Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
HEALTH ASSESSMENT
Skin, Hair, Nails
STRUCTURE OF SKIN
SKIN SKIN
Function of the skin :
1. Protection
2. Perception
3. Temperature regulation
4. Identification
5. Communication
6. Wound repair
7. Absorption and excretion
8. Production of vitamin D
Physical examination
Subjective data
Previous history of skin disease,change in
pigmentation and mole (size and color), rash or
lesion, pruritus, excessive dryness or moisture
Objective data
Observe for skin color, temperature, moisture,
lesions, turgor
Equipment needed : Strong direct lighting, small
centimeter ruler, penlight, gloves
INSPECTION
COLOR
Normal range findings Abnormal findings
General pigmentation
Observe skin tone, varies from
pinkish tan to ruddy dark tan or
from light to dark brown and may
have yellow or olive overtones.
Vitiligo
Complete absence of melanin
pigment in patchy areas of white
or light skin on the face, neck,
hands, feet, body folds, and
around orifices.
Next
Jaundice
PALPATION
TEMPERATURE
Normal range findings Abnormal findings
Use the backs (dorsa) of hands to § General hypothermia
palpate the person and check accompanies central circulatory
bilaterally. problem shock
§ Hypothermia § Localized hypothermia occurs in
§ Hyperthermia occurs with an peripheral arterial insufficiency
increased metabolic rate and Raynaud’s disease
§ Hyperthyroidism has an
increased metabolic rate,
causing warm, moist skin
MOISTURE inspection and palpation
Scar
ex : healed area after ex : contact
surgery or injury dermatitis
Atrophic scar
ex : striae
Excoriation
ex : insect bites, Ulcer Erosion
Lichenification scabies, dermatitis,
varicella
Crust Scale
ex : impetigo ex : drug reaction,
seborrheic dermatitis
Keloid
Wheal
ex : allergic reaction Nodul & tumor
Pressure ulcer (decubitus ulcer)
Stage I Stage II
Stage III Stage IV
ABNORMAL FINDINGS
PURPURIC LESIONS
Caused by blood following out of breaks in the vessels. Red blood cell and
blood pigments are deposited in the tissue.
Petechiae
§ Tiny punctate hemorrhages, 1 to 3 mm, round and discrete, dark
red, purple or brown in color. Will not blanch
§ May indicate abnormal clotting factors such thrombocytopenia
§ In dark skin people are best visualized in the areas of lighter
melanization e.g., abdomen, buttocks, and volar surface of the
forearm
ABNORMAL FINDINGS
Ecchymosis Purpura
§ A purplish patch : extravasation § Confluent and extensive patch
of blood into the skin of petechiae and ecchymoses, >
§ > 3 mm in diameter 3mm flat, red to purple, macular
hemorrhage.
§ Seen in generalized disorders
such as thrombocytopenia. Also
occurs in old age.
ABNORMAL FINDINGS
TELANGIECTASES
Caused by vascular dilataion, permanently enlarged and dilated blood
vessels that are visible on the skin surface
Spider or star angioma
§ A fiery red, star shaped
marking with a solid circular
center
§ Develops on face, neck, or
chest may be associated with
pregnancy, chronic liver
disease, or estrogen therapy
or may be normal.
ABNORMAL FINDINGS
TELANGIECTASES
Caused by vascular dilataion, permanently enlarged and dilated blood
vessels that are visible on the skin surface
Venous lake
§ A blue-purple dilatation of
venules and capillaries in a
star shaped, linear, or flaring
pattern.
§ Pressure causes them to
empty or disappear
§ Located on the legs near
varicose veins and also on the
face, lips,ears, and chest.
ABNORMAL FINDINGS
Atopic dermatitis (Eczema)
§ Erythematous papules and vesicles
with weeping, oozing, and crusts.
§ Lesions usually on scalp, forehead,
cheeks, forearms and wrists,
elbows, backs of knees
Diaper dermatitis
§ Red, moist maculopapular patch with poorly
defined borders in diaper area, extending
along inguinal and gluteal folds.
§ Inflammatory disease caused by skin
irritation from
ammonia,heat,moisture,occlusive diapers.
ABNORMAL FINDINGS
Impetigo
§ Moist, thin roofed vesicles with thin,
erythematous base. Rupture to
form thick, honey colored crusts.
§ Contagious bacterial infection of
skin, most common in infants and
children.
Intertrigo (candidiasis)
§ Scalding red, moist patches with
sharply demarcated borders, some
loose scales
§ Usually in genital area extending
along inguinal and gluteal folds.
ABNORMAL FINDINGS
Measles (Rubeola)
Chickenpox (Varicella)
German measles (Rubella)
ABNORMAL FINDINGS
Tinea pedis
(Ringworm of the foot)
§ “Athlete’s foot” fungal infection
§ First appear as small vesicles
between toes, sides of feet, soles.
Tinea corporis
(Ringworm of the body)
§ Scales, hyperpigmented in whites,
depigmented in dark skinned persons
§ On chest, abdomen, back of arms
forming multiple circular lesions with
clear centers.
ABNORMAL FINDINGS
Psoriasis
§ Scaly erythematous patch with
silvery scales on top
§ Usually on scalp, outside of elbows
and knees, low back and anogenital
area
Tinea versicolor
§ Fine, scaling, round patches of pink,
tan, or white that do not tan in
sunlight
§ Caused by superficial fungal infection
§ Distribution is on neck, trunk, and
upper arms
ABNORMAL FINDINGS
Labial herpes simplex
(cold sores
§ Caused by Herpes simplex virus
infection, lesion then erupts with
tight vesicles followed by pustules
§ Common location is upper lip, also
in oral mucosa and tongue
Herpes zoster
§ Caused by varicella zoster virus
reactivation of dormant virus of
chickenpox
§ Small group vesicles emerge along
route of cutaneous sensory nerve,
then pustules then crusts.
ABNORMAL FINDINGS
Malignant skin lession
Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma
§ Usually starts as a skin colored § Erythematous scaly patch with
papule with a translucent top and sharp margins, 1 cm or more.
overlying telangiectasia Develops central ulcer and
§ Most common form of skin surrounding erythema
cancer, slow but inexorable § Usually on hands or head, areas
growth exposed to solar radiation
ABNORMAL FINDINGS
Strawberry Mark
(Immature hemangioma)
§ Borders about 2 to 3 cm in
diameter consists of
immature capillaries, does
HEMANGIOMAS
not blanch with pressure
§ Present at birth or develops
in the first few months, and
usually disappears by age
5 to 7 years.
Cavernosus hemangioma
(Mature hemangioma)
§ A reddish-blue, irregular
shaped, solid and spongy mass
of blood vessels.
§ It may be at first, may enlarge
during the first 10 to 15 months
ABNORMAL FINDINGS
Port wine stain
(Nevus Flammeus)
HEMANGIOMAS*
§ A large, flat macular patch
covering the scalp or face,
frequently along the
distribution of cranial nerve V
§ The color is dark red, bluish
or purplish consists of mature
capillaries
§ Present at birth and usually
does not fade.
* Caused by a benign proliferation of blood vessels in the dermis
ABNORMAL FINDINGS
Skin lesions associated with AIDS
Epidemic Kaposi’s sarcoma :
patch stage
§ Multiple patch stage early
lesions are faint pink on the
temple and beard area
§ Easily could be mistaken for
bruises or nevi and be ignored
Epidemic Kaposi’s sarcoma :
advanced disease
§ Widely disseminated lesions
involving skin, mucous
membranes and visceral
organs
ABNORMAL FINDINGS
Skin lesions associated
with AIDS
Epidemic Kaposi’s sarcoma :
plaque stage
§ Evolving lesions develop into raised
papules or thickened plaques
§ These are oval in shape and vary in
color from red to brown
ABNORMAL FINDINGS
Infectious disease as a
biological weapon
Anthrax
§ Caused by Bacillus anthracis
§ Usually on the head, neck, or
extremities
§ After 3 days, a red,raised,pruritic
papule appears followed by a round
ulcer. Area edema and tender
lymphadenopathy are common
Smallpox (variola major)
§ Caused by viral infection with no
known treatment. Disease is spread
by direct contact or inhalation of
respiratory droplets
DEVELOPMENTAL OF SKIN
• Infants and Children
Lanugo develop in the fetus at 3
months’ gestation
Vernix caseosa present at birth
E
X
A OBJECTIVE DATA
M
I Inspect and palpate the hair
N
A 1. Color
T
I
2. Texture
O 3. Distribution
N
4. Lesions
COLOR
I
N § Hair color comes from melanin
S production and many vary from
P pale blonde to total black.
E
§ Graying begins as early as the
C
T third decade of life because of
I reduced melanin production in
O the follicles. Genetic factors
N affect the onset graying.
TEXTURE
NORMAL ABNORMAL
I
N
S § Scalp hair thick and may § Note dull, coarse or brittle
P look straight, curly or scalp hair. Gray, scaly,
E
C kinky. well-defined areas with
T broken hairs accompany
I
O tinea capitis, a ringworm
N infection found mostly in
& school- age children.
P
A
L
P
A
T
I
O
N
DISTRIBUTION
NORMAL ABNORMAL
I § Fine vellus hair coats the § Absent or sparse genital
N body, whereas coarser hair suggests endocrine
S terminal hairs at the abnormalities
eyebrows, eyelashes and § Hirsutism excess body
P scalp. hair.
E § During puberty,
C distribution conforms to
normal male and female
T patterns.
I
O
N
LESIONS
NORMAL ABNORMAL
I
N
S § With a history of itching, § Head or pubic area
P inspect the hair behind § Distinguish dandruff from
E
C the ears and in the nits (eggs) of lice, which
T occipital area as well. All are oval, adherent to hair
I
O area should be clean and shaft and cause intense
N free of any lesions or pest itching.
& inhabitants.
§ Many people normally
P
A have seborrhea
L (dandruff), which is
P
A indicated by loose white
T flakes.
I
O
N
Abnormal Conditions of Hair:
Hirsutism
Hirsutism is a condition of unwanted, male-pattern hair growth in
women. It's often caused by genes, hormones, or medication.
NAILS
• The nails are hard plates of
keratin on the dorsal edges of
the fingers and toes.
• The condition of the nails
reflects general health, state of
nutrition, a person’s occupation
and level of self-care.
NAILS
NAILS
P SUBJECTIVE DATA
H
Y Change in nails. Any change in nails :
S
I shape, color, brittleness ?
C
A Do you tend in bite or chew nails ?
L
E
X
A
M OBJECTIVE DATA
I
N Inspect and palpate the nails
A
T
1. Shape and contour
I
O
2. Consistency
N 3. Color
SHAPE AND CONTOUR
NORMAL ABNORMAL
§ Nail surface slightly curved or flat. § Jagged nails I
§ Posterior and lateral nail folds are § Chronically dirty nails suggest poor self-care . N
smooth and rounded. § Clubbing of nails occurs with congenital S
P
§ Angle of the nail base 160 degrees cyanotic heart disease and neoplastic and
E
§ The nail base is firm to palpation. pulmonary disease C
§ In early clubbing, the angle straightens out to T
180 degree. I
O
N
&
P
A
L
P
A
T
I
O
N
CONSISTENCY
NORMAL ABNORMAL
P § The surface is smooth § Pits, transverse grooves
and regular, not brittle or or lines may indicate a
A splitting nutrient deficiency or may
L § Nail thickness is uniform accompany acute illness
§ The nail firmly adheres to that disturbs nail growth
P the nail bed and the nail § Nails are thickened and
base is firm to palpation. ridged with arterial
A § To check for capillary insufficiency
T refill, press on the tip of § A spongy nail base
the nail. It should blanch accompanies clubbing
I and upon release the
O color should return within
3 second
N
COLOR
NORMAL ABNORMAL
§ Normal nails vary § Cyanosis or marked pallor I
from pink in light- § Brown linear streaks N
skinned patients to (especially sudden
light brown in darker appearance) are abnormal
S
-skinned patients in light-skinned people and P
§ All people normally may indicate melanoma E
may have white § Splinter hemorrhages,
hairline linear tranverse ridges or Beau’s
C Linear Pigmentation
markings from lines T
trauma or picking at § Cyanotic nail beds or I
the cuticle. sluggish color return :
§ Note any abnormal consider cardiovaskuler or
O
marking in the nail respiratory dysfunction N
beds.
Leukonychia Striata
Abnormal Conditions of Nails
Onycholysis Pitting
Pitting refers to small depressions, or little pits in
When the nail plate separates from the nail
the nail. It is common in people who have
bed, it causes a white discoloration. This can psoriasis, or a skin condition that causes the skin
be due to infection, trauma, or products used to be dry, red, and irritated. Some systemic
on the nails. diseases can also cause pitting.
Abnormal Conditions of Nails
Habit-tic dystrophy
Habit-tic deformity is a form of
nail dystrophy caused by habitual
external trauma to the nail matrix.
Although any nail can be
affected, the thumbnails are often
primary targets