HISTORY OF DESIGN

Submitted To: Mam Farwah

Submitted By: Mahnoor Akhter

Department: Graphic Design (M)

Roll No: 17937

Semester: 3rd

Institute of Art and Design GC, Faisalabad

 HEIROGLYPHS
Definition:
• It is derived from the Greek hiero ‘holy’ and glypho ‘writing’. hieroglyphs were
called medu netjer, ‘ in Egyptian phrase whose meaning is the god’s word. The word
has been first used in late 19th century
• A hieroglyph is a picture or symbol that represents a word, used in some writing systems

Explanation:

• Hieroglyphic symbols may represent the objects that they depict but usually stand for
particular sounds or groups of sounds
• Due to their pictorial form, hieroglyphs were difficult to write and were used only for
monument inscriptions
• Among present writing system hieroglyphic scripts are no longer used.
• Priests and temple scribes encouraged to simplify the process of writing, hieroglyphs
became gradually stylized and derived into the hieratic ‘priestly’ script
• As hieroglyphs are difficult to write demotic ‘popular’ came in use about in 7th century
BCE. The Egyptians called it sekh shat, that means "writing for documents".
• Egyptian hieroglyphs are the writing system used by ancient Egyptians
• It contained a combination of logographic, alphabetic and ideographic element and do
not use spaces or punctuation
• Hieroglyphs emerged from preliterate artistic traditions of Egypt
• Hieroglyphs consist of three kinds of glyphs: phonetic glyphs, Logographs. Ideograms
which narrowed down the meaning of a logographic or phonetic word
• The rosetta stone shows the co-existence of hieroglyphics, hieratic scripts and the
Greek alphabet in Egypt in the third century BC
• It was found in 1798 CE,It consists of writings of priests in Egypt to honor the Egyptian
pharaoh. It is represented in three languages, including Egyptian hieroglyphics which
was the script used for religious documents, Greek, which was the language of the rulers
of Egypt at that time, and demotic.

Purpose and Material:

• The most common material used for hieroglyphs were a paper called papyrus, they also
used tablets or wall. Papyrus is made from a tall reed like plant called Papyrus. Other
alternative writing surfaces, including writing boards generally made of wood.
Sometimes leather was also used
• Heiroglyphs are used to display different types of information: some of them are
numbers, others are thought to indicate the origin of the goods, and the most complex
show economic information controlled by the ruler the signs also found on pottery and
stone vessels.
 • Priests used hieroglyphs to write down prayers and texts related to life after death and
worship of the god
• Some example from hieroglyphs include A picture of a bird which represents the sound
of the letter "a".A picture of rippling water which represents the sound of the letter "n"

FRESCOES
Definition

• The word frescoes come from word fresco means “fresh” and comes from a Germanic
word akin to the source of English fresh
• It is the art of painting on freshly spread moist lime plaster with water-based pigments
A type of painting done rapidly in watercolour on wet plaster on a wall or ceiling, so that
the colours penetrate the plaster and become fixed as it dries.

Explanation:

• Fresco is the art of painting on plastered walls. It is basically originated from Greek
roots: interiors of villas and palaces were covered with fanciful impressions of life and
nature in the Greek world.
• A wall was prepared for painting with a thin layer of white lime plaster. Then, using a
sharp instrument, the artist outlined the main features and sketched in important
details. Next, the colours were applied, when the surface was still moist so that they
soaked in and made the painted images more durable
• Frecoes can also can provide us with some of the most amazing images from antiquity,
and they can give a view into the ordinary lives of people long ago.

RELIEF

• Literal meaning includes relievo, “to raise” in , any work in which the figures project
from a supporting background, usually a plane surface,
• Engraved hieroglyphs are all more or less figurative
• In fact, the same character can even according to context, be interpreted in diverse
ways: as a phonogram (phonetic reading) as an ideogram, or as determinative (semantic
reading)
• In the era of old kingdom, the Middle kingdom and the new kingdom, about 700
heiroglyphs existed. By the Greco-Roman period, they numbered more than 5000
• As writing developed and became more widespread among the Egyptian people,
simplified glyphs forms developed
• Which eventually formed the basis on which the Phoenicians structured the modern
alphabetic system
 • There are two types of relief both in writing and sculptures: The low relief and The high
relief

THE ALPHABET

• An alphabet is a set of letters in a particular order that are used for writing a language
• The word alphabet comes from the Greek word ‘alphabetos’, a combination of ‘alpha’
meaning ‘the beginning’, and ‘beta’ meaning ‘the second of many things’. It is used to
describe a set of letters and had been used from early 15th century

History:

• The history of the alphabet starts in the ancient Egypt. The first pure alphabets (
properly “abjads” mapping single symbol to single phonemes, but not necessarily each
phoneme to a symbol) emerged around 2000 BC in ancient egypt, as a representation of
language developed by semitic workers in Egypt, but by then alphabetic principles had
already been inculcated into Egyptian hieroglyphs for a millennium (see middle bronze
age alphabets).
• Most other alphabets in the world today either descended from this one discovery, or
were directly inspired by its design, including the Phoenician alphabet and the Greek
alphabet
• In the usual case, each alphabetic character represents either a consonant or
a vowel rather than a syllable or a group of consonants and vowels

ABJAD
• A term first used in Late 18th century, from Arabic abjad Arabic alphabet It is a term
suggested by Peter T. Daniels to replace the common terms "consonantary", or
"syllabary" to refer to the family of scripts c
• A system of notation in which each of the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet is assigned a
numerical value. Now chiefly historical
• A writing system, similar to a syllabary, in which there is one glyph (that is a symbol or
letter) for each consonant
• An abjad is a type of writing system where each symbol always or usually stands for a
consonant, leaving the reader to supply the appropriate vowel
• A consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the
vocal tract. Examples are pronounced with lips
• Abjads, or consonant alphabets, represent consonants only, or consonants plus some
vowels. Full vowel indication can be added, usually by means of diacritics, but this is not
usually done
 THE PHOENICIAN
Definition:

• A word comes from late 14th century from Middle French phenicien, from
Latin Phoenice, from Greek Phoinike "Phoenicia" literally meaning "land of the purple
• Early phonenician traces were from 11th century.

Explanation:

• It was the first major phonemic script. In consist of two other widely
used writing systems at the time, cuneiform and Egyptian hieroglyphs, it contained only
about two dozen letters, which make it a script simple enough for common traders to
learn
• The Phoenicians are the descendants of the Bronze age Canaanites, who protected by
the Lebanon mountains and the sea, did not surrender to the Israelites or the ‘Sea
people’.
• When they first appear in western historiography, in the eight and the seventh century
BCE, the Phoenicians already posses scores of colonies all around the Mediterranean
and have extensive trade networks extending as far as the Atlantic coast of Africa and
the Black sea from which they challenged the Greeks , and later the romans, for the
supremacy of the seas
• Phoenician words are found in Classical Greek and Latin literature and also in writings in
the Hebrew languages. The language is written with a 22-character alphabet that does
not indicate vowels. The Phoenician writing system survived in the tifinagh script of
the Tuareg, who live in the southern Sahara.
• The Phoenician alphabet was based on the principle that one sign represent one spoken
word

The Greeks
Definition:

• First Greek alphabet was developed in Greece about 1000 BCE. It is the direct or indirect
ancestor of all modern European alphabets, that is Derived from the North Semitic
alphabet created from Phoenicians,
• It first appeared in the archaeological record during the 8th century BCE.

Explanation:

• The first written Greek letters were found on baked mud tablets, in the remains in Crete
island
• This language is also known as Linear A and it has not been fully decoded till today. In
the 12th century BC, a new language started to develop, called Linear B, where each
drawing symbol is a consonant-vowel combination. Linear B dates from the Mycenaean
civilization.
• The Greek alphabet is the source for all the modern scripts of Europe. The history of the
Greek alphabets starts with the adoption Phoenician letterforms and continues to the
present day. The Phoenician alphabet was strictly speaking an abjad in other words it
represented only consonants
• There are some important advantages. While syllabaries, logographic, and pictographic
systems can sometimes be confusing to represent spoken language, the Greek alphabet
could accurately convey speech.
• While no Phoenician word begins with a vowel (only with a consonant), many Greek
words have a vowel at the beginning.
• Before the 5th century BCE, the Greek alphabet could be divided into two principal
branches, the Ionic (eastern) and the Chalcidian (western