limate change and biotic invasion can synergistically alter tropical biodiversity. In this study effect of global climate change
on potential invasion range of a noxious invasive species; mailing bamboo (Yushania mailing) was modelled for the
projected HADCM3 A2a and B2a climate change scenarios. The current and future potential distribution ranges of mailing
bamboo were modelled with occurrence data, and eco-physiologically significant bioclimatic predictors using a novel approach
based on maximum entropy gain. High prediction accuracies (AUCs>0.95) were achieved for the current as well as the future
predictions. Principal components analysis (PCA) was performed on the native and invaded range records of mailing bamboo
to examine the conservation/differentiation of niches. The results showed that latitudinal expanse of suitable habitat potential
distribution of mailing bamboo will occur in A2a scenario with respect to current potential distribution and B2a 2050 future
scenario. Protected areas i.e., Singallila National Park, Barsay Wildlife Sanctuary, Neora valley National Park and Senchal
Wildlife Sanctuary were modelled as highly suitable areas under both climate change scenarios. The effect of climate change
can led to enlargement, retreat, shift as well as formation of new niches of mailing bamboo. Overall the current potential
invasion range of mailing bamboo would enlarge in future climate scenario, with more expanse in A2a scenario than B2a. The
occurrence of several temperate global biodiversity hotspots within the modelled potential invasion range of mailing bamboo,
signify greater threats to temperate biodiversity.
Biography
Vivek Srivastava completed his Graduation in Forestry from Garhwal University and Masters in Remote Sensing and GIS from Indian Institute of Remote Sensing,
ISRO. Presently, he is working as an Assistant Professor at Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, India.
viveksrivastava09@gmail.com


Page 188
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Potential impacts of the super sea dike (barrage) at Rach Gia bay– Kien Giang province on the mangrove
forest and aquaculture in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam
Trinh Thi Long, Pham The Vinh and Dang Minh Chuong
Southern Institute of Water Resources Research, Vietnam
A s a country with a long coastline together with crisscrossed rivers and canals system, Vietnam is the country vulnerable to
the effects of climate change, in which the Mekong Delta is one of three deltas in the world most affected by sea level rise.
Proactive prevention, restriction adverse impacts of storm surges, flooding, salinization and water scarcity in the dry season is
a major challenge in the Mekong Delta at present. To cope with these problems in the Mekong Delta, the idea of construction
of a super sea-dyke (SSD)/barrage at Rach Gia bay, Kien Giang province has been proposed for studying with 3 options: (1)
Option I: short route, creating a small reservoir with the surface water area (±0.0) of 416 km², the volume (±0.0) of 600
Million m3, and the length of 30.0 km directly connected from Hon Dat to Xeo Quao; (2) Option II: short route, track broken
knee on Hon Tre, creating a reservoir with the surface water area of 467 km², the volume of 820 Million m3 (±0.0) and the
total length of 31.8 km (Section 1: Hon Dat – Hon Tre: 15.5 km; section 2: Hon Tre – Xeo Quao: 16.3 km); (3) Option III (FA-
III): long route and form large reservoirs with the surface water area of 911 km², 2.58 billion m3 in volume (±0.0), connected
from Hon Chong to Hon Tre (section 1) and from Hon Tre to Xeo Quao (section 2) with the total route length of 47.5 km.
Besides, there is a sluice gate or navigation lock (-3.00 m) on each section of the barrage with the width (B) ranges from 300
– 700 m. MIKE models (1D and 2D) have been used to simulate and evaluate the effects of the SSD on water distribution in
the whole Mekong Delta in the dry season as well as the salinity prevention to freshening the areas, as consequence affecting
mangroves forest and aquaculture in the region. The results show that due to the reservoir, the water distribution affects to the
total water volume at Vam Nao, Can Tho, My Thuan as well as at the mouths of Mekong and Bassac Rivers. Up to 245 million
m3/month fresh water has been kept from flowing into the West Sea and supplied back to the regions; upto 121 m3/month can
be able to transfer to the Ca Mau Peninsula where fresh water is very scarce. It also indicates that the reservoir water will turn
into fresh after 2 months in high flood year, or 9 months in low flood year. But 57% - 76% mangrove forest in Kien Giang is
affected (or lost); up to 19.260 - 21.738 ha of saltwater aquaculture (shrimp, crabs, mollusks) will be freshened, loosing about
12,587 – 23,872 tons productions/year, accounting up to 444 – 842 billion VND/year. In addition, it is also calculated that
683,900 – 887,600 tons of coastal fishery productions will be lost.
ttlongvn@gmail.com


Page 189
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Looking beyond hydro- meteorology setting for floods in Siang River, Arunachal and upper Assam,
India
Sujit Dasgupta
Geological Survey of India, India
E arthquake triggers landslide blocking rivers, followed by breach of landslide dam generating flood in downstream which is
not uncommon in mountainous terrain; e.g., the 1950 Assam-Tibet earthquake triggered landslide to block the Subansiri
River and then breached that generated devastating flood in Assam. On 11 June 2000 a high discharge flood passed through
the Siang River, Arunachal and Assam which was caused due to failure of a huge debris-avalanche dam that blocked the
Yigong River, a tributary of Yarlung Tsangpo in southeast Tibet, for 62 days accumulating 3000 Mm3 of water in lake behind
the landslide barrier; an instantaneous discharge of 120000 cumec was recorded from 17 km downstream of the breached
dam causing substantial damage to property and loss of life both from Tibet and India. Published documents, maps and
imagery testify that the Yigong Lake along the river existed since 1900 and during the last 100 years several episodes of
landslide blockade and breach took place resulting downstream flood; some of these landslide incidences have been correlated
with earthquakes that locate near the barrier dam and the earthquake-landslide-flood nexus constrained for events during
1938,1962,1988, and also for the 2000 landslide-flood when two earthquakes occurred four hours before the avalanche. The
recurrent landslide is located at the junction of the Jiali and the Yigong-Lulang strikeslip faults and the lake behind the dam
along the Jiali fault has grown to the extent of 20 km x 1.5 km with 20 m of water column that increases during the monsoon.
The Jiali fault that ruptured to generate the 1950 earthquake is highly stressed and active, and fluctuating lake water during
peak monsoon is arguably responsible for nine earthquake swarms between 1968 and 2010 that locate over the fault-lake. Both
the stand alone and swarm earthquakes increases landslide susceptibility, enhancing probability of flash flood.
Biography
Sujit Dasgupta has completed his MSc (Geology) from Calcutta University in 1971. He joined Geological Survey of India in December 1973 and worked under
different capacity till his superannuation from the position of Deputy Director General in April 2010. He worked with NHPC during 2011 as Consultant for finalization
of DPR on Hydroelectric Projects in Myanmar. He attended and contributed for UNESCO-RELSAR workshops in Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Iran and Thailand.
He is an expert in earthquake geology and seismotectonics and published more than 50 papers in national and international peer reviewed journals.
sujitdasgupta@yahoo.com


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