HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING { 2. By means of range line and an angle from |Hydrographic Surveying titer alan Bice eee |. To determine shore lines of harbors, lakes. : and vers from which to daw an out - | map of the body of water. Re + determine by means of soundings, the ie re of ocean bottoms, -HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING By using the Two Polar Contractor By using Two Tangent Protractors By the Tracing Cloth Method By using the Three Arm Protractor By the use of Plotting Charts (UT TR hea PEA Car Sul |. Vertical-velocity-curve method: Measurements of horizontal velocity are made at 0.5 beneath the surface and at4 DROGRAPHIC SURVEYING Integration Method: The current meter is lowered at a uniform rate down to the bed of the stream and is raised also at the same rate up to the surface. The total ime and the number of revolution during this interval constitute a measurement. This method is based upon the theory that all horizontal velocities in the vertical have acted equally upon the meter wheel thereby giving the average as the mean of all the velocity reading ‘Subsurface Method: In this particular method, the current meter is held at just sufcient depth below the surface usually 150 mm to 200 mm to avoid surface disturbance. The mean horizontal velocity is obtained by multiplying the sub-surface velocity by a Coefficient. This coefficient varies with the depth and velocity of stream, This Coefficient varies from 0.85 to 0.95. ltl — ‘The transitman at A then clamps the lower plate, turns the line of sight to the signal station © and reads the angle @, The transitman at B also follows the float, until the transitman at A gives the "get ready* signal and by means of the upper tangent screw angle B is measured the moment the float passes the section AC. The time that the float. passes the section BD and AC is also recorded. The base line AB is then measured accurately and the position C and D is then plotted. The path ofthe floats either scaled or Computed using trigonometric principles. The distance divided by the time gives the mean velocity of the float. PERU Dee Sei ea en Channels or Stream: 1. Velocity-Area Method: : The velocities at any vertical line is observed by using a current meter based on the five different method of velocity measurement using current meters. The area of a certain section is obtained by sounding, or by stretching a wire across the stream and marking the points where observations were made referred from an initial zero point. The depths at this particular points are also measured. The area of the section could then be computed by dividing the section into triangles and trapezoids. The product of the area and the mean velocity gives us the discharge of flow of a certain section, The sum of all the discharges at all sections gives us the total discharge or flow, 2. Slope Method: The slope method involves a determination of the following: a) Slope of water surface. b) Mean area of channel cross-section “c) Mean hydraulicradius ) Character of stream bed and the proper . selection of roughness coefficientS-198 HYDROGRAPHIC SUBWEYWNG Or errcay AS Cre a 3, Weir Method: ‘A weir method is an obstruction place ina channel, over which water must low. Discharged of a stream using this method involves the necessary information. a) Depth of water flowing over the crest of weir, H. b) Length of crest, L for rectangular om % trapezoidal weir. Angle of side slopes if tiangtiat oc repesoidala i Whether flat or sharp crested. Height of crest above bot “of channel, P. a) Vel of eer ) Natur end contractionsor oes Tiangular Weir 3 ae w cylinde tance Rod float - the ro ono | difference in level of vS-200 HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING 2. Current meters C. Wire drag or Sweep: ). Those.which the revolving element is This method is used in harbor or a bay cup-shaped, or of the anemometer type where corral reefs and pinnacle rocks are and acts under differential pressure. likely to occur. Ms copeins of a he of ny length up to 120 m. which may be set ees cre ete aay desired depth. Depths are . Price meter maintained by means of bouys placed at . Ellis meter the wires and whose length can be j. Haskell meter adjusted. The drag Is pulled through the i. Fleley meter water by means of a power launches, Ot noes steering diverging forces to keep the drag taut, When an obstruction is met, the bouys are shown with the position of two straight lines intersecting at the obstruction. These intersection is located by sextant observations to reference ‘A. Measurement of dredged materials: points on the shore. Soundings are taken — ~ Measurement in place: elas ___ Soundings of fixed section are ). Determination of stream slope: taken both before and after dredging it s # m : To determine surface slope, a gauge _and the change in the cross-sectional is installed on each side of the stream at the end of the section. The zero's of the gauge are connected to permanent bench marcks on the shore. The gauges are read simultenaously every ten to fifteen minutes for six to eight hours. The mean of elevation at that point of the ___ difference in elevation between “the section divided by the slope, tas etn2. Cross-Section Method: © The outline of the water line obtained as in the contour method. The water line is then plotted and divided intc approximate trapezoids and tri-angles. Soundings are taken along the boundary lines between each station and are plotted (on cross section paper. A perpendi distances between sections are obtained by the end area method. summation of these partial volumes gives ¥ ree eee the Capacity of a Lake or Reservoir:S-202 rrent meter notes taken on the rem uore a Pasi Ay measurements aren metersvy, -(027+03) 2° ae V_= 0.295 vy, =(032+020) peecrre Vs = 0.265S-204 ‘stream flow measurement was conducted on 2 a river using @ current meter with th Vs 41.2465 + 0.852 corresponding values of constants “a” ante 2 The following are the ‘observed data tak Gi uring the measurements. Only 0.6 met oy was used in observation. jS-205 ROGRAPHIC SURVEYING v,= 0232 2) 9.022 Q, 55 a 1148 m/s Qe 2329) 0022 @ 1.1782 mis 4 = 0.232) o0z2 53 a q & a Q 1446 mis =(atVi) yatey Vz. (0 + 0.0684) h = seaes af Q=Q)+Q+Q+Q4+Q5 arate Q= 0.10944 + 0.7328 + 1.6408 + 1.6786 ue a +0.2892 Q= 4.4508 mis aL oe V2 = 0.0916 m/s (0.1148 + 0.1782) ® Mean velocity: “3 2 AzAy+ Ay + Ay+ Ag+ As 4 A=32+8+11.2+10444 v= aga A=368 sq.m. yp wl t82# 0.1446) 2 Vp= The areas bounded by the water fine of a reservoir is determined by using a planimeter. The contour interval is 2m. A, = 20,400 sq.m, Az= 18,600 sqm., Ay= 14,300 sqm, .000 sq.m. and folowing: @ End area method. ® Prismoidal formula. @® What is the difference of capacity of the 4 ‘reservoir using End area and by Prismokial Formula. eaeS-206 Solution: © End area method: 2 V4 =5 (20400 + 18600) = 30000 oe (18600 + 14300) = 32900 The NAWASA engineers conducieg hydrographic survey on one ofthe reser ‘grder fo determine its capacity and to ‘out whether this reservolt Is capable of the water needs of the adjacent muni Parallel ranges were established alon reservoir and sounding was taken at distances as shown below. What the capacity of this reservolr by:HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING pop SECTION 4 Solution: © End area method: v2 tale A\=0 y= +000 (+5102 Fs S42 (12) | 8 4a Ag = 20 +50 +66 +55.2+16.8 Ay =208 sq.m. (0+ 208) 20 Baa V, =2080 cum. (Ap + Ag) h Vo Seen 8 (3), (+8) (8) , (8+ 10)(10) Aa cao aboten 2 vit <2 y= 815#314) 00 oa 2 Vj = 9435 cum. vy, -atAdh bmn} (314 + 0) (30) Vea, Vg= 4710 cum. Total volume = Vs + V2 + V+ V4 V=2078 + 10456 + 9435 + 4710 V= 26,679 cum. Prismoidal formula: Note: To solve for Ap. compute the dimensions of Aq using the average values of the sections (1) and (2). ~ FROM 1 &2Am 4-281, 24909 252310 Am=5+125 + 16.5 +138 +42 An = 52541. Vi=g(hitAitA) 20 V=7q 9 +4152 +208] 20 (208 + 208) Vi ia 6 V, = 1386.67 cum.YOROGRAPHIC SURVEYING From (2) to (3). Use average dimensions of sections (2) and (3). 55 [315 +4 (236.25) + 314] V, = 7870 cum. From (4) to (6). Use average sections (4) and (5).