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 
The existence of atoms has been proposed since the time of early Indian and Greek philosophers
(400 B.C.) who were of the view that atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter. According to
them, the continued subdivisions of matter would ultimately yield atoms which would not be further divisible.
The word ‘atom’ has been derived from the Greek word ‘a-tomio’ which means ‘uncutable’ or ‘non-divisible’.
These earlier ideas were mere speculations and there was no way to test them experimentally. These ideas
remained dormant for a very long time and were revived again by scientists in the nineteenth century.
In this unit we start with the experimental observations made by scientists towards the end of nineteenth
and beginning of twentieth century.

 

All the objects around you, this book, your pen or pencil and things of nature such as rocks, water
and plant constitute the matter of the universe. Matter is any substance which occupies space and has
mass.

Dalton, in 1808, proposed that matter was made up of extremely small, indivisible particles called atoms.
(In Greek atom means which cannot be cut). This concept was accepted for many years.

The main postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory are


Matter is made up of small indivisible particles, called atoms.
Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed. This means that a chemical reaction is just a simple
rearrangement of atoms and the same number of atoms must be present before and after the
reaction.
Atom is the smallest particle of an element which takes part in a chemical reaction.
Atoms of the same element are identical in all respects especially, size, shape and mass.
Atoms of different elements have different mass, shape and size.
Atoms of different elements combine in a fixed ratio of small whole numbers to form compound
atoms, called molecules.

Drawbacks:
1. The discovery of isotopes and isobars showed that atom of same element may have different
atomic mass (isotopes) and atom of different kinds may have same atomic masses (isobars).
2. Atoms can be split into more fundamental particles: electrons, protons and neutrons.

 
Dalton’s atomic theory was able to explain the law of conservation of mass, law of constant
composition and law of multiple proportions very successfully. However, it failed to explain the results of
many experiments; for example, it was known that substances like glass or ebonite when rubbed with silk
or fur generate electricity. Many different kinds of sub-atomic particles were discovered in the twentieth
century. However, in this section we will talk about three particles, namely electron, proton and neutron.

 

Michael Faraday showed that chemical changes occur when electricity is passed though an
electrolyte. He stated that electricity is made up of particles called atoms of electricity. G.J Stoney
suggested the name of electron for the atoms of electricity. However, the real credit for the discovery of
electrons goes to J.J. Thomson. In mid 1850s many scientists mainly Faraday began to study electrical
discharge in partially evacuated tubes, known as cathode ray discharge tubes. A cathode ray tube is
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made of glass containing two thin pieces of metal, called electrodes, sealed in it. The electrical discharge
through the gases could be observed only at very low pressures and at very high voltages. The pressure of
different gases could be adjusted by evacuation.
When sufficiently high voltage is applied across the electrodes, current starts flowing as a stream of
particles moving in the tube from the negative electrode (cathode) to the positive electrode (anode). These
were called cathode rays or cathode ray particles. The flow of current from cathode to anode was further
checked by making a hole in the anode and coating the tube behind anode with phosphorescent material
zinc sulphide. When these rays, after passing through anode, strike the zinc sulphide coating, a bright spot
on the coating is developed (same thing happens in a television set)

The results of these experiments are summarised below.

(i) The cathode rays start from cathode and move towards the anode.

(ii) These rays themselves are not visible but their behaviour can be observed with the help of certain
kind of materials (fluorescent or phosphorescent) which glow when hit by them. Television picture
tubes are cathode ray tubes and television pictures result due to fluorescence on the television
screen coated with certain fluorescent or phosphorescent materials.

(iii) In the absence of electrical or magnetic field, these rays travel in straight lines

(iv) In the presence of electric or magnetic field, the behaviour of cathode rays is similar to that
expected from negatively charged particles, suggesting that the cathode rays consist of negatively
charged particles, called electrons.

(v) The characteristics of cathode rays (electrons) do not depend upon the material of electrodes and
the nature of the gas present in the cathode ray tube. Thus, we can conclude that electrons are
basic constituent of all the atoms.

(vi) Cathode rays produce heating effect. When these rays are made to strike on a metal foil, the latter
gets heated.

(vii) Cathode rays produce X-rays when they strike on surface of hard metals such as tungsten, copper
molybdenum etc.

(viii) Cathode rays can pass through thin foils of metals like aluminium. However, these are stopped if
the foil is quite thick.

(ix) Cathode rays ionize the gas through which they pass.

J. J. Thomson (1856–1940):

Sir J.J. Thomson confirmed these findings in 1897. Thomson performed a series of
e
experiments in which he was able to determine the charge/mass ratio of the particles that make up
m

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the cathode ray by measuring the deflection of the rays with varying magnetic and electric fields. Thomson
performed the same experiments using different metals for the cathode and anode as well as different
gases inside the tube.

e
This value is found to be 1.76 1011 coulomb per kg.
m

The e/m ratio for electron was found to be same irrespective of the nature of cathode and nature of
gas taken in discharge tube. This shows that the electrons are universal constituent of all matter.

 

R.A. Millikan (1868-1953) devised a method known as oil drop experiment (1906-14), to determine
the charge on the electrons. Millikan concluded that the magnitude of electrical charge, q, on the droplets is
always an integral multiple of the electrical charge, e,
That is, q = n e, where n = 1, 2, 3............... That means charge is quantised.
–19
He found that the value of e is –1.6 ×10 C. The present accepted value of electrical charge is
–19
– 1.6022 ×10 C.
The mass of the electron (me) was determined by combining these results with Thomson’s value of e/m
ratio.

Calculation of mass of an electron: With the help of the experiments discussed above, it is possible to
calculate the values of e/m ratio and also the charge (e) on the electron. The mass (m) of the electron can
be calculated as follows.

e (1.60 10 19 C ) 28 31
Mass of electron (m) 9.10 10 g 9.10 10 kg .
e/m (1.76 108 Cg 1 )

An electron may be defined as: A fundamental particle present in an atom, which carries one unit
negative charge (1.60 10 19 C ) and negligible mass (9.1 10 28 g ) which is 1/1837 of the mass of an
atom of hydrogen.

 

We know that an atom is electrically neutral, if it contains negatively charged electrons it must also
contain some positively charged particles. This was confirmed by Goldstein in his discharge tube
experiment with perforated cathode. On passing high voltage between the electrodes of a discharge tube it
was found that some rays were coming from the side of the anode which passed through the holes in the
cathode. These anode rays (canal rays) consisted of positively charged particles formed by ionization of
gas molecules by the cathode rays. The charge to mass ratio (e/m value) of positively charge particles was
found to be maximum when the discharge tube was filled with hydrogen gas as hydrogen is the lightest
element. e/m varies with the nature of gas taken in the discharge tube. The positive particles are positive
residues of the gas left when the gas is ionized.

 

The neutral charge particle, neutron was discovered by James Chadwick by bombarding boron or
beryllium with –particles.
9 4
4 Be 2 6 C12 0 n1

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Characteristics of the three fundamental particles are:

Electron Proton Neutron

Approximate relative mass 1/1836 1 1

Approximate relative charge –1 +1 No charge

Mass in kg 9.109 10–31 1.673 10–27 1.675 10–27

The electron and proton have equal, but opposite, electric charges while the neutron is uncharged.

 
We know the fundamental particles of the atom. Now let us see, how these particles are arranged in
an atom to suggest a model of the atom.



J.J. Thomson, in 1904, proposed that there was an equal and opposite positive charge enveloping
the electrons in a matrix. This model is called the plum – pudding model after a type of Victorian dessert in
which bits of plums were surrounded by matrix of pudding.

electron
Positive sphere

This model could not satisfactorily explain the results of scattering experiment carried out by Rutherford
who worked with Thomson.

 

– Particles emitted by radioactive substance were shown to be dipositive Helium ions (He ++)
having a mass of 4 units and 2 units of positive charge.

Rutherford allowed a narrow beam of –particles to fall on a very thin gold foil of thickness of the order of
0.0004 cm and determined the subsequent path of these particles with the help of a zinc sulphide
fluorescent screen. The zinc sulphide screen gives off a visible flash of light when struck by an particle,
as ZnS has the remarkable property of converting kinetic energy of particle into visible light.

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

i) Majority of the –particles pass straight through the gold strip with little or no deflection.

ii) Some –particles are deflected from their path and diverge.

iii) Very few –particles are deflected backwards through angles greater than 90 .

iv) Some were even scattered in the opposite direction at an angle of 180 [ Rutherford was very
much surprised by it and remarked that “It was as incredible as if you fired a 15–inch shell at a
piece of tissue paper and it came back and hit you”]. There is far less difference between air and
bullet than there is between gold atoms and -particles assuming of course that density of a gold
atom is evenly distributed.



1. The fact that most of the - particles passed straight through the metal foil indicates the most part
of the atom is empty.
2. The fact that few - particles are deflected at large angles indicates the presence of a heavy
positively charge body , for such large deflections to occur - particles must have come closer to or
collided with a massive positively charged body.
3. The fact that one in 20,000 have deflected at 180° backwards indicates that volume occupied by
this heavy positively charged body is very small in comparison to total volume of the atom.

 

On the basis of the above observation, and having realized that the rebounding -particles had met
something even more massive than themselves inside the gold atom, Rutherford proposed an
atomic model as follows.
i) All the protons (+ve charge) and the neutrons (neutral charge) i.e nearly the total mass of an atom
is present in a very small region at the centre of the atom. The atom’s central core is called nucleus.
ii) The size of the nucleus is very small in comparison to the size of the atom. Diameter of the nucleus
is about 10–13cm while the atom has a diameter of the order of 10–8 cm. So, the size of atom is 105
times more than that of nucleus.
iii) Most of the space outside the nucleus is empty.
iv) The electrons, equal in number to the net nuclear positive charge, revolve around the nucleus with
fast speed in various circular orbits.
v) The centrifugal force arising due to the fast speed of an electron balances the coulombic force of
attraction of the nucleus and the electron remains stable in its path. Thus according to him atom
consists of two parts (A) nucleus and (B) extra nuclear part.

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1. Position of electrons: The exact positions of the electrons from the nucleus are not mentioned.
2. Stability of the atom: Neils Bohr pointed out that Rutherford’s atom
should be highly unstable. According to the law of electro–dynamics,
any charged particle under acceleration should continuously lose
energy. The electron should therefore, continuously emit radiation
and lose energy. As a result of this a moving electron will come
closer and closer to the nucleus and after passing through a spiral
path, it should ultimately fall into the nucleus.

It was calculated that the electron should fall into the nucleus in less than 10 –8 sec. But it is known
that electrons keep moving outside the nucleus. To solve this problem Neils Bohr proposed an improved
form of Rutherford’s atomic model. Before going into the details of Neils Bohr model we would like to
introduce you some important atomic terms.

 
(a) Atomic Number (Z): The atomic number of an element is the number of protons contained in the
nucleus of the atom of that element.

(b) Nucleons: Protons and neutrons are present in a nucleus. So, these fundamental particles are
collectively known as nucleons.

(c) Mass Number (A): The total number of protons and neutrons i.e, the number of nucleons present
in the nucleus is called the mass number of the element.

(d) Nuclide: Various species of atoms in general. A nuclide has specific value of atomic number and
mass number.

(e) Isotopes: Atoms of the element with same atomic number but different mass number e.g. 1H1, 1H2,
3
1H . There are three isotopes of hydrogen.

32 32
(f) Isobars: Atoms having the same mass number but different atomic numbers, e.g. 15P and 16S
are called isobars.

(g) Isotones: Atoms having the same number of neutrons but different number of protons or mass
number, e.g. 6C14, 8O16, 7N15 are called isotones.

(h) Isoelectronic: Atoms, molecules or ions having same number of electrons are isoelectronic e.g.
N2,CO, CN–.

(i) Isosters : Molecules having same number of atoms and also same number of electrons are called
isosters.
e.g., (i) N2 and CO ii) CO2 and N2O iii) HCl and F2
1
(j) Atomic mass unit: Exactly equal to of the mass of 6C12 atom
12
1 amu = 1.66 10–27 kg, If it is converted to energy then E= 931.5 MeV

(k) Isodiapheres: Atoms having same difference between neutrons & protons are called isodiapheres.
They have same value of N - Z or A - 2Z
238 234
Example: i) 92 U & 90Th ii) 13 H & 7
3 Li

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A wave is a sort of disturbance which originates from some vibrating source and travels outward as
a continuous sequence of alternating crests and troughs. Every wave has five important characteristics,
namely, wavelength ( ), frequency ( ), velocity (C), wave number and amplitude (A).

Crest Crest

Trough Trough A sinusoidal wave

Ordinary light rays, X–rays, –rays, etc. are called electromagnetic radiations because similar waves can
be produced by moving a charged body in a magnetic field or a magnet in an electric field. These
radiations have wave characteristics and do not require any medium for their propagation.

i) Wave length ( ): The distance between two neighbouring troughs or crests is known as
wavelength. It is denoted by and is expressed in cm, m, nanometers (1nm=10–9m) or Angstrom
(1Å=10–10m); 1 micron ( ) 10 6 m, 1 milli micron ( m ) 10 9 m 1 pm 10 12 m.

ii) Frequency ( ): The frequency of a wave is the number of times a wave passes through a given
point in a medium in one second. It is denoted by (nu) and is expressed in cycles per second (cps)
or hertz (Hz) 1Hz = 1cps.

1 c
The frequency of a wave is inversely proportional to its wave length ( ) or =

iii) Velocity: The distance travelled by the wave in one second is called its velocity. It is denoted by c
c
and is expressed in cm sec–1. c= or =

iv) Wave number : It is defined as number of wavelengths per cm. It is denoted by and is
1
expressed in cm–1. = (or) =
c

v) Amplitude: It is the height of the crest or depth of the trough of a wave and is denoted by a. It
determines the intensity or brightness of the beam of light & is also expressed in the unit of length

Ex.1 A source of sound velocity 330 m s produces waves in the frequency range 500 Hz to
6600 Hz . Find the wavelength range of sound produced
Ans: V . 330 m s
V 330 V 330
max 0.66 m min 0.05m
min 500 max 6600

Ex.2 Find the distance traveled by a wave of frequency 20 KHz in 2 minutes if its wavelength is 1.5 cm
Ans: V . 1.5 10 2 m 20 10 3 Hz 300 m s distance v t 300 120 s 36 km

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When a black body is heated, it emits thermal radiations of different wavelengths or frequency. To
explain these radiations, Max Planck put forward a theory known as Planck’s quantum theory. The main
points of quantum theory are

i) Substances radiate or absorb energy discontinuously in the form of small packets or bundles of
energy.

ii) The smallest packet of energy is called quantum. In case of light the quantum is known as photon.

iii) The energy of a quantum is directly proportional to the frequency of the radiation .E (or) E = h
were is the frequency of radiation and h is Planck’s constant having the value 6.626 10–27

erg – sec or 6.626 10–34 J–sec.


iv) A body can radiate or absorb energy in whole number multiples of a quantum. Hence it can be h ,
2h ,3h ………..nh . where n is a positive integer.

nhc
v) Energy of photons can also be represented by Joules . Where,

n : number of photons
34
h : 6.626 10 J s.

C 3 108 m s

: Wavelength in 'm ' .

In eV units,

12400 19
E photon eV where, 1eV 1.6 10 Joules
in A

 
Wave theory was given by C. Huygens. In 1856, James Clark Maxwell stated that light, X-rays,
-rays and heat etc. emit energy continuously in the form of radiations or waves and the energy is called
radiant energy. These waves are associated with electric and magnetic fields and are, therefore, known
as electromagnetic waves (or radiations). A few important characteristics of these waves are listed:

(i) They emit energy continuously in the form of radiations or waves.

(ii) The radiations consist of electric and magnetic fields which oscillate perpendicular to each other
and also perpendicular to the direction in which the radiations propagate.

(iii) All the electromagnetic waves travel with the velocity of light (3.0 108 ms 1 ) .

(iv) These rays do not require any medium for propagation.

(v) They are not affected by electric or magnetic fields.

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Electromagnetic radiations Wave length (Å)


Radio waves 3 1014 to 3 107
Micro waves 3 109 to 3 106
Infrared (IR) 6 106 to 7600
Visible 7600 to 3800
Ultra violet (UV) 3800 to 150
X–rays 150 to 0.1
Gamma rays 0.1 to 0.01
Cosmic rays 0.01 to zero

The complete range of the electromagnetic waves is known as electromagnetic spectrum. It may be
defined as: The arrangement of different electromagnetic radiations in order of increasing wavelength or
decreasing frequency.

Ex.3 Find the energy range of photons belonging to the visible region Given:

violet 4000 A and Re d 8000 A


Sol: Maximum energy (minimum )
12400
Emax eV 3.1 eV
4000
12400
Minimum energy (maximum ) Emin 1.55eV
8000eV
Ex.4 Two waves differ in frequency by 1015 Hz . If one wave has 2000 A . Find possible values of
other wave.
c
Sol: Given, 1 2000 A 1 1.5 1015

Possible 2 values 0.5 1015 , 2.5 1015 Hz


2 values are:

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C C
(i) 15
6000 A (ii) 1200 A
0.5 10 2.5 1015
Ex.5 Find the number of photons required to raise the temperature of 5 g of water from 20 C to 22 C ,

given that water has a specific heat capacity of 4.2 J g C and that 5000 A . It is also given that
photon energy is 80% utilized to heat the water

Ans: Heat required m.s. T


5 g 4.2 J g C 2 C 42 J
80
i.e 42 J E photon ,total
100
hc 80
ie n 42
100
10
42 100 5000 10
n
34
80 6.626 10 3 108

1.32 10 20 photons

 
Bohr developed a model for hydrogen atom and hydrogen like one–electron species (hydrogenic
species). He applied quantum theory in considering the energy of an electron bound to the nucleus.

Important postulates

An atom consists of a dense stationary nucleus situated at the centre with the electron revolving
around it in circular orbits without emitting any energy. The force of attraction between the nucleus
and an electron is equal to the centrifugal force on the moving electron.

Out of many circular orbits around the nucleus, an electron can revolve only in those orbits whose
angular momentum (mvr) is an integral multiple of factor h 2
nh
mvr = ; where, m = mass of the electron
2
v = velocity of the electron ; n = orbit number in which electron is present ; r = radius of the orbit

As long as an electron is revolving in such an orbit it neither loses nor gains energy. Hence these
orbits are called stationary states. Each stationary state is associated with a definite amount of
energy and it is also known as energy levels. The greater the distance of the energy level from the
nucleus, the more is the energy associated with it. The different energy levels are numbered as
1,2,3,4, (from nucleus onwards) or K,L,M,N etc.

Ordinarily an electron continues to move in a particular least possible energy stationary state
without losing energy. Such a stable state of the atom is called as ground state or normal state.

If energy is supplied to an electron, it may jump (excite) instantaneously from lower energy (say 1)
to higher energy level (say 2,3,4, etc.) by absorbing one photon. This new state of electron is called
as excited state. The quantum of energy absorbed is equal to the difference in energies of the two
concerned levels.

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Since the excited state is less stable, atom will lose its energy and come back to the ground state.

Energy absorbed or released in an electron jump, ( E) is given by E = E2 – E1 = h

Where E 2 and E1 are the energies of the electron in the first and second energy levels, and is the
frequency of radiation absorbed or emitted.

[Note: If the energy supplied to hydrogen atom is less than 13.6 eV, it will accept or absorb only
those quanta which can take it to a certain higher energy level i.e., all those photons having energy
different from what is required for a particular transition will not be absorbed by hydrogen atom. But
if energy supplied to hydrogen atom is more than 13.6 eV then all photons are absorbed and
excess energy appears as kinetic energy of emitted photo electron].

Radius and Energy levels of hydrogen atom

Consider an electron of mass ‘m’ and charge ‘e’ revolving around a nucleus of charge Ze (where,
Z = atomic number and e is the charge of the proton) with a tangential velocity v. r is the radius of
the orbit in which electron is revolving.

By Coulomb’s Law, the electrostatic force of attraction between the moving electron and nucleus is
KZe 2
Coulombic force =
r2
1
K= (where o is permittivity of free space) ; K = 9 109 Nm2 C–2
4 o

In C.G.S. units, value of K = 1 dyne cm2 (esu)–2


mv 2
The centrifugal force acting on the electron is
r
Since the electrostatic force balance the centrifugal force, for the stable electron orbit.
mv 2 KZe 2 KZe 2
= … (1) (or) v2 = … (2)
r r2 mr
According to Bohr’s postulate of angular momentum quantization, we have
nh nh n2h2
mvr = ; v= ; v2 = 2
… (3)
2 2 mr 4 m2r 2
KZe 2 n2h2
Equating (2) and (3) 2
mr 4 m2r 2
n2h 2
solving for r we get r = , where n = 1,2,3 - - - - -
4 2 mKZe 2

Hence only certain orbits whose radii are given by the above equation are available for the electron.
The greater the value of n, i.e., farther the energy level from the nucleus, the greater is the radius.

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The radius of the smallest orbit (n=1) for hydrogen atom (Z=1) is ro.

34 2
n2h2 12 6.626 10
ro = = = 5.29 10–11 m = 0.529 Å
4 2
me 2 K 2 31 19 2 9
4 3.14 9 10 1.6 10 9 10

Radius of nth orbit for an atom with atomic number Z is simply written as

n2
rn = 0.529 Å
Z

Calculation of velocity :
nh nh
We know that ; mvr = ;v =
2 2 mr
2 KZe 2
By substituting for r we are getting ; v=
nh
Z
Where excepting n and z all are constants ; v = 2.18 108 cm/sec.
n

Calculation of energy of an electron:


The total energy, E of the electron is the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy.
Kinetic energy of the electron = ½ mv2
KZe 2
Potential energy =
r
KZe 2
Total energy = ½ mv2 – … (4)
r
mv 2 KZe2 KZe 2
From equation (1) we know that = ; ½ mv2 =
r r2 2r
Substituting this in equation (4)
KZe2 KZe2 KZe2
Total energy (E) = – =
2r r 2r
2
2 mZ 2e4K 2
Substituting for r, gives us E = where n = 1,2,3……….
n2h2

This expression shows that only certain energies are allowed to the electron. Since this energy
expression consist of so many fundamental constant, we are giving you the following simplified
expressions.
Z2 Z2 Z2
E = –21.8 10–12 erg per atom = –21.8 10–19 J per atom = –13.6 eV per atom
n2 n2 n2

(1eV = 3.83 10–23 kcal, 1eV = 1.602 10–12 erg, 1eV = 1.602 10–19J)
Z2
E = –313.6 kcal / mole (1 cal = 4.18 J)
n2

The energies are negative since the energy of the electron in the atom is less than the energy of a
free electron (i.e., the electron is at infinite distance from the nucleus) which is taken as zero. The
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lowest energy level of the atom corresponds to n=1, and as the quantum number increases, E
becomes less negative.

When n = , E = 0, which corresponds to an ionized atom i.e., the electron and nucleus are
infinitely separated.

H H++ e– (ionisation).

Ex.6 Find the distance between 2nd and 4th orbit in He


n2
Ans: Required answer r4, He r2, He . Now, radius 0.529 A
Z
0.529 2 2
Distance 4 2 A 3.174 A
2

Ex.7 Find the time taken for half a revolution by electron in 3rd orbit of Li 2
distance circumference
time = 12
speed velocity
1 2 r3 , Li 2
2 V3 , Li 2
0.529 32
r3 , Li 2 1.587 A
3
Z
V3 , Li 2 2.18 106 2.18 106 m s
n

1.587 A 16
Time 6
2.287 10 s
2.18 10 m s

Ex.8 Find the wavelength of photon absorbed upon transition of an electron from 4th orbit to 6th orbit in
He
Ans: E photon E6, He E4,He
Z2
But, En,Z 13.6 eV
n2
1 1
E photon 13.6 4 2
1.89 eV
4 62
12400
A 6560 A
1.89

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Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom was no doubt an improvement over Rutherford’s nuclear
model, as it could account for the stability and line spectra of hydrogen atom and hydrogen like ions (for
+ 2+ 3+
example, He , Li , Be and so on).

Merits of Bohr’s theory

i) The experimental value of radii and energies in hydrogen atom are in good agreement with that
calculated on the basis of Bohr’s theory.
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ii) Bohr’s concept of stationary state of electron explains the emission and absorption spectra of
hydrogen like atoms.
iii) The experimental values of the spectral lines of the hydrogen spectrum are in close agreement with
that calculated by Bohr’s theory.

Limitations of Bohr’s theory

i) It does not explain the spectra of atoms having more than one electron.

ii) Bohr’s atomic model failed to account for the effect of magnetic field (Zeeman Effect) or electric
field (Stark effect) on the spectra of atoms or ions. It was observed that when the source of a
spectrum is placed in a strong magnetic or electric field, each spectral line further splits into a
number of lines. This observation could not be explained on the basis of Bohr’s model.

iii) De Broglie suggested that electrons like light have dual character. It has particle and wave
character. Bohr treated the electron only as particle.

iv) Another objection to Bohr’s theory came from Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle. According to
this principle “It is impossible to determine simultaneously the exact position and momentum
of a small moving particle like an electron”. The postulate of Bohr, that electrons revolve in well
defined orbits around the nucleus with well defined velocities is thus not tenable.

 
When light coming from a source is dispersed by a prism, light of different wavelength are deviated
through different angles and get separated. This phenomenon is called dispersion and such a dispersed
light may be received on a photo graphic plate or it may be viewed directly by eye. A collection of dispersed
light giving its wave length composition is called a spectrum.

Energy
Red VIBGYOR
Angle of dispersion Frequency
1 Violet
Wavelength

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(I) Emission Spectra:


The spectrum of radiation emitted by a substance that has absorbed energy is called an emission
spectrum. Atoms, molecules or ions that have absorbed radiation are said to be “excited”. To
produce an emission spectrum, energy is supplied to a sample by heating it or irradiating it and the
wavelength (or frequency) of the radiation emitted, as the sample gives up the absorbed energy, is
recorded. If the atom gains energy the electron passes from a lower energy level to a higher energy
level, (energy is absorbed). That means a specific wave length is absorbed. Consequently, a dark
line will appear in the spectrum. This dark line constitutes the absorption spectrum.

If the atom loses energy, the electron passes from higher to a lower energy level, energy is
released and a spectral line of specific wavelength is emitted. This line constitutes the emission
spectrum. There are two types of emission spectrum.

(i) Continuous Spectrum: When white light is dispersed a bright spectrum continuously distributed
on the dark back ground is obtained. The colours are continuous during change and there are no

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sharp boundaries in between various colours. Colours appear to be merging into each other. Such
a spectrum is known as a continuous spectrum.

VIBGYOR
Red
orange

Indigo
Violet

(ii) Discontinuous Spectrum:

(a) Line Spectrum (For atoms) : When an electron in excited state makes a transition to lower energy
states, light of certain fixed wave lengths are emitted. When such a light is dispersed we get sharp
bright lines in dark back ground, such a spectrum is line emission spectrum:

+ Energy (Heat)

Electron in Electron in excited state


ground state

Transition

+
Photon of
Specturm wavelength

(b) Band Spectrum (In molecules):

Band

(II) Absorption spectrum:


When white light (composed of all visible photon frequencies) is passed through atomic hydrogen
gas, certain wave lengths are absent. The resulting spectrum consists of bright background with
some dark lines. The pattern of the dark lines is called an absorption spectrum.

Gas

Transmitted
absorbed wave length
wave length

The missing wavelengths are same as the ones observed in the corresponding emission
spectrum.

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 
We have seen earlier that when electromagnetic radiation interacts with matter, atoms and
molecules may absorb energy and reach to a higher energy state. With higher energy, these are in an
unstable state. For returning to their normal state (more stable, lower energy states), the atoms and
molecules emit radiations in various regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. These lines constitute the
atomic spectrum of the elements. The atomic spectrum of the elements is a “characteristic property” of the
elements and is often termed as “finger prints” of the elements.

 
If an electric discharge is passed through hydrogen gas taken in a discharge tube under low
pressure, and the emitted radiation is analysed with the help of spectrograph, it is found to consist of a
series of sharp lines in the UV, visible and IR regions. This series of lines is known as line or atomic
spectrum of hydrogen. The lines in the visible region can be directly seen on the photographic film.
Each line of the spectrum corresponds to a light of definite wavelength. The entire spectrum consists of six
series of lines, each series known after their discoverer as Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Brackett, Pfund and
Humphrey series. The wavelength of all these series can be expressed by a single formula which is
attributed to Rydberg.

1 1 1
=R Where, = wave number ; = wave length
n12 n22

R = Rydberg constant (109678 cm–1) = 10967820 m 1


n1 and n2 have integral values as follows

Series n1 n2 Main spectral lines

Lyman 1 2,3,4, etc Ultra – violet

Balmer 2 3,4,5 etc Visible

Paschen 3 4,5,6 etc Infra – red

Brackett 4 5,6,7 etc Infra – red

Pfund 5 6,7,8, etc Infra – red


[Note: All lines in the visible region are of Balmer series but reverse is not true. i.e., all Balmer lines will not
fall in visible region]

n=

n=6 Humphery
n=5 (Infrared)
Pfund
n=4 (Infrared)
Bracket
(Infrared)
n=3
Paschen
(Infrared)
n=2
Balmer
(visible)
n=1
Lyman(ultraviolet region)

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n 2 n1
n n 1
Total possible transitions for jump from n 2 to n1 i , where n n 2 n 1 . This
1 2
also gives us the number of spectral lines observed under the given circumstances

As discussed earlier, the above pattern of lines in atomic spectrum is characteristic of hydrogen.

Explanation for hydrogen spectrum by Bohr’s theory


According to the Bohr’s theory electron neither emits nor absorbs energy as long as it stays in a
particular orbit. However, when an atom is subjected to electric discharge or high temperature, and
electron in the atom may jump from the normal energy level, i.e., ground state to some higher energy
level i.e. excited state. Since the life time of the electron in excited state is short, it returns to the ground
state in one or more jumps.

During each jump, energy is emitted in the form of a photon of light of definite wavelength or frequency.
The frequency of the photon of light thus emitted depends upon the energy difference of the two energy
levels concerned (n1, n2) and is given by
2
2 mZ 2 e 4 K 2 1 1 2 2
mZ 2 e 4 K 2 1 1
h = En En1 = 2
; =
n 22 n12 3
n12 n 22
2
h h

The frequencies of the spectral lines calculated with the help of above equation are found to be in good
agreement with the experimental values. Thus, Bohr’s theory elegantly explains the line spectrum of
hydrogen and hydrogenic species.

Bohr had calculated Rydberg constant from the above equation.

c 2 2mZ 2e4K 2 1 1 1 2 2mZ 2e 4K 2 1 1


= = ;
h3 n12 n 22 h3c n12 n 22

2 2me 4K 2
Where = 1.0967 107m–1 or 109678 cm–1 i.e., Rydberg constant (R)
h3c

Further application of Bohr’s work was made, to other one electron species (Hydrogenic ion) such as He+
and Li2+. In each case of this kind, Bohr’s prediction of the spectrum was correct.
Now after obtaining the explanation of Rydberg‛s equation from Bohr‛s theory, can you
derive what could be the equation for other uni-electronic species? What would be the
value of Rydberg‛s constant for He+1 , Li+2 ?

Ex.9 Find out the longest wavelength of absorption line for hydrogen gas containing atoms in
ground state.

1 1 1
Solution: RZ 2
n12 n 22
for longest wavelength E should be smallest i.e. transition occurs from
n = 1 to n = 2

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n=7
n=6

n=5

n=4

n=3

n=2

n=1

1 1 1
i.e. = 109678 cm–1 12
1 22
1 3
= 109678 cm–1
4
4
= = 1.2157 10–5 cm = 121.6 nm
3 109678cm 1

Ex.10: The series limit for the Paschen series of hydrogen spectrum occurs at 8205.8Å. Calculate.
(A) Ionization energy of hydrogen atom
(B) Wave length of the photon that would remove the electron in the ground state of the
hydrogen atom.
34
6.626 10 3 10 8
Solution: (A) Energy corresponding to 8205.8 A o = 10
8205.8 10
1240 1 1
= 2.422 × 10-19 J = =1.512 eV ; E E1, H Z2
820.58 n12 n22

1 1 E 1H
1.512 eV = E 1,H × (1)2 × ; 1.512 eV =
32 2
9
E 1, H = 13.608 eV
Ionisation energy of hydrogen atom = 13.6 eV
34
hc 6.626 10 3 10 8 1240
(B) 19
= in nm = 91.6 nm
E 13.6 1.602 10 13.6

Ex.11 Calculate frequency of the spectral line when an electron from 5th Bohr orbit jumps to
the second Bohr orbit in a hydrogen atom
1 1 1 1 1
Solution: =R = 109673 = 2.304 106 m–1
n 12 n 22 22 52
C
= = 2.304 106 m–1 2.998 108 m/s = 6.906 1014 Hz

Ex.12: Calculate the energy of an electron in 3rd Bohr orbit.

13.6 13.6
Solution: En = eV = = – 1.51 eV = – 2.42 10–19 J
n2 32

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Ex.13: Calculate the energy in kJ per mole of electronic charge accelerated by a potential of
1 volt.

Solution: Energy in joules = charge in coulombs potential difference in volt

= 1.6 10–19 6.02 1023 1 ; = 9.632 104 J or 96.32 kJ

Ex.14: What is highest frequency photon that can be emitted from hydrogen atom? What is
wavelength of this photon?

Solution: Highest frequency photon is emitted when electron comes from infinity to 1st energy level.
13.6Z 2
E= = – 13.6eV
12
or 13.6 1.6 10–19 Joule = 2.176 10–18 Joule
E 2.176 10 18 J C
E=h = = = 0.328 1016 Hz ; =
h 6.626 10 34 Js
3 10 8
= = 9.146 10–8 m
0.328 10 16
Ex.15: Calculate the longest wavelength transition in the Paschen series of He+.
1 1
Solution: RH Z2 ; For He; Z = 2; For Paschen series n1 = 3
n12 n 22
For longest wavelength n2 = 4
1 2 1 1 1 1 7
109678 2 2 2
= 109678×4× = 109678 × 4 ×
3 4 9 16 144
= 4689 Ao
Ex.16: Calculate the ratio of the wavelength of first and the ultimate line of Balmer series of
Li2+?

1 1 5 9R 5R
Solution: wave number of first line of Balmer, 1 = RZ 2 2 2
2 3 36 4
4
wave length of first line of Balmer =
5R
1 1 9R
wave number of ultimate line of Balmer, 2= RZ 2 =
22 4
4 9
wave length of ultimate line of Balmer = Ratio =
9R 5

 
Sir J.J. Thomson observed that when a light of certain frequency strikes the surface of a metal,
electrons are ejected from the metal. This phenomenon is known as photoelectric effect and the ejected
electrons are called photoelectrons. A few metals, which are having low ionisation energy like Cesium,
show this effect under the action of visible light but many more show it under the action of more energetic
ultraviolet light.

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11. Particle-Wave duality of Matter and Radiation
Particle-Wave duality of Matter and Radiation
In case of light some phenomenon like diffraction and interference can be explained on the basis of its
wave character. However, the certain other phenomenon such as black body radiation and photoelectric effect
can be explained only on the basis of its particle nature. Thus, light is said to have a dual character. Such
studies on light were made by Einstein in 1905.

Louis de Broglie, in 1924 extended the idea of photons to material particles such as electrons and he proposed
that matter also has a dual character-as wave and as particle.
Where R(r), Radial Wave function is dependent only on distance from the nucleus and A( , ),
Angular Wave function depends only on the two angles.

Significance of The wave function may be regarded as the amplitude function expressed in
terms of coordinates x, y and z. The wave function may have positive or negative values depending
upon the value of coordinates. The main aim of Schrödinger equation is to give solution for
probability approach. When the equation is solved, it is observed that for some regions of space the
value of is negative. But the probability must be always positive and cannot be negative, it is
thus, proper to use 2 instead of .
2 2
Significance of : gives us probability density. It describes the probability of finding an electron within
a small space. The space in which there is maximum probability of finding an
electron is termed as orbital. The important point of the solution of the wave equation
is that it provides a set of numbers called quantum numbers which describe energies
of the electron in atoms, information about the shapes and orientations of the most
probable distribution of electrons around nucleus.

An atom contains large number of shells and subshells. These are distinguished from one
another on the basis of their size, shape and orientation (direction) in space. The parameters are
expressed in terms of different numbers called quantum numbers.

Quantum numbers may be defined as a set of four numbers with the help of which we can get
complete information about all the electrons in an atom. It tells us the address of the electron i.e.,
location, energy, the type of orbital occupied and orientation of that orbital.

i) Principal quantum number (n): It tells the main shell in which the electron resides and the
approximate distance of the electron from the nucleus. This value determines to a large extent
energy of the orbital. It also tells the maximum number of electrons a shell can accommodate is
2n2, where n is the principal quantum number.
Shell K L M N
Principal quantum number (n) 1 2 3 4
Maximum number of electrons 2 8 18 32
Permissible values of n: all positive integers.

ii) Azimuthal or angular momentum quantum number ( ): This represents the number of subshells
present in the main shell. These subsidiary orbits within a shell will be denoted as s,p,d,f… This tells
the shape of the sub shells. The orbital angular momentum of the electron is given as:
h
1 h (or) 1 for a particular value of ' ' where .
2 2

For a given value of n, possible values of vary from 0 to n – 1. This means that there
th
are 'n ' possible shapes in the n shell.

iii) The magnetic quantum number (m): An electron due to its angular motion around the nucleus
generates an electric field. This electric field is expected to produce a magnetic field. Under the
influence of external magnetic field, the electrons of a subshell can orient themselves in certain
preferred regions of space around the nucleus called orbitals. The magnetic quantum number
determines the number of preferred orientations of the electron present in a subshell. The values
allowed depends on the value of , the angular momentum quantum number, m can, assume all

COLLEGES: ANDHERI / BORIVALI / CHEMBUR / DADAR / KALYAN / KHARGHAR / NERUL / POWAI / THANE 27
integral values between – to + including zero. Thus m can be –1, 0, +1 for = 1. Total values
of m associated with a particular value of are given by 2 + 1.
iv) The spin quantum number (s): Just like earth not only revolves around the sun but also spins
about its own axis, an electron in an atom not only revolves around the nucleus but also spins about
its own axis. Since an electron can spin either in clockwise direction or in anticlockwise direction,
therefore, for any particular value of magnetic quantum number, spin quantum number can have
two values, i.e., +1/2 and –1/2 or these are represented by two arrows pointing in the opposite
directions, i.e., and . When an electron goes to a vacant orbital, it can have a clockwise or
anticlockwise spin. This quantum number helps to explain the magnetic properties of the
substances.
h
Spin angular momentum s s(s 1) where s = ½.
2
Another term, defined as multiplicity is given as 2|S|+1 where |S| is total spin

= no. of unpaired electrons × 1/2.

Can you derive the following expressions?

1. no. of orbital = n2 or (2 1) for ‘n’ ' ' respectively

2. no. of e- = 2n2 or 2(2 1) for ‘n’ ' ' respectively

Nodes : The region where the probability of finding an electron is zero or the probability density function
reduces to zero is called a nodal surface or simply nodes. Nodes are classified as radial nodes
and angular nodes. In general, an orbital with principal quantum number = n and azimuthal
quantum number = l, has
2
Total nodes = n – 1 ; Radial nodes = n – – 1 ;Angular nodes = ; At Nodes, =0, =0

An orbital is the region of space around the nucleus within which the probability of finding an
electron of given energy is maximum (B > 90%). The shape of this region (electron cloud) gives the
shape of the orbital. It is basically determined by the azimuthal quantum number , while the
orientation of orbital depends on the magnetic quantum number (m). Let us now see the shapes of
orbitals in the various subshells.

s–orbitals: These orbitals are spherical and


symmetrical about the nucleus. The
probability of finding the electron is
maximum near the nucleus and keeps
on decreasing as the distance from the
nucleus increases. There is vacant
space between two successive
s–orbitals known as radial node. But
there is no radial node for 1s orbital
since it is starting from the nucleus.

The size of the orbital depends upon the value of principal quantum number (n). Greater the value
of n, larger is the size of the orbital. Therefore, 2s– orbital is larger than 1s orbital but both of them
are non-directional and spherically symmetrical in shape.

COLLEGES: ANDHERI / BORIVALI / CHEMBUR / DADAR / KALYAN / KHARGHAR / NERUL / POWAI / THANE 28
p–orbitals ( =1): The probability of finding the p–electron is
Y
maximum in two lobes on the opposite sides of the
nucleus. This gives rise to a dumb–bell shape for the p–
orbital. For p–orbital = 1. Hence, m = –1, 0, +1. Thus,
p–orbital have three different orientations. These are X py pz
designated as px , py & pz depending upon whether the px
Z
density of electron is maximum along the y and z axis
respectively. As they are not spherically symmetrical,
they have directional character. The two lobes of p–orbitals are separated by a nodal plane, where
the probability of finding electron is zero.

The three p-orbitals belonging to a particular energy shell have equal energies and are called
degenerate orbitals.

d–orbitals ( =2): For d–orbitals, =2. Hence m= – 2,–1,0,+1,+2. Thus there are 5 d orbitals. They
have relatively complex geometry. Out of the five orbitals, the three (d , dyz,dzx) project in between
the axis and the other two dz 2 and d 2 y 2 lie along the axis.

Z X

Y
d z2 d x2 2
y

Do u g h – n ut sh a p e o r Ba b y C lo ve r le a f sh a p e
so othe r sha p e

X X Y

Y Z Z

dxz dyz
dxy

It is found that wave functions ( ) can be expressed as the product of two functions, one of which
the radial part R(r) depends only on the distance from the nucleus, the other being the angular part
f( , ) depends only on the angles & . (r, , ) R(r) f( , )

Radial wave function angular wave function

Hence, Probability distribution curves which give the variation of probability of finding the electron
can also be classified into two types (i) one which give the variation of probability of finding the
electron with radial distance (r), termed as radial probability distribution curves, and (ii) and
one which give the variation of probability of finding the electron with angle keeping the radial
distance same & ). Let us understand each of them separately.

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Can you guess where will be the two angular nodes for dz2 located ?

no. of radial nodes = n - - 1


no. of angular nodes =
total no. of nodes = n - - 1 +
= (n – 1)
No. of peaks in r2 vs r curve is (n - )

 
The electron configuration of an atom is the particular distribution of electrons among available
shells. It is described by a notation that lists the subshell symbols, one after another. Each symbol has a
superscript on the right giving the number of electrons in that subshell. For example, a configuration of the
lithium atom (atomic number 3) with two electrons in the 1s subshell and one electron in the 2s subshell is
written 1s22s 1. The notation for electron configuration gives the number of electrons in each subshell.



The atom is built up by filling electrons in various orbitals according to the following rules.

Aufbau Principle: This principle states that the electrons are added one by one to the various orbitals in
order of their increasing energy starting with the orbital of lowest energy. The increasing order of
energy of various orbital is

1s,2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p,5s,4d,5p,6s,4f,5d,6p,5f,6d,7p……………………

How to remember such a big sequence? To make it simple we are giving you the method to write
the increasing order of the orbitals. Starting from the top, the direction of the arrows gives the order of
filling of orbitals.

1s

2s 2p

3s 3p 3d

4s 4p 4d 4f

5s 5p 5d

6s 6p

7s

Alternatively, the order of increasing energies of the various orbitals can be calculated on the basis
of (n+) rule.

The energy of an orbital depends upon the sum of values of the principal quantum number (n) and
the azimuthal quantum number (). This is called (n+) rule. According to this rule,

COLLEGES: ANDHERI / BORIVALI / CHEMBUR / DADAR / KALYAN / KHARGHAR / NERUL / POWAI / THANE 34
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“In neutral isolated atom, the lower the value of (n+ ) for an orbital, lower is its energy.
However, if the two different types of orbitals have the same value of (n+), the orbitals with
lower value of n has lower energy’’.

Illustration of (n +) rule

Values of
Type of orbitals Value of n Values of l Relative energy
(n+)
1s 1 0 1+0=1 Lowest energy
2s 2 0 2+0=2 Higher energy than 1s orbital
2p 2 1 2+1=3 2p orbital (n=2) have lower
3s 3 0 3+1=3 energy than 3s orbital (n=3)

(n + ) rule is applicable for multi electronic systems only. For uni-electronic system like
H, order of energy of orbitals is not “significantly influenced” by . Now can you write
the order of energy of orbitals for uni-electronic system?

Pauli’s Exclusion principle

According to this principle, an orbital can contain a maximum number of two electrons and these
two electrons must be of opposite spin.

Two electrons in an orbital can be represented by or

Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity

This rule deals with the filling of electrons in the equal energy (degenerate) orbitals of the same sub
shell (p,d and f). According to this rule,

“Electron pairing in p,d and f orbitals cannot occur until each orbital of a given subshell contains one
electron each or is singly occupied & that too with the same spin.

This is due to the fact that electrons being identical in charge, repel each other when present in the
same orbital. This repulsion can, however, be minimized if two electrons move as far apart as
possible by occupying different degenerate orbitals. All the electrons in a degenerate set of orbitals
will have same spin.

Multiplicity is given by 2|S| + 1. Can you now comment why the rule is called Hund‛s rule
of maximum multiplicity.

 

Electronic configuration is the distribution of electrons into different shells, subshells and
orbitals of an atom.

Number of electrons in the


subshell
x
nl
Principal quantum number Symbol of subshell or
orbitals (s,p,d,f)

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Alternatively

Orbital can be represented by a box and an electron with its direction of spin by arrow. To write the
electronic configuration, we need to know (i) the atomic number (ii) the order in which orbitals are to
be filled (iii) maximum number of electrons in a shell, sub–shell or orbital.

(A) Each orbital can accommodate two electrons

(B) The number of electrons to be accomodated in a subshell is 2 number of degenerate orbitals.


Subshell Maximum number of electrons
s 2
p 6
d 10
f 14

(C) The maximum number of electron in each shell (K,L,M,N…) is given by 2n2. Where n is the principal
quantum number.

(D) The maximum number of orbitals in a shell is given by n2 where n is the principal quantum number.

Ex. 23 Write the electronic configuration of nitrogen (atomic number= 7)

Solution:

1s2 2s2 2p3

Exceptional Configurations (Extra stability of half-filled and fully-filled sub shell) :

The electronic configuration of most of the atoms follow the Aufbau’s rule. However, in certain elements
such a Cr, Cu etc. electron fills in 3d in preference to 4s provided the subshell become either half-filled or
fully filled.
24Cr [Ar] 3d5, 4s1 and not [Ar] 3d4, 4s2 ; 29Cu [Ar] 3d10 4s 1 and not [Ar] 3d9, 4s2
It has been found that there is extra stability associated with these electronic configurations. This
stabilization is due to the following two factors

1. Symmetrical distribution of electron:


It is well known that symmetry leads to stability. The completely filled or half-filled subshells have
symmetrical distribution of electrons in them and are therefore more stable. This effect is more
dominant in d and f-orbitals.
This means three or six electrons in p-subshell, 5 or 10 electrons in d-subshell, and 7 or 14
electrons in f-subshell forms a stable arrangement.

2. Exchange Energy:
This stabilizing effect arises whenever two or more electrons with the same spin are present in the
degenerate orbitals of a subshell. These electrons tend to exchange their positions and the energy
released due to this exchange is called exchange energy. The number of exchanges that can take
place is maximum when the subshell is either half-filled or full filled. As a result the exchange energy
is maximum and so is the stability.

COLLEGES: ANDHERI / BORIVALI / CHEMBUR / DADAR / KALYAN / KHARGHAR / NERUL / POWAI / THANE 36
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(1) (2) (3) (4)

4-exchanges by 3-exchanges by 2-exchanges by 1-exchanges by


electron 1 electron 2 electron 3 electron 4
Total exchanges = 10
If n is the number of electron with parallel spins then can you calculate total number of
possible exchanges?
e.g. Total exchanges possible are = 3

e.g. 24Cr : Total exchanges possible are = 6

Total exchanges possible are = 10

The stabilation due to exchange energy will compensate for the energy required for
excitation from 4s to 3d.

However in case of carbon (6C): 1s2, 2s2 2p

Total exchanges possible are = 1

Total exchanges possible are = 3

The stabilation due to exchange energy will not be able to compensate for the energy required for
excitation from 2s to 2p.
Electronic configuration of ions :

Note that while filling electrons in various orbitals they are filled according to the three laws –
Aufbau, Pauli and Hund’s. For removing electrons to form cations, electrons are removed from
outermost shell as they are bound to the nucleus by lesser forces of attraction because of
shielding effect.
For example for iron,

26 Fe 1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2 3p6 3d6, 4s2 & the configuration of ions would be
2+
Fe 1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2 3p6 3d6 & Fe3+ 1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2 3p6 3d5
Similarly for copper 29Cu 1s , 2s 2p , 3s 3p6 3d10, 4s1 & for its ions
2 2 6 2

Cu+ 1s 2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2 3p6 3d10 & Cu2+ 1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2 3p6 3d9

The anions are formed by adding electrons to the vacant orbital of lowest energy [follow (n +l) rule]
For example 9F 1s 2, 2s2 2p5 & that of its ion F- 1s2, 2s2 2p6
Similarly for Chlorine 17Cl 1s , 2s 2p , 3s 3p & that of its ion Cl-
2 2 6 2 5
1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2 3p6

Some Exceptional electronic configuration :


24Cr: 1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2 3p6 3d5, 4s1 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6
47Ag : 1s , 2s 2p , 3s 3p 3d , 4s 4p 5s
1
2 2 6 2 6 10 1 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 5 1
29Cu: 1s , 2s 2p , 3s 3p 3d , 4s 42 Mo: 1s , 2s 2p , 3s 3p 3d , 4s 4p 4d , 4s

COLLEGES: ANDHERI / BORIVALI / CHEMBUR / DADAR / KALYAN / KHARGHAR / NERUL / POWAI / THANE 37
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   


1. In the following reaction 3Li6 + ? 2He


4
+ 1H3, the missing particles is
(A) Neutron (B) Proton (C) Electron (D) Deuterium

2. The increasing order (lowest first) for the magnitude of e/m (charge/mass) for electron (e), proton
(p), neutron (n) and alpha particle ( ) is
(A) e,p,n, (B) n,p,e, (C) n,p, ,e (D) n, ,p,e,

3. X has 56 electrons, the atomic number X is


(A) 56 (B) 58 (C) 28 (D) 54
23
4. 11Na and 12Mg24 are
(A) Isotopes (B) Isobars (C) Isodiaphers (D) Isotones

5. Particles in cathode ray has same charge/ mass ratio as of


(A) particle (B) particle (C) particle (D) proton

6. During Muliken’s oil drop experiment, out of the following, which is not a possible charge on oil
droplet?
(A) 1.6×10 C (B) 2.4×10 C (C) 3.2×10 C (D) 4.8×10 C



7. In a time period of 2 sec., the following wave pattern is observed:

Then the frequency of wave in Hz is


(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

8. Yellow light is more energetic than


(A) Violet (B) blue (C) Indigo (D) Red

9. Rutherford’s experiment on scattering of -particles showed for the first time that the atom has
(A) electrons (B) protons (C) nucleus (D) neutrons

10. The wave number of radiation of wavelength 500 nm is


(A) 5 10–7 m–1 (B) 2 107 m–1 (C) 2 106 m–1 (D) 500 10–9 m–1

11. The ratio of the energy of a photon of 2000Å wavelength radiation to that of 4000Å radiation is
(A) ¼ (B) ½ (C) 2 (D)4

12. Radio city broadcasts on a frequency of 5,090 KHz. What is the wavelength of electromagnetic
radiation emitted by the transmitter?
(A)10.3 m (B) 58.9 m (C) 60.5 m (D) 75.5 m

13. A 1000 watt radio transmitter operates at a frequency of 880 kilocycle/sec. How many photons per
sec does it emit?
(A) 2.01×1029 (B) 1.72×1030 (C) 1.51×1029 (D) 1.77×1031

COLLEGES: ANDHERI / BORIVALI / CHEMBUR / DADAR / KALYAN / KHARGHAR / NERUL / POWAI / THANE 46
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14. The eyes of certain members of reptile family pass a visual signal to the brain when the visual
receptors are struck by photons of wavelength 890 nm. If a total energy of 3.15×10 J is required
to trip signal, what is the minimum number of photons that must strike the receptor?
(A) 3.05×1019 (B) 1.72×109 (C) 1.41×105 (D) 2.75×1010

15. A certain dye absorbs light of wavelength 4500 Ao and then emits fluorescence light of 5000 Ao.
Assuming that, under given conditions 50% of the absorbed energy is re-emitted out as
fluorescence. Calculate the ratio of quanta emitted to the number of quanta absorbed?
(A) 0.55 (B) 2.1 (C) 1.8 (D) 0.75


x
16. An electron in an atom jumps in such a way that its kinetic energy changes from x to . The
4
change in potential energy will be:
(A) 3 (B) 3 (C) 3 (D) 3
x x x x
2 8 4 4

17. The potential energy of an electron in the Hydrogen atom is – 6.8 eV. Indicate in which excited
state, the electron is present?
(A) first (B) second (C) third (D) fourth

18. What is the potential energy of an electron present in N-shell of the Be3+ ion?
(A) – 3.4 eV (B) – 6.8 eV (C) – 13.6 eV (D) – 27.2 eV

19. The kinetic and potential energy (in eV) of electron present in third Bohr’s orbit of hydrogen atom
are respectively:
(A) – 1.51, – 3.02 (B) 1.51, – 3.02 (C) – 3.02, 1.51 (D) 1.51, – 1.51

20. The distance between 4th and 3rd Bohr orbits of He+ is:
10 10 10
(A) 2.645 10 m (B) 1.322 10 m (C) 1.851 10 m (D) None

21. What is the atomic number (Z) correspond to which 4th orbit would fit inside the 1st Bohr orbit of H-
atom?
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 16 (D) 25

22. The ratio of velocity of the electron in the third and fifth orbit of Li2+ would be:
(A) 3 : 5 (B) 5 : 3 (C) 25 : 9 (D) 9 : 25

23. If radius of second stationary orbit (in Bohr’s atom) is R. Then radius of third orbit will be:
(A) R/3 (B) 9R (C) R/9 (D) 2.25 R

24. Which state of Be3+ has the same orbit radius as that of the ground state of hydrogen atom?
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 5
1
25. Select the incorrect graph for velocity of e in an orbit Vs. Z , and n:
n
v
v v v
(A) (B) (C) (D)
n 1/n Z n

26. What is the frequency of revolution of electron present in 2nd Bohr’s orbit of H-atom?
(A) 1.016 1016 s 1 (B) 4.065 1016 s 1
(C) 1.626 1015 s 1
(D) 8.2 1014 s 1

COLLEGES: ANDHERI / BORIVALI / CHEMBUR / DADAR / KALYAN / KHARGHAR / NERUL / POWAI / THANE 47
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27. The number of photons of light having wave number ‘x’ in 10 J of energy source is:
(A) 10hcx (B) hc (C) 10 (D) None of these
10 x hcx

28. The ionization potential for an electron in ground state of the hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. What would
be the ionization potential for the electron in the first excited state of H atom?
(A) 13.6 eV (B) 6.8 eV (C) 3.4eV (D) 27.2 eV

29. According to Bohr’s theory, angular momentum of electron in any orbit of Hydrogen is directly
proportional to
(A) 1 (B) 1
2
(C) rn (D) rn
rn rn

30. If the revolutions per second by the electron in 3rd orbit of H is , then the revolutions per second by
the electron in 2nd orbit of He+ is
(A) (B) 13.5 (C) 1.5 (D) 0.07

31. If the kinetic energy of electron moving in 4 th orbit of hydrogen is €, then the total energy in 1st orbit
of Li2+ is
(A) –144 € (B) –0.0069 € (C) –(27/9) € (D) – €

32. If same energy is supplied to electron in ground state of Hydrogen as well as He+, electron jump to
5th main shell in Hydrogen, then final orbit of electron in He+ is
(A) 2nd (B) 1st (C) 3rd (D) 4th

33. If force of attraction between the electron and nucleus in 2 nd orbit of Li2+ is , force of attraction if
electron present in 1st orbit of H is
(A) 6 (B) 12 (C) 8 (D) 16
49 25 81 27

34. If acceleration of electron in 1st orbit of He+ is , acceleration of electron 2rd orbit of Be3+ is
(A) (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 1
2 4

35. The spacing between the orbits in terms of distance is maximum in the case of
(A) 1st and 2nd (B) 2nd and 3rd (C) 3rd and 4th (D) 4th and 5th

36. The spacing between the orbits in terms of energy is maximum in the case of
(A) 1st and 2nd (B) 2nd and 3rd (C) 3rd and 4th (D) 4th and 5th



37. Transition of an electron from n = 2 to n = 1 level results (for a H - atom) in


(A) IR spectrum (B) UV spectrum (C) Visible spectrum (D) X - ray spectrum

38 The emission spectrum of He+ ion is the consequence of transition of electrons from orbit n2 to orbit
n1. Given that 2n2 + 3n1 = 18 and 2n2 – 3n1 = 6, then what will be the maximum number of spectral
lines in atomic spectrum when electrons transit from n2 to orbit n1?
(A) 10 (B) 15 (C) 20 (D) 21

39. Find the value of wave number in terms of Rydberg’s constant, when transition of electron takes
place between two levels of He+ ion whose sum is 4 and difference is 2.
8R 32 R 3R
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
9 9 4

COLLEGES: ANDHERI / BORIVALI / CHEMBUR / DADAR / KALYAN / KHARGHAR / NERUL / POWAI / THANE 48
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
ANSWER KEY
FOUNDATION BUILDER (OBJECTIVE)
1. A 2. D 3. D 4. D 5. B 6. B 7. B 8. D 9. C 10. C 11. C 12. B 13. B 14. C

15. A 16. A 17. A 18. D 19. B 20. C 21. D 22. B 23. D 24. B 25. D 26. D 27. C 28. C

29. D 30. B 31. A 32. B 33. D 34. C 35. D 36. A 37. B 38. A 39. B 40. A 41. C 42. B

43. B 44. B 45. C 46. A 47. A 48. B 49. A

61. A 62. A 63. A 64. C 65. D 66. B 67. B 68. A 69. D 70. D 71. C 72. D 73. B 74. C

75. A 76. A 77. D 78. C 79. D 80. A 81. D

90. C 91. D 92. A 93. A 94. C 95. A 96. D 97. C 98. B 99. C 100. D 101. B

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS


1. C 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. D 6. B 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. D 11. A 12. C 13. A 14. B

15. A 16. C 17. A 18. D 19. A 20. D 21. A 22. B 23. A 24. B 25. C 26. B 27. B 28. D

29. D 30. B 31. C 32. A 33. A 34. D 35. C 36. B 37. B 38. C 39. A 40. D
JSO IX- CHEMISTRY

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

1. Na+ is isoelectronic with


(a) Li+ (b) Mg+2 (c) Ca+2 (d) Ba+2

2. Number of unpaired electron in 1s2, 2s2, 2p4


(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d)1

3. Unpaired electron present in Cr+3


(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 5

4. Which of following set of quantum numbers (n, l, m, s) is not correct ?


(a) 3, 1, 0, –1/2 (b) 3, 2, 1, +1/2 (c) 3, 1, 2, –1/2 (d) 3, 2, 0, +1/2

5. Which of the following is incorrect for n = 5 and m = 3 ?


(a)   4 (b)   3 (c)   0,1, 2, 3 (d) s = + 1/2

6. An element M has 25 protons. The number of electrons in it M +2 cation will be


(a) 25 (b) 24 (c) 23 (d) 22

7. The energy of H-atom in nth orbit is E n then energy in nth orbit of singly ionised helium atom will be
(a) 4En (b) En/4 (c) 2 En (d) En/2

8. Ionization energy of second orbit of Li+2 will be


(a) 122.4 eV (b) 40.8 eV (c) 30.6 eV (d) 13.6 eV

9. If change in energy
(E) = 3  10–8 J, h = 6.64  10–34 J–s and c = 3  108 m/s, then wavelength of the light is
o o o o
(a) 6.64  103 A (b) 6.64  10 5 A (c) 6.64  10 –8 A (d) 6.64  1018 A

10. The following quantum number are possible for how many orbitals n = 3,   2 , m = +2
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

11. The value of Planck’s constant is 6.63  10–34Js. The velocity of light is 3.0  108ms–1. Which value
is closest to the wavelength in metres of a quantum of light with frequency of 8  10 15 s–1
(a) 3  10 7 (b) 2  10 –25 (c) 5  10–18 (d) 3.75  10–8

12. The frequency of radiation emitted when the electron falls from n =4 to n = 1in a hydrogen atom will
be (Given ionization energy of H = 2.18  10 –18 J atom–1 and h = 6.625  10 –34 Js)
(a) 1.03  1015 s–1 (b) 3.08  10 15 s–1 (c) 2.00  10 15 s–1 (d) 1.54  1015 s–1

13. The energy of second Bohr orbit of the hydrogen atom is –328 kJ/mol. Hence the energy of fourth
Bohr orbit should be
(a) –41 kJ/mol (b) –1312 kJ/mol (c) –164 kJ/mol (d) – 82 kJ/mol

14. Given : The mass of electron is 9.11  10–31 kg Planck constant is 6.626  10–34 Js, the uncertainty
o
involved in the measurement of velocity within a distance of 0.1 A is
(a) 5.79  106 ms–1 (b) 5.79  10 7 ms–1 (c) 5.79  10 8 ms–1 (d) 5.79  105 ms–1

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JSO IX- CHEMISTRY

15. With which of the following electronic configuration an atom has the lowest ionization enthalpy
(a) 1s22s22p6 (b) 1s22s22p 5 (c) 1s22s22p 3 (d) 1s22s22p 63s1

16. An element, X has the following isotopic composition


200
X : 90%
200
X : 8.0%
200
X : 2.0%
The weighted average atomic mass of the naturally occurring element X is closest to
(a) 199 amu (b) 200 amu (c) 201 amu (d) 202 amu

17. Consider the following sets of quantum number


n  m s
(i) 3 0 0 +1/2
(ii) 2 2 1 +1/2
(iii)4 3 –2 +1/2
(iv) 1 0 –1 +1/2
(v) 3 2 3 +1/2
(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (c) (i),(ii), (iii) and (iv) (d) (ii), (iv) and (v)

18. The de-Broglie wavelength associated with a particle of mass 10–6 kg moving with a velocity of
10ms–1 is
(a) 6.63  10–22 m (b) 6.63  10 –29 m (c) 6.63  10 –31 m (d) 6.63  10–34 m

19. Which of the following set of quantum numbers is permissible ?


(a) n  3;   2; m  2 and s   1
2
(b) n  3;   4; m  0 and s   1
2
(c) n  4;   0; m  2 and s   1
2
(d) n  4;   4; m  3 and s   1
2

20. Which of the following has maximum energy ?

21. For principle quantum number n =4 the total number of orbitals having  = 3 is
(a) 3 (b) 7 (c) 5 (d) 9

22. The most probable radius (in pm) for finding the electron in He+ is
(a) 0.0 (b) 52.9 (c) 26.5 (d) 105. 8

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23. The de-Broglie wavelength associated with a ball of mass 1 kg having kinetic energy 0.5 J is
o
(a) 6.626  10 –34 m (b) 13.20  10–34 m (c) 10.38  10–21 m (d) 6.626  10–34 A

24. The electron should be filled in the orbiral in accordance with the increasing order of their energy.
This statement is related with
(a) Aufbau principle (b) Paul’s principle (c) Hund’s rule (d) Planck’s rule

25. Which orbital has n = 3,   1 , m = –1 values ?


(a) 3px (b) 2py (c) 3pz (d) 4s

26. Which electronic configuration is most stable ?


(a) 3d24s0 (b) 3d04s1 (c) 3d54s1 (d) 3d14s2

27. For magnetic quantum no. m = 0, 1, 2 the value of the principle shell is
(a) n = 2 (b) n = 4 (c) n = 3 (d) n = 5

28. Which rule is not followed by configuration

(a) Hund’s rule (b) Aufbau rule (c) Pauli’s rule (d)  n    rule

29. The radius of 2 nd Bohr orbit for H atom is


(a) 0.529 nm (b) 0.0529  2 nm (c) 0.0529  22 nm (d) 0.0529  2–2 nm

30. Electronic configuration of Fe26 is [Ar] _________.


(a) 3d54s2 (b) 3d64s2 (c) 3d74s2 (d) 3d84s2

31. Element having electronic configuration 1s2, 2s2, 2p 6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d10, 4s2, 4p 4 is similar to which
element in property
(a) C (b) N (c) O (d) F

32. Angle between p orbitals is


(a) 90o (b) 180 o (c) 120o (d) 109o 28

33. If kinetic energy of electron is 13.6 eV then its total energy is


(a) –13.6 eV (b) –6.8 eV (c) 27.2 eV (d) 6.8 eV

34. 1s2, 2s2, 2p 6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d10, 4s2, 4p 5 the element having this electronic configuration is
(a) Cu (b) Hb (c) Mn (d) Br

35. n = 3,   1 , m = 0 represent
(a) 3p-orbital (b) 3s-orbital (c) 3d-orbital (d) 4s-orbital

36. 1st excitation potential of H atom is


(a) 10.2 eV (b) 3.4 eV (c) 0 (d) –3.4 eV

37. If the wave number of emitted light is 2 10 6 m–1 then its wave length will be
(a) 500 m (b) 200 nm (c) 0.5 10 7 m (d) 500 nm

38. Value of n and  for 2px orbital are


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(a) 2 and 1 (b) 2 and 0 (c) 2 and +1 (d) 2 and – 1

39. Possible values of m for  = 1 is


(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 2

40. A and B are two elements which have same mass number and are having atomic number 27 and 30
respectively. If the mass number of A is 57 then number of neutron in B is
(a) 27 (b) 33 (c) 30 (d) 40

41. In a particular shell, the increasing order of subshell energy is represented by


(a) Decreasing value of n (b) Increasing value of 
(c) Increasing value of m (d) None of them

42. In ground state of Cr24 number of orbitals with paired and unpaired electron
(a) 10 (b) 12 (c) 15 (d) 18

43. Atomic number of element which are 4s2 4p 6 as electronic configuration of valence shell is
(a) 35 (b) 36 (c) 37 (d) 38

44. Boron have two isotopes having mass number 10.01 (I) and 11.01 (II) respectively. The weight of
natural boron is 10.81, then % availability of I and II isotopes will be
(a) 20 and 80 (b) 10 and 90 (c) 15 and 75 (d) 30 and 70

45. Energy required to remove an e– from M shell of H-atom is 1.51 eV, then energy of 1st excited state
will be
(a) –1.51 eV (b) +1.51 eV (c) –3.4 eV (d) –13.6 eV

46. When 3d orbital is complete, the new electron enters into


(a) 4p (b) 4f orbital (c) 4s orbital (d) 4d orbital

76
47. Which of the following is isotone of 32 Ge ?
77 78 77 78
(a) 32 Ge (b) 33 As (c) 34 Se (d) 34 Se

48. The electronic configuration of outer most shell of halogen


(a) s2p 5 (b) s2p 3 (c) s2p6 (d) s2p4

49. Aufbau principle is not followed by


(a) Cr and Cl (b) Cu and Ag (c) Cu and Mg (d) Cu and Na

50. Which of these is represented by the configuration [Kr]5s2?


(a) Ca (b) Sr (c) Ba (d) Ra

51. Find out the nucleus which are isoneutronic


(a) 14 15 17
6 C, 7 N , 9 F (b) 12 14 19
6 C, 7 N , 9 F (c) 14
6 C, 14
7 N , 17
9 F (d) 14
6 C, 14
7 N , 19
9 F

52. The radius of a shell for H-atom is 4.761Ao. The value of n is


(a) 3 (b) 9 (c) 5 (d) 4

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53. Which configuration does not obey Pauli’s exclusion principle ?

54. The nitrogen atom has 7 proton, so the nitride ion will have
(a) 7e– and 7p (b) 7e– and 4p (c) 10e– and 7p (d) 10e– and 4p

55. Pair of which of the following have equal number of electrons in their outer most shell
(a) Mg, Fe+2 (b) Na, Ca (c) Pb, Sb (d) As, Bi

56. In 2s orbital, electrons orbital angular momentum is


1 h h h
(a)  (b) 0 (c) (d) 2
2 2 2 2

57. For ‘d’ orbital electrons, orbital angular momentum is


6h 2h h 2h
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2

58. h is angular momentum in ___________ orbit of He+


2
(a) First (b) Second (c) Third (d) Infinite

59. Which element contain non spherical electron density ?


(a) He (b) B (c) Be (d) Li

60. 1st shell energy of He+ is –54.4 eV. Then energy of its 2nd shell is
(a) –54.4 eV (b) –13.6 eV (c) –27.2 eV (d) +27.2 eV

61. If   2 and n = 3 for any atom then maximum number of electrons is


(a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 12 (d) 10

62. Which of following equation represents De-broglie relation ?


h h h v
(a) P (b)   (c)   (d)  m 
mv mv mP P

63. Ground state electronic configuration of Cu +2(Z–29) is


(a) [Ar]4s1 3d8 (b) [Ar]4s2 3d10 4p1 (c) [Ar]4s1 3d10 (d) [Ar]3d9

64. For any anion X–3, the mass number is 14, if anion have 10 electrons, then number of neutron in X2
nucleus
(a) 10 (b) 14 (c) 7 (d) 5

65. Energy of electron moving in nth orbit is


2 2 m 4 e2 Z 2 2 2 me 2 Z 2 2 2 me 4 Z 2 2 m 2 e 2 Z 4
(a) En  (b) En  (c) En  (d) En 
n 2h 2 n2 h 2 n2 h 2 n2 h2

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66. For Na(Z=11) set of quantum numbers for last electron is


(a) n = 3,   1, m = 1, s = + 1 (b) n = 3,   0, m = 0, s = + 1
2 2
(c) n = 3,   0, m = 1, s = + 1 (d) n = 3,   1, m = 1, s = – 1
2 2

67. Energy of electron in 2nd Bohr orbit of H-atom is


(a) –5.44 10–19 Joule (b) –5.44 10–19 kJ (c) –5.44 10 –19 Calorie(d) –5.44 10 –19 eV

68. The ratio of radii of 3rd and 2nd Bohr’s orbits of hydrogen atom is
(a) 3 : 2 (b) 4 : 6 (c) 9 : 4 (d) 9 : 1

69. Which of the following configuration follows the Hund’s rule ?

70. [Ar]3d 6 is the configuration of the following ion


(a) Fe+2 (b) Ti+3 (c) Co+2 (d) Cr+3

71. Outer electronic configuration of the element of atomic number 24 is


(a) 3s23p 63d54s1 (b) 3s23p 63d44s2 (c) 3s22p63d6 (d) None

72. Total number of electrons in CO2 molecule are


(a) 44 (b) 22 (c) 33 (d) 11

73. A metal in its dipositive state has the electronic configuration 2, 8, 14 and has the mass number equal
to 56. Number of neutrons in its nucleus would be
(a) 30 (b) 32 (c) 34 (d) 28

74. Sub-shell designated by azimuthal quantum number   3 can have maxiumum number of electrons
(a) 14 (b) 6 (c) 10 (d) 0

75. The minimum real charge on any particle which can exist
(a) 1.6 10–19 C (b) 1.6 10–10 C (c) 4.8 10 –10 C (d) Zero

76. Which of the following pair of orbitals possess two nodal planes ?
(a) pxy , d x1  y 2 (b) d xy , d zx (c) p yz , d z 2 (d) d x2 , d x2  y2

77. Highest energy will be absorbed to eject out the electron in the configuration
(a) 1s22s22p1 (b) 1s22s22p 3 (c) 1s22s22p 2 (d) 1s22s22p 4

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78. The energy of a photon is calculated by


v h
(a) E = hv (b) h = Ev (c) h 
(d) E 
E v
79. The energy required to dislodged electron from excited isolated H-atom, (E2 = – 13.6 eV) is
(a) = 13.6 eV (b) > 13.6 eV (c) < 13.6 and > 3.4 eV (d)  3.4 eV

80. An electron has kinetic energy 2.8  10 –23J, de-Broglie wavelength will be nearly
(a) 9.28  10–24m (b) 9.28  10 –2m (c) 9.28  10 –8m (d) 9.28  10–10m

81. What will be de-Broglie wavelength of an electron moving with a velocity of 1.2 105 ms–1 ?
(a) 6.0622  10–9m (b) 3.133  10–37m (c) 6.626  10–9m (d) 6.018  10–7m

82. What is the maximum number of electrons which can be accommodated in an atom in which the
highest principal quantum number value is 4 ?
(a) 10 (b) 18 (c) 32 (d) 54

83. The number of unpaired electrons in Fe3+(Z = 26) are


(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 3 (d) 4

84. Which of the following electronic configurations is not possible ?


(a) 1s2, 2s2 (b) 1s2, 2s2, 2p 6 (c) [Ar] 3d10, 4s2, 4p2 (d) 1s2, 2s2, 2p 2, 3s1

85. The number of nodal plane(s) in a p orbital is


(a) one (b) Two (c) Three (d) Zero

86. The electronic configuration of an element is 1s2, 2s2, 2p 6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d5, 4s1. This represents its
(a) Excited state (b) Ground state (c) Cationic form (d) Anionic form

o
87. The radius of first Bohr’s orbit for hydrogen is 0.53 A . The radius of third Bohr’s orbit would be
o o o o
(a) 0.79 A (b) 1.59 A (c) 3.18 A (d) 4.77 A

88. The third line in Balmer series corresponds to an electronic transition between which Bohr’s orbits in
hydrogen
(a) 5  3 (b) 5  2 (c) 4  3 (d) 4  2

89. Which of the following has maximum number of unpaired electron (atomic number of Fe26) ?
(a) Fe (b) Fe(II) (c) Fe(III) (d) Fe(IV)

90. Rutherford’s -particle scattering experiment proved that atom has


(a) electrons (b) neutrons (c) nucleus (d) orbitals

91. The atomic number of an element is 17. The number of orbitals containing electron pairs in its
valence shell is
(a) Eight (b) Six (c) Three (d) Two

92. Wavelength of spectral line emitted is inversely proportional to


(a) Radius (b) Energy (c) Velocity (d) Quantum number

93. The first use of quantum theory to explain the structure of atom was made by
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(a) Bohr (b) Planck (c) Einstein (d) Heisenberg

94. The quantum numbers +1/2 and –1/2 for the electron spin represent
(a) Rotation of the electron in clockwise and anti-clockwise direction respectively
(b) Rotation of the electron in anticlockwise and clockwise direction respectively
(c) Magnetic moment of the electron pointing up and down respectively
(d) Two quantum mechanical spin states which have no classical analogue

95. Which of the following set of quantum number is connect for the 19th electron of chromium ?
n  m s
(a) 3 0 0 1/2
(b) 3 2 –2 1/2
(c) 4 0 0 1/2
(d) 4 1 –1 1/2

96. When the value of azimuthal quantum number is 3, magnetic quantum number can have values
(a) +1, 0, – 1 (b) +2, +1, 0, –1, –2
(c) –3, –2, –1, 0, –1, +2, +3 (d) +1, –1

97. The atomic number of an element is 35 and mass number is 81. The number of electrons in the outer
most shell is
(a) 7 (b) 6 (c) 5 (d) 3

98. An element have mass number 40 and its electronic configuration is 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p 6. Then its
atomic number and number of neutrons will be respectively
(a) 18 & 22 (b) 22 & 18 (c) 20 & 20 (d) 40 & 18

99. The quantum number n = 3,   1 represent


(a) 1s orbital (b) 2s orbital (c) 3p orbital (d) 3d orbital

100. The charge of an electron is –1.6  10–19 Cl. The value of free charge on  Li+ ion will be
(a) 3.6  10 –19 Cl (b) 1  10 –19 Cl (c) 1.6  10–19 Cl (d) 2. 6 10–19 Cl

101. The orbital with maximum energy is


(a) 3d (b) 5p (c) 4s (d) 6d

102. How many unpaired electrons are present in cobalt [Co] metal ?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 7

103. The nucleus of tritium contains


(a) 1 Proton + 1 Neutron (b) 1 Proton + 3 Neutron
(c) 1 Proton + 0 Neutron (d) 1 Proton + 2 Neutron

104. Bohr model of atom is contradicted by


(a) Paul’s exclusion principle (b) Planck quantum theory
(c) Heisenberg uncertainty principle (d) All of these

105. The spectrum of He is expected to be similar to that of


(a) H (b) Na (c) He+ (d) Li+

106. The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in dz2 orbital is
(a) 10 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) 2

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107. Nodal plane is found in which orbital


(a) n = 2,   0 (b) n = 3,   0 (c) n = 2,   1 (d) n = 1,   0

108. In a hydrogen atom, if energy of an electron in ground state is –13.6eV, then energy in the 2nd
excited state is
(a) –1.51 eV (b) –3.4 eV (c) –6.04 eV (d) –13.6 eV

109. Uncertainty in position of a 0.25 g particle is 10–5 m. Then uncertainty in its velocity will be
(h = 6.6  10–34 Js)
(a) 1.2  10 34 (b) 2.1  10–29 (c) 1.6  10–20 (d) 1.7  10–9

110. The Ratio between kinetic energy and the total energy of the electrons of hydrogen atom according
to Bohr’s model is
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 1 (c) 1 : – 1 (d) 1 : 2

111. The outer electronic structure 3s2 392 is possessed by


(a) Cl (b) O (c) Ar (d) Br

112. Which of the following set of quantum number is not possible ?


n  m s
(a) 3 2 1 +1/2
(b) 3 2 1 –1/2
(c) 3 2 1 0
(d) 5 2 –1 +1/2

113. p-subshell of an atom in presence of magnetic field are


(a) Two fold degenerate (b) Non-degenerate
(c) Three fold degenerate (d) None of these

114. Energy of the electron in Hydrogen atom is given by


131.38 131.33
(a) En  2
kJ mol 1 (b) En  kJ mol 1
n n
1313.3 313.13
(c) En  2
kJ mol 1 (d) En  2
kJ mol 1
n n

115. What is the de-Broglie wavelength associated with the hydrogen electron in its third orbit
(a) 9.96  10–10 cm (b) 9.96  10 –15 cm (c) 9.96  10 4 cm (d) 9.96  108 cm

116. In Bohr atomic model radius of 1st orbit of Hydrogen is 0.053 nm then radius of 3 rd orbit of Li+2 is
(a) 0.159 (b) 0.053 (c) 0.023 (d) 0.026

117. Wave length of some radiation is 500 nm. What is its wave number?
(a) 2 10 6 m (b) 5 106 m (c) 2 10–3 m–1 (d) 2 10–6 m–1

118. Which one of the following group represents a collection of isoelectronic species ?
(a) Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ (b) N3–, F–, Na+ (c) Be, Al3+, Cl– (d) Ca2+. Cs+, Br

119. The de-Broglie wavelength of a tennis ball of mass 60 g moving with a velocity of 10 metres per
second is approximately
(a) 10–33 metres (b) 10–31 metres (c) 10–16 metres (d) 10–25 metres
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120. Ratio of radii of second and first Bohr orbits of H atom will be
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 5

121. Correct statement is


(a) K = 4s1, Cr = 3d4 4s2, Cu = 3s10 4s2 (b) K = 4s2, Cr = 3d4 4s2, Cu = 3s10 4s2
(c) K = 4s2, Cr = 3d5 4s1, Cu = 3s10 4s2 (d) K = 4s1, Cr = 3d 5 4s1, Cu = 3s10 4s1

122. The total number of electrons prevent in all the s-orbitals all the p-orbitals and all the d-orbitals of
cesium ion are respectively
(a) 8, 26, 10 (b) 10, 24, 20 (c) 8, 22, 24 (d) 12, 20, 22

123. Zero point energy is associated with principal quantum number


(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

124. Which set of quantum number is correct for an electron in 3p orbital ?


(a) n  3,   2, m  0, s   1 (b) n  3,   0, m   1, s   1
2 2
(c) n  3,   2, m   1, s   1 (d) n  3,   1, m  0, s   1
2 2

125. Which of the following pairs is correctly matched ?


(a) Isotopes 1020 Ca,19
40
K (b) Isotones 30
14
31
Si, 15 32
P , 16 S
(c) Isobars 16
8 O, 17 18
8 O, 8 O (d) Isoelectronic N 3 , O 2 , Cr 3

126. Which of the following has maximum number of unpaired electrons ?


(a) Zn (b) Fe+2 (c) Ni+3 (d) Cu+

127. The wavelength of radiation emitted when an electron in a hydrogen atom makes a transition from an
1312
energy level with n = 3 to a level with n = 2 is [Given that En  kJ mol 1 ]
n2
(a) 6.56 10 7 m (b) 65.6 nm (c) 65.6 107 m (d) any of the above

128. Electronic energy of hydrogen atom depends on the quantum number


(a) n, l and m (b) n and l only (c) n and m only (d) n only

129. Which one of the following electron transitions between energy levels in the hydrogen atom
produces the line of shortest wavelength in hydrogen spectrum ?
(a) n2  n1 (b) n3  n1 (c) n4  n1 (d) n4  n3

130. Bohr postulate is followed by which type of species


(a) Only for spectrum of Hydrogen-atom (b) Spectrum of all ionic or atomic nucleus
(c) Spectrum of H2 molecule (d) Solar spectrum

131. Azimuthal quantum number shows the _________ is orbital.


(a) Shape (b) Energy (c) Configuration (d) Spin

132. The first three radius ratio of Bohr orbits of H atom


(a) 1 : 05 : 0.5 (b) 1 : 2 : 3 (c) 1 : 4 : 9 (d) 1 : 8 : 27

133. Ratio of mass of proton to electron is


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JSO IX- CHEMISTRY
3
(a) Infinite (b) 1.8  10 (c) 1 : 8 (d) None of these

134. Which one of the following is isoelectronic ?


(a) Fe+3, Co +3 (b) Fe+3, Mn+2 (c) Co+3, Sc+3 (d) Sc+3, Ti+3

135. The electronic configuration of Ti+3 is


(a) [Ar]4s03d 1 (b) [Ar]4s03d2 (c) [Ar]4s23d1 (d) [Ar]4s03d3

136. According to Bohr’s model, the exact relation of energy of 3s, 3p and 3d. For hydrogen is
(a) 3s < 3p < 3d (b) 3p < 3d < 3s (c) 3d < 3p < 3s (d) 3s = 3p = 3d

137. Difference of radius of 3rd Bohr orbit to 2nd in terms of r1 for H-atom
3 2
(a) r1 (b) r1 (c) r1 (d) 5r1
2 3
138. How many electron in an atom can have the quantum number n = 3,   2 , m = 2 ?
(a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 10 (d) 14

139. Which quantum numbers are same for 2px, 2p y, 2pz electrons ?
(a) n,  (b) n, s (c) n,  , m (d) n,  , s

140. The energy of e– in first orbit of H is –1312 kJ/mol, then ionization energy will be (in kJ/mol) ?
1312 1312
(a) –1312 (b) +1312 (c) (d)
4 4
PREVIOUSLY ASKED QUESTIONS

141. Which conclusion was a direct result of the gold foil experiment ?
(a) An atom is mostly empty space with a dense, positively charged nucleus
(b) An atom is composed of at least three types of subatomic particles
(c) An electron has a positive charge and is located inside the nucleus
(d) An electron has properties of both waves and particles

142. The ratio of the size of the atom to the size of the nucleus is typically
(a) 10 (b) 102 (c) 104 (d) 105

143. The electrons identified by quantum numbers n and I can be placed in order of increasing energy,
from the lowest to highest as
(i) n = 4 & l = 1 (ii) n = 4 & l = 0 (ii) n = 3 & l = 2 (iv) n = 3 & l = 1

(a) iv < ii < iii < i (b) ii < iv < i < iii (c) i < iii < ii < iv (d) iii < i < iv < i

144. How many unpaired electrons does a gaseous atom of phosphorus P, have in its ground state ?
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 7

145. How do the energy gaps between successive electron energy levels in an atom vary from low to high
n values ?
(a) All energy gaps are the same
(b) The energy gap decreases as n increases
(c) The energy gap increases as n increases
(d) The energy gap changes unpredictably as n increases

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JSO IX- CHEMISTRY

Answer Key :

1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (c)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (b)

21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (c) 30. (b)
31. (c) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (d) 35. (a) 36. (a) 37. (d) 38. (a) 39. (c) 40. (a)

41. (b) 42. (c) 43. (b) 44. (a) 45. (c) 46. (a) 47. (d) 48. (a) 49. (b) 50. (b)

51. (a) 52. (a) 53. (b) 54. (c) 55. (d) 56. (b) 57. (a) 58. (a) 59. (b) 60. (b)
61. (d) 62. (b) 63. (d) 64. (b) 65. (c) 66. (b) 67. (a) 68. (c) 69. (a) 70. (a)
71. (a) 72. (b) 73. (a) 74. (a) 75. (a) 76. (d) 77. (d) 78. (a) 79. (d) 80. (c)
81. (a) 82. (c) 83. (a) 84. (d) 85. (a) 86. (b) 87. (d) 88. (b) 89. (c) 90. (c)
91. (c) 92. (b) 93. (a) 94. (d) 95. (c) 96. (c) 97. (a) 98. (a) 99. (c) 100. (c)
101. (d) 102. (b) 103. (d) 104. (c) 105. (d) 106. (d) 107. (c) 108. (a) 109. (b) 110. (c)
111. (a) 112. (c) 113. (b) 114. (c) 115. (b) 116. (a) 117. (a) 118. (b) 119. (a) 120. (b)
121. (d) 122. (b) 123. (b) 124. (d) 125. (b) 126. (b) 127. (a) 128. (d) 129. (c) 130. (a)
131. (a) 132. (c) 133. (b) 134. (b) 135. (a) 136. (d) 137. (d) 138. (a) 139. (a) 140. (b)
141. (a) 142. (c) 143. (b) 144. (b) 145. (b)

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