Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that usually cause mild to moderate upper-respiratory

tract illnesses, like the common cold, in people. However, three times in the 21st century coronavirus
outbreaks have emerged from animal reservoirs to cause severe disease and global transmission
concerns.
There are hundreds of coronaviruses, most of which circulate among animals including pigs, camels,
bats and cats. Sometimes those viruses jump to humans—called a spillover event—and can cause
disease. Seven coronaviruses are known to cause human disease, four of which are mild: viruses
229E, OC43, NL63 and HKU1. Three of the coronaviruses can have more serious outcomes in
people, and those diseases are SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) which emerged in late
2002 and disappeared by 2004; MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome), which emerged in 2012
and remains in circulation in camels; and COVID-19, which emerged in December 2019 from China
and a global effort is under way to contain its spread. COVID-19 is caused by the coronavirus known
as SARS-CoV-2.
Thanks to research investments into the SARS and MERS outbreaks, NIAID scientists and grantees
are better prepared to develop diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines against COVID-19. Included in
those projects are basic research to understand how the virus infects cells and causes disease;
adapting platforms used to develop diagnostic tests and vaccines; and evaluating treatments such as
broad-spectrum antivirals and potentially monoclonal antibodies.
In fact, within two weeks of the discovery of COVID-19, NIAID researchers had determined how the
virus enters cells.
Why Are Coronaviruses a Priority for NIAID?
When SARS emerged from China in 2002 it swept across the globe—largely through air travel—
causing deadly illness. More than 8,000 people fell ill and 774 died, numbers COVID-19 surpassed
within two months. SARS drew the collective focus of researchers throughout the world. The disease
disappeared in 2004, likely due to isolation and quarantine containment measures, and no cases of
SARS have been reported since. In 2012, a new coronavirus emerged in the Middle East causing an
illness similar to SARS. Again, researchers at NIAID and across the globe initiated studies to
understand MERS-CoV and how to stop it. Research efforts from those two outbreaks—including
development of a DNA vaccine candidate for SARS by NIAID’s Vaccine Research Center—have
prepared scientists to quickly assess the severity and transmission potential of SARS-CoV-2, and to
develop countermeasures.
How Is NIAID Addressing This Critical Topic?
When MERS emerged in 2012 and COVID-19 was identified in 2020, NIAID intramural and
extramural scientists mobilized quickly to study the viruses, efforts which continue today. Key areas of
investigation include basic research on their origins, how they cause disease, and developing animal
study models, new treatments, and vaccines.
What to know about coronaviruses
Coronaviruses are types of viruses that typically affect the respiratory tracts of
birds and mammals, including humans. Doctors associate them with the common
cold, bronchitis, pneumonia, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and
they can also affect the gut.
These viruses are typically responsible for common colds more than serious
diseases. However, coronaviruses are also behind some more severe outbreaks.
Over the last 70 years, scientists have found that coronaviruses can infect mice,
rats, dogs, cats, turkeys, horses, pigs, and cattle. Sometimes, these animals can
transmit coronaviruses to humans.
Most recently, authorities identified a new coronavirus outbreak in China that has
now reached other countries. It has the name coronavirus disease 2019, or
COVID-19.
In this article, we explain the different types of human coronaviruses, their
symptoms, and how people transmit them. We also focus on three particularly
dangerous diseases that have spread due to coronaviruses: COVID-
19, SARS, and MERS.
What is a coronavirus?
Researchers first isolated a coronavirus in 1937. They found a coronavirus
responsible for an infectious bronchitis virus in birds that had the ability to
devastate poultry stocks.
Scientists first found evidence of human coronaviruses (HCoV) in the 1960s in the
noses of people with the common cold. Two human coronaviruses are responsible
for a large proportion of common colds: OC43 and 229E.
The name “coronavirus” comes from the crown-like projections on their surfaces.
“Corona” in Latin means “halo” or “crown.”
Among humans, coronavirus infections most often occur during the winter
months and early spring. People regularly become ill with a cold due to a
coronavirus and may catch the same one about 4 months later.
This is because coronavirus antibodies do not last for a long time. Also, the
antibodies for one strain of coronavirus may be ineffective against another one.
Symptoms
Cold- or flu-like symptoms usually set in from 2–4 days after a coronavirus
infection and are typically mild. However, symptoms vary from person-to-person,
and some forms of the virus can be fatal.
Symptoms include:
 sneezing
 runny nose
 fatigue
 cough
 fever in rare cases
 sore throat
 exacerbated asthma
Scientists cannot easily cultivate human coronaviruses in the laboratory unlike
the rhinovirus, which is another cause of the common cold. This makes it difficult
to gauge the impact of the coronavirus on national economies and public health.
There is no cure, so treatments include self-care and over-the-counter (OTC)
medication. People can take several steps, including:
 resting and avoiding overexertion
 drinking enough water
 avoiding smoking and smoky areas
 taking acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or naproxen for pain and fever
 using a clean humidifier or cool mist vaporizer
A doctor can diagnose the virus responsible by taking a sample of respiratory
fluids, such as mucus from the nose, or blood.
Coronavirus
 

Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to
more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). A novel coronavirus (nCoV) is a new strain that has not been
previously identified in humans.  

Coronaviruses are zoonotic, meaning they are transmitted between animals and people.  Detailed
investigations found that SARS-CoV was transmitted from civet cats to humans and MERS-CoV from
dromedary camels to humans. Several known coronaviruses are circulating in animals that have not
yet infected humans. 

Common signs of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath and
breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory
syndrome, kidney failure and even death. 

Standard recommendations to prevent infection spread include regular hand washing, covering
mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing, thoroughly cooking meat and eggs. Avoid close
contact with anyone showing symptoms of respiratory illness such as coughing and sneezing.
 PSL ESSAY 2020
Here I will cover all things related to Pakistan Super League 2019. From PSL 2020
Opening Ceremony to Final. A total of 34 matches played between the six PSL teams.PSL
5 Schedule is released now.
Here is the theme of the PSL Essay. I will use the following bullet points in a short essay.

 Pakistan Super League Schedule

 PSL Opening Ceremony
 PSL Teams
 PSL Matches
 PSL Matches In Dubai
 PSL Final
 PSL winner
PAKISTAN SUPER LEAGUE- BRIEF INTRODUCTION
PSL is a professional T20 cricket franchise league. The Pakistan Super League was
founded in Lahore, Pakistan on 9th September 2015 with five teams and later become
six teams.

The Pakistan Super League  season runs between the months of February and March.
with each team playing 10
matches in the double round.

The top four teams with the best record qualify for the playoffs and culminate in the
championship game, the PSL Cup Final. The Present PSL 2019 Champion is Quetta
Gladiators. The current champions are Islamabad United, who won
the title on 25 March 2018 in Karachi.
PSL CAPTAINS
Here is the name of all the captain. Pakistan Super League 6 team and six Captains.

1. Darren Sammy (west indies cricket team)

2. Imad Wasim (Islamabad Leopards)
3. Sarfaraz Ahmed (Pakistan National Cricket Team)
4. Mohammad Hafeez (Pakistan National Cricket)
5. Mohammad Sami
6. Shoaib Malik (Pakistan National Cricket)
PSL 5 is the fourth season of the Pakistan Super League.

Essy On Cricket World Cup 2019

PSL TEAMS
PSL 2020 featured six teams

 Karachi Kings
 Islamabad United
 Lahore Calendars
 Peshawar Zalmi
 Quetta Gladiators
 Multan Sultan)
PSL 2019 22nd February to 27th March.
OPENING CEREMONY
The opening ceremony took place in the United Arab Emirates with two playoffs matches
played in Lahore
and the final at the National Stadium, Karachi.

Aima Baig and Janon Band Perform during Pakistan Super League Opening Ceremony.

PSL DRAFT
The player draft for the 2019 season is held in Lahore on 12 November 2018. 501
players
including both Pakistani and international players were divided into five different
categories.
Each franchise was allowed to pick a maximum of seven foreign players in their squads
which
could have a maximum of 21 members.

Every Pakistan Super League team played each other twice and the top four
teams Islamabad United, Karachi Kings,
Quetta Gladiators and Peshawar Zalmi qualified for a series of playoff games while
Lahore
Qalandars and Multan Sultans failed to qualify for playoff stage in PSL 4.
PSL top 2 teams Islamabad United and Karachi Kings played the first qualifier in which
Islamabad United beat Karachi Kings team by 8 wickets. The next two teams Peshawar
Zalmi and Quetta Gladiators played an eliminator in
which Peshawar Zalmi beat Quetta Gladiators by 1 run.
The loser of the first qualifier Karachi Kings and the winner of the eliminator Peshawar
Zalmi met in the second qualifier Match.
Related:- T10 Cricket League Schedule
PeshawarZalmi won by 13 runs.

The final took place on 27 March 2019 at National Stadium in Karachi. Pakistan. The
tickets for
the final were sold out within 3 hours. Peshawar Zalmi won the toss and elected to bat
first and set
a target of 149 for Quetta Gladiators. Quetta Gladiators chased the target in 17th overs
with the
loss of seven wickets.
PSL WINNER
Quetta Gladiators won the PSL 2019. PSL Points Table 2020 shows the team ranking and
standings.
SHORT SUMMARY PSL ESSAY
Prime Minister of Pakistan Announce, News PSL 5 Season will be completely played In
Pakistan. PSL 2020 will be more amazing and interesting for us, Pakistan cricket Fans
Appreciate this decision of Pakistan Prime Minister.

You can also print the PSL Essay. This is the short and well-detailed Essay o PSL By
pslschedule.com.