Research Article Civil Eng Res J

Volume 4 Issue 2 - March 2018

Copyright © All rights are reserved by Olagunju Emmanuel
DOI: 10.19080/CERJ.2018.04.555631

Environmental Impact Assessment of Waste

Dumpsite using Integrated Geochemical and
Physico-Chemical Approach: A Case Study of Ilokun
Waste Dumpsite, Ado - Ekiti, Southern Nigeria
Emmanuel Olagunju, Olabode Badmus, Funmilola Ogunlana, Michael Babalola
1
Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
2
Department of Physics, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
Submission: December 18, 2017; Published: March 21, 2018
*Corresponding author: Olagunju Emmanuel, Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti Nigeria,
E-mail:

Abstract
Environmental impact assessment of area around Ilokun waste dumpsite was carried-out in other to evaluate the possible impact of the
waste dumpsite on soil and ground water in and around Ilokun environs. Thirteen (13) soil samples were collected using a hand auger. The soil
samples were collected at horizon B of the soil subsurface. The soil samples were designated S1 to S13. Samples S1 to S12 were collected in and
around the waste dumpsite while sample S13 was collected far away to serve as the control point. Seven (7) water samples were collected in and
around the waste dumpsite. Five (5) water samples from hand dug well (HDW) and two (2) water samples were collected from boreholes (BH).
The concentration of cations such as K, As, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, P, Ni, Th and Y which ranges from 542 to 1065ppm, 70 to 1131ppm, 166 to 1257ppm,
113 to 1094ppm, 251 to 714ppm, 1500 to 12914ppm, 24 to 161352ppm, 500 to 2444ppm, 441 to 1034ppm and 42ppm to 219ppm respectively.
Which were found to exceed the control point, which has a concentration of488ppm, 25ppm, 125ppm, 63ppm, 100ppm, 1471ppm, 0ppm,
424ppm and 421ppm and 0ppm respectively. The concentration of cations such as Fe, Mg, Mn and Pb of concentration range are relatively high in
water samples and are found to 0.177 to 0.503ppm, 3.520 to 4.566ppm, 0.128 to 0.313ppm and 0.001 to 0.031ppm respectively. They are found
to exceed the Nigerian standard for quality drinking water [1] and the World health organization [2] standards. The alkalinity concentration in
water in the area ranges 120.0 to 232.0mg CaCO3/l which exceeds the maximum required standard for drinking water. The result obtained also
show an exceptionally high values of toxic metals such as Arsenic and zinc in the soil in the study area indicate that the soil in the area is not
suitable for agricultural activities. While high concentration values of metals such as iron and lead in some wells in the study area showed that
the ground water in most of the boreholes and hand-dug wells sampled is not suitable for human consumption. This gives course for concern,
since the people living in this area depend on food from agricultural activities in the area and water supply from the hand-dugwells and boreholes
for various domestic purposes. There is, therefore the need to carryout further geophysical modeling methods to ascertain the full extent of
contamination in the area in other to alert the local authority in the area of this dangerous trend, so that an alternative arrangement can be made
to provide food and domestic water for residents of the area.

Keywords: Waste dumpsite; Soil; Groundwater; Leachate; Anions; Cations; Ilokun

Abbreviations: GPS: Global Positioning Systems; CERD: Centre for Energy Research and Development; XRF: X-Ray Fluorescence; AAS: Atomic
Absorption Spectrometry; HDW: Hand Dug Wells; OAU: Obafemi Awolowo University; TDS: Total Dissolved solids; EC: Electrical Conductivity;
K: Potassium; Ca: calcium; Mg: Magnesium; Al: Aluminum; Ti: Titanium; Mn: Manganese; Fe: Iron; As: Arsenic; Zn: Zinc; Rb: Rubidium; Sr:
Strontium; Zr: Zirconium; Nb: Niobium; Ce: Cerium; P: Phosphorus; Pb: Lead; Cd: Cadmium; Ni: Nickel; Cu: Copper; Cr: Chromium; Th: Thorium;
U: Uranium; Ba: Barium; Y: Yttrium; OAU: Obafemi Awolowo University

Introduction
material, glass, metal, plastic paper, etc.) or according to its hazard
Wastes are the unwanted or useless solid materials generated
potential (toxic, non-toxin, flammable, radioactive, inflections,
from the combined residential, industrial, and commercial
etc) [3]. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) are described as domestic
activities of a given area. Solid wastes could be categorized
as well as commercial waste that account for a relatively small
according to its origin (domestic, industrial, commercial,
part of the total solid waste stream in developing countries [4].
construction or institutional); according to its contents (organic

Civil Eng Res J 4(2): CERJ.MS.ID.555631 (2018) 001

 Civil Engineering Research Journal
A municipal solid waste dumpsite is not a benign repository of
discarded material; it is a biochemically active unit where toxic
substances are leached or created from combinations of non-
toxic precursors and gradually released into the surrounding
environment over a period of decades [5].
Over the last couple of decades there has been an increase
in the effect of environmental pollution on the health of the
populace due to the improper disposal of waste. Improper waste
disposal has become a major environmental issue affecting not
only the health of the general public (health hazards) but also
the surrounding environment (environmental hazards). The
most prominent result of health hazards is the wide spread of
communicable diseases like cholera. Hoornweg [6] posited that
“The complexities of waste which modern civilization produce
is directly related to the living standards, socio-economic and
cultural attributes of that particular environment”. He also
asserted that solid waste streams could be characterized by
their sources, type of waste (solid, liquid, or gaseous states)
produced as well as generation rate and composition. He
classified wastes into eight, namely; residential, industrial,
commercial, institutional, constructional, demolition, municipal
services, process and agriculture [7]. Disposal of solid waste is
essential in the management of solid waste; this is required to
avoid environmental pollution and health problems. However
most solid waste disposal sites are found most commonly along
the outskirts of urban areas where there are water bodies and
scattered settlements [8]. Inappropriate disposal of solid waste
lead to contamination of surface and ground water through
leachate, soil contamination through direct waste contact, air
pollution by burning of wastes, spreading of diseases by different
vectors like birds, insects and rodents, or uncontrolled re-lease
of methane by anaerobic decomposition of waste [9]. Dumpsites
are areas where waste materials are disposed and are viewed as
the oldest form of waste treatment. Historically, dumpsites have
been the most common method of unorganized waste disposal
in many places around the world. Most dumpsites are located
within the vicinity of living communities and wetlands [10].
Local dumpsites are often not lined nor basement prepared for
selective absorption of toxic substances. Therefore it is prone to
release of pollutant to nearby water and to air through leachates
and dumpsite gases respectively. Wet waste decomposes and
releases a bad odour. The bad odour affects the people living
around such dumpsites, which show that dumpsites have
serious effect on people around its environment. Also dumpsites
found close to residential areas are found to be suitable sites for
feeding for animals (dogs, pets) which could carry diseases with
them to homesteads around.
Nigeria today being the most populous country in Africa with
a continuous growing population of above 150 million people.
The growth of population in urban areas is been characterized
by continuous increase in the amounts of waste generated thus
the need arises for an efficient waste disposal system.
How to cite this article: Emmanuel Olagunju, Olabode Badmus, Funmilola Ogunlana, Michael Babalola. Environmental Impact Assessment of Waste
002 Dumpsite using Integrated Geochemical and Physico-Chemical Approach: A Case Study of Ilokun Waste Dumpsite, Ado - Ekiti, Southern Nigeria. Civil
Eng Res J. 2018; 4(2): 555631. DOI: 10.19080/CERJ.2018.04.555631
The Ilokun waste dumpsite under investigation is located in
Ado-Ekiti southwestern Nigeria, it has been in active existence
for the last 20 years. The dumpsite host various types of waste
such as garbage, paper, plastic, glass, metal scape etc. Some of
these waste are inhomogeneous materials which are largely non-
biodegradable and has been compacted over the years which has
allow long time interaction between the dumpsite materials, the
soil and the subsurface geological unit. Waste deposited into
dumpsite undergoes oxidation, corrosion of metallic components
and decomposition of organic matter resulting in the generation
and release of leachate which can impact the soil surface and
groundwater resources and thereby affecting the portability of
underground water [11].
However, they are possible indications that the leachate
generated from the dumpsite may have an impact on the
immediate environment [12]. To determine the extent of possible
contamination of surface, subsurface soil and groundwater in
the area, physico-chemical and geochemical investigations were
carried-out in the area.
Raman N and Warayanan [13] investigated the impact solid
waste effort in groundwater and soil quality near to pallavarem
solid waste landfill site in Chennai, India. Other related literatures
such as Byoung- Young et al. [14], Kassenga and Mbuligwe [15],
Nartey et al. [16], Georgeet al. [17], Bayode and Adeniyi [11] and
Olagunju et al. [18].
Description of the study area
Ilokun, the study area is located in Ado-Ekiti, Local
Government area of Ekiti state. The study area lies between the
geographic coordinates (UTM) of latitudes 850200 to 850800
and Longitude 749300 and 749800, (Figure 1). The topographic
evaluation around the dumpsite ranges from 337.4m to 405.2m
above mean sea level and generally slopes gently from the north
western part towards south eastern part. The investigated
dumpsite covers an area extent of about 246,980.76m2
(24.7 hectares) as shown in Figure 1. The area has a climate
characterized by two seasons: the wet season and the dry season.
The wet season starts from around march and ends in October
within the average rainfall of 1600mm to 1800mm. while the
dry seasons starts around November and ends in march with an
average maximum temperature of about 30 °C [19].
Geology and hydrogeological setting
The study area is underlain by the Precambrian basement
complex of south western Nigeria. The rock type of the study
area was observed to be migmatite (Figure 2). Groundwater is
found in the weathered and fractured basement column. The
weathered layer in the study area is generally thin due to shallow
depth of the bedrock [19]. Based on this, subsurface structural
discontinuities (shear zones, fractures and joints) are targeted
for productive boreholes in the study area [20].
 Civil Engineering Research Journal

Figure 1: (A) Map of Ekiti showing the study area (An edited map after Ayodele 2012). (B) Emirin town showing the Emirin waste dump-
site.

Figure 2 : Digitized Geological Map of the Study Area after Lateef et al.

How to cite this article: Emmanuel Olagunju, Olabode Badmus, Funmilola Ogunlana, Michael Babalola. Environmental Impact Assessment of Waste
003 Dumpsite using Integrated Geochemical and Physico-Chemical Approach: A Case Study of Ilokun Waste Dumpsite, Ado - Ekiti, Southern Nigeria. Civil
Eng Res J. 2018; 4(2): 555631. DOI: 10.19080/CERJ.2018.04.555631
 Civil Engineering Research Journal

Method of Study
Soil sample methods
A total of thirteen (13) soil samples from in and outside the
waste dumpsite were collected for this study. Using the hand
auger at a depth of 50cm below the ground. Figure 3 shows
the sampling points in the study area. The soil samples were
collected at random interval from the center to the outskirt of
the study area. The sampling was done on August 2017 and the
Global Positioning Systems (GPS) readings of all the sampled
soil was taken for accurate location (Table 1). The samples were
designated as S1 to S13 which was taken at random interval.
S1 to S8 was taken within the dump zone, S9 to S12 was taken
within the residential area away from the dump zone while
sample S13 serves as the control point as shown in Figure 3.
This is done in order to effective estimate the possible extent of
contamination of the soil by the waste dumpsite. The analysis was
carried out at the Centre for Energy Research and Development
(CERD), Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile - Ife Nigeria, using
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) to analyze for and toxic
compounds and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) for cations and toxic
metals. The results of soil chemical analysis are tabulated and
presented under results and discussion.

Figure 3 : Data Acquisition Map of Ilokun waste dumpsite.

Table 1: Description of soil sampling locations (Ilokun, Southwestern Nigeria).

Soil Sample S/N Locations (Coordinates in UTM) Remark/Observation

749300
S1 Soil within the dump zone
850408
749304
S2 Soil within the dump zone
850340
749454
S3 Soil within the dump zone
850390
749436
S4 Soil within the dump zone
850502
749616
S5 Soil along walking path in the dump zone
850437
749607
S6 Soil along walking path in the dump zone
850577
749536
S7 Soil within the dump zone
850547
749376
S8 Soil within the dump zone
850435

How to cite this article: Emmanuel Olagunju, Olabode Badmus, Funmilola Ogunlana, Michael Babalola. Environmental Impact Assessment of Waste
004 Dumpsite using Integrated Geochemical and Physico-Chemical Approach: A Case Study of Ilokun Waste Dumpsite, Ado - Ekiti, Southern Nigeria. Civil
Eng Res J. 2018; 4(2): 555631. DOI: 10.19080/CERJ.2018.04.555631
 Civil Engineering Research Journal

749116
S9 Residential area about 320m away from center of the dump zone
850506
749146
S10 Residential area about 365m away from center of the dump zone
850457
749127
S11 Residential area about 345m away from center of the dump zone
850540
749021
S12 Residential area about 469m away from center of the dump zone
850485
748340
S13 Residential area about 930m away from center of the dump zone
850543

Water sample methods August 2017 and the Global Positioning Systems (GPS) readings
of all the sampled boreholes and hand-dug wells were taken for
A total of seven (7) groundwater samples from two (2)
accurate location (Table 2). The wells studied were of varying
boreholes (BH) and five (5) hand dug wells (HDW) were used
depths due to the topography of the site. Most of the boreholes
for this study, with depth of 7.2m - 12.4m. Figure 3 shows the
were in a clean environment and had covers. Most of the hand-
sampling points in the study area. The choice of the wells used
dug wells were also covered and had concrete ringlining, but a
for the study depends on the availability of wells in the study
few were left open. The environmental conditions around the
area. The samples was taken randomly from within the dump
wells varied slightly (Table 2).
zone to the outskirt of the study area. The sampling was done in
Table 2: Description of Water sampling locations (Ilokun, Southwestern Nigeria).

(BH/HDW) (S/N) Locations (Coordinates in UTM) Type of Well Remark/Observation

749147 Residential area about 323m away
1 (HDW) Hand dug well
850459 from center of the dump zone
749115 Residential area about 352m away
2 (HDW) Hand dug well
850507 from center of the dump zone
749127 Residential area about 345m away
3 (HDW) Hand dug well
850540 from center of the dump zone
749056 Residential area about 411m away
4 (HDW) Hand dug well
850463 from center of the dump zone
748536 Residential area about 411m away
5 (HDW) Hand dug well
850542 from center of the dump zone
749350
6 (BH) Borehole 5m away from the dump zone
850530
748544
7 (BH) Borehole Beside a cement factory
850519

Soil geochemical analysis
The chemical parameters examined in the soil are, cations
concentrations which includes potassium (K), calcium (Ca),
Magnesium (Mg), Aluminum (Al) Titanium (Ti), Manganese
(Mn), Iron (Fe), Arsenic (As), Zinc (Zn), Rubidium (Rb), Strontium
(Sr), Zirconium (Zr), Niobium (Nb),Cerium (Ce),Phosphorus (P),
Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni), Copper(Cu), Chromium
(Cr), Thorium (Th), Uranium (U), Barium (Ba) and Yttrium (Y)
and theanions concentration which included those of Chloride
(〖Cl〗^-), Sulphate (〖SO〗_4^(2-)), Nitrate (〖NO〗_3^-) and
Phosphate (〖PO〗_4^(2-) ).
The cations concentrations were determined using X-Ray
Fluorescence (XRF)(ECLIPSE Ш)at the Centre for Energy
Research and Development (CERD), Obafemi Awolowo
University (OAU) Ile-Ife. The working procedure of the machine
is such that a small sample will be irradiated are placed in the
sample chamber. The sample chamber has connections to it,
which are at angle 〖45〗^oto it respectively, the source X-ray tube
and the Si-PIN photodiode detector. The X-ray source tube will
eject beams of X-radiation onto the sample, there by irradiating
the samples. The sample fluorescence’s to give off characteristic
X-ray of the particular absorbing atoms from which the X-ray
photons are ejected. The ejected photons are from the Quantum
Physical electronic transition between the K and L shells which
gives a K(α) radiation and the one between K and M shell giving
K(β) radiation. The difference in energy between the K-L shell
and K-M shell electron transitions emit photons seemingly
reflected in form of increase in the wave length of the detected
X-rays as compared to the incident X-rays respectively. These
detected photon energies are signatures corresponding to
known elements with standard experimental energies to which
the detected energies are compared for each atom in the sample.
The emitted photons are picked up by the detector and their
electronically corresponding signal currents are ported to the
preamplifier. The multichannel analyzer converts the signal to

How to cite this article: Emmanuel Olagunju, Olabode Badmus, Funmilola Ogunlana, Michael Babalola. Environmental Impact Assessment of Waste
005 Dumpsite using Integrated Geochemical and Physico-Chemical Approach: A Case Study of Ilokun Waste Dumpsite, Ado - Ekiti, Southern Nigeria. Civil
Eng Res J. 2018; 4(2): 555631. DOI: 10.19080/CERJ.2018.04.555631
 Civil Engineering Research Journal
data and then passes it on to the quantitative analysis software
package on a desktop.
The anions concentrations which included those of
Phosphate (〖PO〗_4^(2-) ) Sulphate (〖SO〗_4^(2-)) and Nitrate (
〖NO〗_3^-) and were determined by digestion of the soil at the
Central Science Laboratory (CSL), ObafemiAwolowo University
(OAU) Ile-Ife.
The concentration of Phosphate (〖PO〗_4^(2-) ) in the
samples was determined with the use of VANADO-MOLYBDO-
PHOSPHORIC ACIDCOLORIMETRIC METHOD. This method
is based on the ability of ammonium molybdate indilute
orthophosphate solution to react under acidic conditions to
form a heteropoly acidmolybdo-phosphoric acid. In the method,
yellow coloured vanado-molybdo-phosphoric acid was formed
and the intensity of the yellow colour which is proportional to
the phosphate concentration in the solution was then measured
with a UV visible spectrophotometer [21].
Concentrations of sulphate (〖SO〗_4^(2-)) in the samples
were determined using TURBIDIMETRIC METHOD. This method
is based on the principle of formation of barium sulphate in
the colloidal form by a sulphate in the presence of (acidified
HCl) barium chloride. The process is enhanced in the presence
of glycerol or other organic compound. The absorbance of the
colloidal solution can be measured against a standard on UV
visible spectrophotometer.
The concentrations of nitrate (〖NO〗_3^-) in the samples
were determined by using the ULTRA VISIBLE SCREENING
METHOD. 0.7218g of KNO salt dried at 105 C for 24hrs was 3
dissolved in distilled water and diluted to mark in a 1000mL
standard flask. This was preserved with 2mL chloroform
and then used to prepare calibration standards of 1mg/L to
40mg/L by dilution. 0.2mL of HCl was added to 10mL of each
of the standard solutions and mixed thoroughly. Absorbances
of the standards were then read against distilled water of zero
absorbance at 220nm and 275nm. Differences in the readings
were plotted against the concentrations to obtain calibration
curve for the analysis. To 10mL of each sample, 0.2mL HCl was
added and mixed thoroughly before reading the absorbance at
220nm and 275nm. The differences in absorbances were used in
determining the concentration of nitrate in the samples from the
calibration curve obtained.
Hydro-Chemical analysis
The chemical parameters examined in waters in the study
area were, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity
(EC), alkalinity, acidity, total hardness, cations concentrations
which includes does of Iron (Fe), Magnesium (Mg), Zinc (Zn),
Manganese (Mn), Calcium (Ca), Cadmium (Cd) Nickel (Ni),
Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Arsenic (As) and the
anions concentration which included those of Chloride (〖Cl〗^-
), Sulphate (〖SO〗_4^(2-)),Nitrite (〖NO〗_2^-), Nitrate (〖NO〗_3^-)
and Phosphate (〖PO〗_4^(2-) ).
How to cite this article: Emmanuel Olagunju, Olabode Badmus, Funmilola Ogunlana, Michael Babalola. Environmental Impact Assessment of Waste
006 Dumpsite using Integrated Geochemical and Physico-Chemical Approach: A Case Study of Ilokun Waste Dumpsite, Ado - Ekiti, Southern Nigeria. Civil
Eng Res J. 2018; 4(2): 555631. DOI: 10.19080/CERJ.2018.04.555631
The pH of the water samples was measured immediately
after sample collection by using a checker pocket-sized pH
meter with a replaceable electrode. The meter is a product of
WOONSOCKET, RI 02895 HANNA. In order to obtain accurate
results, the meter was first standardized with buffers of pH
7.00 and 4.00. The electrode of the meter was inserted into
the water samples and the pH value was read directly on the
meter. The total dissolved solids (TDS) of the water samples
were determined with the use of M E T T L E R T O L E D O M
C 1 2 6 TDS/conductivity meter. This instrument which is of
average size with two sensitive probes was similarly used for
measuring the electrical conductivity (EC) of the samples. To
measure the TDS, the instrument was put on TDS mode while
the probes were inserted into each sample and the displayed
TDS value was read. Conversely, to measure the electrical
conductivity of the samples the meter was changed to EC mode
and first standardized with a solution of electrical conductivity
of 12.88us/cm at 25 C in order to obtain accurate results. For
each analysis of EC, the probes of the meter were inserted
into the water sample such that the water level was above the
probes. The instrument measures TDS ineither milligram per
litre (mg/L) or gram per litre (g/L) while the EC is measured in
siemens (S) or microsiemens (uS). Akalinty was determined in
the water sample by using Titrimetric method, Total Acidity was
determined by using AOAC method while the concentration of
Total Hardness is determined by Titration method. The cations
concentrations were determined using Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer (AAS) (Buck scientific 210 VGP) at the
Centre of Research and Extension, Afe Babalola University, Ado-
Ekiti (Abuad). The anions concentration which included those of
Sulphate (〖SO〗_4^(2-)),Nitrite (〖NO〗_2^-), Nitrate (〖NO〗_3^-)
and Phosphate (〖PO〗_4^(2-) ) were determined at sustainable
laboratory service, Akure. The concentration of Chloride (〖Cl〗^-
) were determined by Argentometric method, concentration
of phosphate (〖PO〗_4^(2-)) samples was determined with the
use of Vanadomolybdo-phosphoric acid colorimetric method,
concentrations of sulphate (〖SO〗_4^(2-)) in the water samples
were determined using Tutbidimetric method and while the
concentrations of nitratein the water samples were determined
by using the Ultra-visible screening method.
Results and Discussion
Soil geochemical results
The results of the geochemical analysis of the soil in and
around Ilokun waste dumpsite environment were shown in
Table 3a & 3b) and were represented by plots shown in Figure 4.
The concentration level of cations and anions such as Ca,
Ti, Mn, Fe, Nb, Ce, Pb, Cd, Cu, Ba, Cr,U, Mg,〖Cl〗^-,〖NO〗_3^-,
〖PO〗_4^(3-)and 〖SO〗_4^(2-) from S1 to S12 where generally
lower than the control point S13. The higher concentration in
S13 of some anions and cations may be due to the anthropogenic
activities and the geology of the area.
 Civil Engineering Research Journal

Table 3(a): Cations Concentration (ppm) in soil Samples in Ilokun Waste Dumpsite, Ado-Ekiti.

Soil
Samples K Ca Ti Mn Fe As Zn Rb Sr Zr Nb Ce P Pb Cd Ni Cu Cr Th U Ba Y
(ppm)

S1 568 1634 0.906 1559 46.99 573 297 512 308 2821 154 840 1245 583 32810 529 508 1481 633 373 Nil Nil

S2 735 3733 0.681 Nil 12.37 509 334 113 378 1500 40 5550 Nil 472 28858 501 550 3341 512 361 28 102

S3 599 1325 0.716 496 6.343 1122 693 165 Nil 4356 325 Nil Nil 1166 Nil 1202 932 430 549 311 Nil 181

107 386 590

S4 542 6581 0.989 1201 21.47 1131 1257 Nil Nil 514 300 Nil 320 2444 1041 823 474 196 219
45 25 107

S5 915 1773 0.594 1418 28.29 Nil 257 565 251 2466 Nil 540 Nil 536 51420 1626 239 1106 532 475 Nil Nil

161 374
S6 1065 3017 0.408 610 21.03 512 452 394 617 3799 126 375 345 610 638 425 609 153 12 54
352 00

S7 1064 3063 0.608 2930 12.81 331 184 461 714 Nil 60 10235 24 442 50337 Nil 126 2160 1034 605 Nil 66

S8 576 1513 0.788 4166 52.79 348 461 879 429 5122 258 855 Nil 530 40883 481 895 909 441 263 Nil 10

S9 543 2014 0.524 1284 32.13 Nil 166 538 538 1566 83 372 Nil 707 45598 2427 225 665 619 413 Nil 42

S10 626 2206 0.693 1910 74.5 70 269 841 505 3271 Nil 1263 Nil 819 42013 441 473 1415 802 466 Nil 89

S11 904 2726 0.781 1456 34.03 177 977 826 721 8832 78 601 103 1235 32771 688 1033 742 571 196 15 70

S12 810 1862 0.746 903 30.03 736 739 1094 891 12914 161 497 Nil 1065 26329 1144 1032 501 589 203 11 Nil

S13 488 3374 0.872 1785 38.25 25 125 63 100 1471 85 828 Nil 903 40311 424 510 1034 421 376 6 NIL

Table 3(b): Cations and Anions Concentration (ppm) in soil Samples in Ilokun Waste Dumpsite, Ado-Ekiti.

Soil Samples (ppm) Mg (ppm) Cl − (mg/l) NO3− (mg/l) PO43− (mg/l) SO42 − (mg/l)

S1 0.112 0.229 3.659 1.504 25.39

S2 0.116 0.243 3.239 1.335 26.96

S3 0.099 0.181 2.096 1.878 20.12
S4 0.108 0.229 3.887 1.599 25.42
S5 0.115 0.237 3.582 1.474 26.37
S6 0.132 0.172 4.612 1.897 19.19
S7 0.128 0.193 4.841 1.991 21.47
S8 0.14 0.245 7.089 2.933 27.18
S9 0.131 0.217 4.307 3.018 24.08
S10 0.133 0.1 1.638 2.868 11.15
S11 0.12 0.199 3.848 1.478 22.16
S12 0.056 0.199 4.917 2.017 22.17
S13 0.05 0.227 3.354 1.473 22.19

How to cite this article: Emmanuel Olagunju, Olabode Badmus, Funmilola Ogunlana, Michael Babalola. Environmental Impact Assessment of Waste
007 Dumpsite using Integrated Geochemical and Physico-Chemical Approach: A Case Study of Ilokun Waste Dumpsite, Ado - Ekiti, Southern Nigeria. Civil
Eng Res J. 2018; 4(2): 555631. DOI: 10.19080/CERJ.2018.04.555631
 Civil Engineering Research Journal
Figure 4 : Soil sample Concentration plots in and around Ilokun waste dumpsite.
While cations concentrations of K, As, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, P, Ni, Th
and Y from S1 to S12 are highergenerally as compared to the
control point S13. Which indicate contamination of the topsoil
and the madeup soil by the waste dumpsite.
The concentration values of K ranges from 542 to 1065ppm,
As ranges from 70 to 1131ppm, Zn ranges from 166 to 1257ppm,
Rb ranges from 113 to 1094ppm, Sr ranges from 251 to
714ppm, Zr ranges from 1500 to 12914ppm, P ranges from 24
to 161352ppm, Ni ranges from 500 to 2444ppm, and Th ranges
from 441 to 1034ppm as against the control point concentration
of 488ppm, 25ppm, 125ppm, 63ppm, 100ppm, 1471ppm, 0ppm,
424ppm and 421ppm.
Also the concentration value of Y ranges from 42ppm to
219ppm and no concentration of Ywas not detected at the
control point.
The concentration values of K ranges from 542 to 1065ppm.
The soil in and around the waste dumpsite is rich in potassium
due to the impact of the waste dump and possibly by the
application of N-P-K fertilizers by farmer on the surrounding soil
which enhance the potassium content in soil direct contact of
soils that are contaminated with lead may pose a human health
risk according to Amadi and Nwankweala [22].
Arsenic is a toxic element widely encountered in the
environment and in organisms. The concentration in the study
area ranges from 70 to 1131ppm. Arsenic can enter terrestrial
How to cite this article: Emmanuel Olagunju, Olabode Badmus, Funmilola Ogunlana, Michael Babalola. Environmental Impact Assessment of Waste
008 Dumpsite using Integrated Geochemical and Physico-Chemical Approach: A Case Study of Ilokun Waste Dumpsite, Ado - Ekiti, Southern Nigeria. Civil
Eng Res J. 2018; 4(2): 555631. DOI: 10.19080/CERJ.2018.04.555631
and aquatic environments through both natural formation and
anthropogenic activities [23]. Persistence of arsenic within soil
and its toxicity to plants and animals is of concern. Long-term
exposure to high concentrations of As can lead tochronic arsenic
poisoning (arsenicosis). Gastrointestinal tract, skin, heart, liver
and neurological damage. Diabetes, Bone marrow, blood diseases
and Cardiovascular disease. Expose to exposure arsenic is mainly
through consumption of groundwater containing naturally high
levels of inorganic arsenic, food prepared with this water, or food
crops irrigated with water high in arsenic.
Zinc toxic effects in humans are most obvious from accidental
or occupational inhalation exposure to high concentrations
of zinc compounds, such as from smoke bombs, or metal-
fume fever [24]. The concentration for Zn ranges from 166 to
1257ppm. Modern occupational health and safety measures can
significantly reduce potential exposure. Intentional or accidental
ingestion of large amounts of zinc leads to gastrointestinal effects,
such as abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhoea. In the case of
long-term intakes of large amounts of zinc at pharmacological
doses (150-2000mg/day), the effects (sideroblastic anaemia,
leukopenia and hypochromic microcytic anaemia) are reversible
upon discontinuation of zinc therapy and/or repletion of
copper status, and are largely attributed to zinc-induced copper
deficiency [25].
Rubidium could be gotten from glasses ceramics and engines
for space vehicles waste. The concentration of Rb ranges from
 Civil Engineering Research Journal
113 to 1094ppm Rubidium has no known biological role but
has a slight slimulatory effect on metabolis, probably because
it is like potassium. The two elements are found together in
minerals and soils, although potassium is much more abundant
than rubidium. Plant will adsorb rubidium quite quickly. When
stresses by deficiency of potassium some plants, such as sugar
beet, will respond to the addition of rubidium. In this way
rubidium enters the food chain and so contributes to a daily
intake of between 1 and 5 mg. If rubidium ignites, it will cause
thermal burns. Rubidium readily reacts with skin moisture
to form rubidium hydroxide, which causes chemical burns of
eyes and skin. Signs and symptoms of overexposure: skin and
eye burns. Failure to gain weight, ataxia, hyper irritation, skin
ulcers, and extreme nervousness. Medical condition aggravated
by exposure: heart patients, potassium imbalance [25].
Strontium is tow kind stable and radioactive element.
When you eat food or drink water containing strontium. The
concentration of Sr ranges from 251 to 714ppm, Strontium acts
very much like calcium [26]. Strontium mostly attaches to the
surfaces of bones and bones marrow bone itself and nearby soft
tissues may be damaged by radiation released over time and
caused anemia. Cancers of the bone and a decreased resistance
to fight disease. Damage to the genetic materials in cells [27].
Although the toxic effects of Zr on plants, especially on root
growth, are commonly reported, its stimulating effect on the
growth of yeasts and on metabolism of other microorganisms. Zr
to be the least toxic element, among the heavy metals, to barley
seedlings. He described that Zr treatment enhances protein
synthesis andchanges the amino acid composition of the proteins
of some microfungi, but also reduces the phytoavailability of
phosphates to phytoplanktons.
The concentration of P ranges from 24 to 161352ppmIncreases
in the generation of organic wastes, in addition to decreases in
natural resources, make it necessary to recycle these waste
materials. In soils, the application of wastes as organic fertilizers,
allows to reincorporate nutrients to the biogeochemical cycles.
The application of wastes in agriculture has carried out with it
problems associated with phosphorus (P) over application in
soils and contamination of water bodies. Phosphorus inside the
waste matrix forms organic and inorganic compounds which
have different bio availabilities. The more important factors that
influence the bioavailability of P in soils, organic wastes and soil-
organic waste amendments are: the soil solution pH, adsorption
reactions, organic matter, phosphatase activity and low molecular
weight of organic acids. In the wide range of organic wastes,
purines and compost have been selected to illustrate the effects
of the factors previously mentioned on the bioavailability of P in
soils [28].
Phosphorus in its pure form has a white colour. White
phosphorus is the most dangerous form of phosphorus that is
known to us. When white phosphorus occurs in nature this can
How to cite this article: Emmanuel Olagunju, Olabode Badmus, Funmilola Ogunlana, Michael Babalola. Environmental Impact Assessment of Waste
009 Dumpsite using Integrated Geochemical and Physico-Chemical Approach: A Case Study of Ilokun Waste Dumpsite, Ado - Ekiti, Southern Nigeria. Civil
Eng Res J. 2018; 4(2): 555631. DOI: 10.19080/CERJ.2018.04.555631
be a serious danger to our health. White phosphorus is extremely
poisonous and in many cases exposure to it will be fatal. In most
cases people that died of white phosphorus exposure had been
accidentally swallowing rat poison. Before people die from white
phosphorus exposure they often experience nausea, stomach
cramps and drowsiness. White phosphorus can cause skin
burns. While burning, white phosphorus may cause damage to
the liver, the heart or the kidneys.
The concentration of Ni in the study area ranges from 500
to 2444ppmNickel is present in a number of enzymes in plants
and microorganisms. In humans, essential component of the
haemopoietic process, and play important role in physiological
processes as a co-factor in the absorption of iron from the
intestine. Involved the human immune system. The reference
values for nickel in healthy adults are 0.2μg/L in serum
and 1-3μg/L in urine [29]. Zinc deficiency caused of human
body will suffer from hair and memory loss, skin problems,
weakness in body muscle problems during pregnancy also
causes stunted brain development of the fetus and exists of
nickel caused of decreased body weights, significantly increased
heart and decreased liver weights the carcinogenicity of nickel
compounds which occurs through inhalation mainly as a result
of occupational exposures.
Thorium is a naturally occurring radioactive element that
is widely distributed in the crust of the Earth. This element is
very common in mineral formations in regions with high levels
of radioactivity Thorium is ubiquitous in our environment.
The concentration of Th ranges from 441 to 1034ppm. Release
of thorium can occur both from natural and anthropogenic
sources. Data on the fate and transport of thorium in the air
are limited but wet and dry deposition seems to be involved
in removal from atmosphere. Surface water sediment is the
repository for atmospheric and aquatic compounds. In water,
the concentration of soluble thorium is low (1.10-5g/l in sea
water), thorium is present in sediment and suspended particles.
It has been shown that significant bio concentration occurs in
lower trophic animals in water, but bio concentration factors
decrease as trophic level increase. In soil, thorium remains
strongly sorbed in most cases and its mobility will be slow.
However, in some soils, thorium can form soluble complexes and
leach into groundwater. The plant/soil transfer ratio for thorium
is <0.01, thorium does not concentrate in plants from soil. But,
in contaminated areas, this ratio can reach 3 [30]. Industrial
waste is the main source of thorium to the environment caused
by ionizing radiation due to thorium are those involved in
mining and processing of rare-earth and phosphate containing
ores, in pyrochlore mining and niobium processing, and in the
manufacturing of gas mantles, high-intensity discharge lamps
and thorium oxide manufacturing welding rods.
The transfer of radionuclide’s from the soil to organic
materials determines the extent of radioactive contamination of
food and plants and thus the risk of radiation exposure of the
 Civil Engineering Research Journal

population due to food intake. Radiological studies have shown Hydro-chemical results
that some eco systems have conditions that favor transfer of
The temperature, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical
radionuclide’s from the soil to organic material [31].
conductivity (EC), total acidity, alkalinity and total hardness of
Yttrium is dumped in the environment in many different the ground water (hand-dug wells and boreholes) sampled are
places, mainly by petrol producing industries. It can also enter shown in Table 4. On the basis the general classification of water
the environment when household equipment is thrown away. recommended by NSDWQ and WHO International Standard for
Yttrium will gradually accumulate in soils and water soils and drinking water in 2007 and 2011 respectively (Table 5). As shown
this will eventually lead to increasing concentrations in humans, in Table 4, the concentration values of electrical conductivity
animals and soil particles [32]. (EC) and total hardness in all the water samples are within the
NSDWQ and WHO standard for drinking water Temperature
The concentration value of Y ranges from 42ppm to 219ppm.
values in the samples ranges from 26.5(_^o)C to 29.5(_^o)C are
Yttrium is one of the rare chemicals, that can be found in waste
higher than the WHO standard. All the water samples tested, their
generated from home used equipment such as colour televisions,
pH and TDS were within the recommended range of between 6.5
fluorescent lamps, energy-saving lamps and glasses. All rare
to 9.5 and 500〖mgl〗^(-1)respectively which is the allowable
chemicals have comparable properties. Yttrium can rarely be
concentrations for drinking water, except for the concentrations
found in nature, as it occurs in very small amounts. Yttrium
of 2(HDW) and 3(HDW) which is not within the recommended
is usually found only in two different kinds of ores. The use of
range and are slightly acidic. The total acidity concentration of
yttrium is still growing, due to the fact that it is suited to produce
water in the study area increases near the waste dumpsite and
catalysers and to polish glass. Yttrium is mostly dangerous in
decreases away from the dumpsite. The alkalinity concentration
the residential environment, due to the fact that damps and
in water in the area ranges 120.0 to 232.0 mgCaCO3/l which
gasses can be inhaled with air. This can cause lung embolisms,
exceeds the maximum required standard for drinking water. The
especially during long-term exposure. Yttrium can also cause
elevated TDS total acidity and alkalinity values in the water in
cancer with humans, as it enlarges the chances of lung cancer
the study area are an indication of the presence of inorganic salts
when it is inhaled. Finally, it can be a threat to the liver when it
(principally Ca, Mg, K, bicarbonates chlorides and sulfates) [33].
accumulates in the human body.

Table 4: Physico-chemical Parameters of Water Samples in Ilokun Waste dumpsite.

(BH/HDW) Temperature Total Acidity Alkalinity Total Hardness

pH TDS ( mgl )
−1
EC (µs)
(S/N) (°C) (mgCaCO3/l) (mgCaCO3/l) (mgCaCO3/l)
1 (HDW) 29.5 6.9 434 436 176 120 42.7
2 (HDW) 28.5 6.42 556 919 264 232 39.6
3 (HDW) 27.3 6.45 640 165 336 174.168 46.9
4 (HDW) 28.5 6.9 143 238 312 152 58.5
5 (HDW) 28.6 7.1 194 332 128 224 41
6 (BH) 26.5 8.2 208 344 228 112 52
7 (BH) 28.3 7.1 118 195 88 144 64
Table 5: Standards for Drinking water [1,2].

Parameters NSDWQ -2007 W.H.O -2011

Temperature (∙c) NS 25
pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-9.5

TDS ( mgl ) 500 500

−1

EC (µs) 1000 1500

Total Acidity (mgCaCO3/l) NS NS
Alkalinity (mgCaCO3/l) 2 4.5
Total Hardness (mgCaCO3/l) 150 150
Fe (ppm) 0.3 0.2
Mg (ppm) 0.2 NS
Zn (ppm) 3 3
Mn (ppm) 0.01 0.05
Ca (ppm) 100 200

How to cite this article: Emmanuel Olagunju, Olabode Badmus, Funmilola Ogunlana, Michael Babalola. Environmental Impact Assessment of Waste
0010 Dumpsite using Integrated Geochemical and Physico-Chemical Approach: A Case Study of Ilokun Waste Dumpsite, Ado - Ekiti, Southern Nigeria. Civil
Eng Res J. 2018; 4(2): 555631. DOI: 10.19080/CERJ.2018.04.555631
 Civil Engineering Research Journal

Cd (ppm) 0.003 0.003

Ni (ppm) 0.02 0.07
Cr (ppm) 0.05 0.1
Cu (ppm) 1 1
Pb (ppm) 0.01 0.01
As (ppm) 0.01 0.01
−
Cl (mg/l) 250 Nil
−
NO3 (mg/l) 5.15 45

PO43− (mg/l) 0.4 NS

SO42 − (mg/l) 100 250

NO2 − (mg/l) 0.2 0.9

Table 6: Concentration of cations and anions in the Ground water sample taken in Ilokun waste dumpsite.
(BH/
Fe Mg Zn Mn Ca Cd Ni Cr Cu Pb As Cl − NO3− PO43− SO42 − NO2 −
HDW)
(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l)
(S/N)
1
0.177 4.21 0.247 0.14 35.8 ND 0.003 0.042 0.246 0.031 0.001 182.7 0.16 0.12 5.38 0
(HDW)
2
0.213 3.97 0.311 0.13 29.1 0.001 0.007 0.033 0.171 0.021 0.001 216.7 0.08 0.061 6.204 0
(HDW)
3
0.191 3.52 0.326 0.17 43.7 0.001 0.002 0.036 0.218 0.025 0.001 174.2 0.2 0.214 4.362 0
(HDW)
4
0.122 3.61 0.253 0.17 51.2 0.001 0.003 0.031 0.029 0.017 0.001 75.05 0.162 0.102 5.075 0
(HDW)
5
0.185 4.14 0.416 0.22 37 0.001 0.003 0.033 0.191 0.009 0.001 109 0.5 0.25 4.3 0
(HDW)
6 (BH) 0.503 5.21 0.183 0.26 66.2 ND ND 0.015 0.377 0.001 0.001 39.64 0.025 0.005 2.6 0
7 (BH) 0.37 4.57 0.154 0.31 72.1 ND ND 0.007 0.412 0.001 0.001 58.05 0.1 0 3.56 0

The results of analyzed major cations and anions as reported in
Table 6 reveals that the concentration levels of all the cations
and anions that were analyzed in the water samples in the
study area were relatively low and are within the NSDWQ and
WHO maximum permissible limits. Except for Fe which has a
concentration value of 0.503ppm in 6(BH) which higher than
the recommended values. 6(BH) is 2m away from the dumpsite
as indicated in Table 2. The high concentration of iron in this
samples can be attributed to the closeness of the waste dumpsite.
The magnesium (Mg) concentrations of the ground water
samples ranged from 3.520 to 5.212ppm. These values exceeds
maximum permissible levels (0.20ppm) for potable ground water
recommended by NSDWQ [1]. These high values of magnesium
in the water samples may indicate that water in these wells have
has been infiltrated by toxic materials from the waste dumpsite.
Manganese (Mn) concentration in the water samples
ranges from 0.128 to 0.313ppm. This range of values exceeds
the maximum permissible levels of 0.01 to 0.05ppm. The high
presence of manganese may be due to discharge from industrial
facilities or as leachate from landfills The very high values of
manganese may be as a result of pollution from manganese
dioxide cells for which the nation has no controlled methods of
disposal. The metal may also come from other sources such as
domestic wastewater and sewage sludge disposal [16].
The concentrations of lead (Pb ) in 1(HDW), 2(HDW),
3(HDW) and 4(HDW) are 0.031ppm, 0.021ppm, 0.025ppm and
0.017ppm respectively which exceeds of maximum permissible
levels of 0.01ppm. This is due to the closeness of the waste
dumpsite and may be possibly located in the direction of the
leachate plume. While 5(HDW), 6(HDW) and 7(HDW) are below
the maximum permissible levels for quality drinking water. Lead
in the environment is mainly particulate bound with relatively
low mobility and bioavailability. Lead does, in general, not bio
accumulates and there is no increase in concentration of the
metal in food chains. Lead is also not essential for plant and
animal life.
The presence of lead in the water may be due to the discharge
of industrial effluents from petroleum production. Lead may also
come from lead-acid batteries, plastics and rubber remnants,
lead foils such as bottle closures, used motor oils and discarded
electronic gadgets including televisions, electronic calculators
and stereos],where leachates from the waste dumpsites may
find their way into groundwater in the study area.

How to cite this article: Emmanuel Olagunju, Olabode Badmus, Funmilola Ogunlana, Michael Babalola. Environmental Impact Assessment of Waste
0011 Dumpsite using Integrated Geochemical and Physico-Chemical Approach: A Case Study of Ilokun Waste Dumpsite, Ado - Ekiti, Southern Nigeria. Civil
Eng Res J. 2018; 4(2): 555631. DOI: 10.19080/CERJ.2018.04.555631
 Civil Engineering Research Journal
Conclusion and Recommendation
The soil in Ilokun and its environs, South western Nigeria is
relatively free of hazardous cations and anions such as Pb, Cd, Cr,
U, Mg, 〖Cl〗^-,〖NO〗_3^-,〖PO〗_4^(3-)and 〖SO〗_4^(2-) as indicated
in all the samples analyzed. While hazardous cations such as As,
Ba, Thr and Zn has relatively high concentration in and around
the area of the dumpsite. This indicate that the topsoil and the
made up soil in the area are completely contaminated.
The groundwater in the region of 2(HDW) and 3(HDW)
are slightly acidic as indicated by the relatively high pH and EC
concentration values. The high acidic concentration in this hang-
dug wells is due to fact that they are located on or beside the
direction of leachate plume flow which originates from the waste
dumpsite. The levels of some cations and anions such as Zn, Ca,
Cd, Ni, Cr,As,〖Cl〗^- 〖NO〗_3^- 〖PO〗_4^(3-), and 〖SO〗_4^(2-) in
the studied groundwater samples confirmed to the NSQDW and
WHO recommended for drinking water.
However the concentration of cations such as Fe, Mg, Mn
and Pb generally exceed the NSQDW and WHO standards.
Which is attributed to leachate flow from the dumpsite to the
groundwater in Ilokun environs.
Hence, it can be concluded that most of the groundwater
samples from ilokun area, are not potable and good for human
consumption on the basis of the high concentrations of toxic
metals that exceed WHO standards in most of the samples
studied.
However, since the majority of people living in this area
depend on the soil for farming and water supply from the hand-
dug wells and boreholes for domestic purposes, there is the need
to alert the local authority in the area of this dangerous trend, so
that an alternative arrangement can be made to provide potable
domestic water for the residents of the area. We also recommend
that waste dumpsite should be discontinued and located at the
outskirt of the town by the local authority and thorough study of
the topography of the location of new boreholes and hand dug
wells should be considered to avoid contamination of soil and
ground water from sources such as surface erosion of fertilizers
and septic tanks.
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DOI: 10.19080/CERJ.2018.04.555631
How to cite this article: Emmanuel Olagunju, Olabode Badmus, Funmilola Ogunlana, Michael Babalola. Environmental Impact Assessment of Waste
0013 Dumpsite using Integrated Geochemical and Physico-Chemical Approach: A Case Study of Ilokun Waste Dumpsite, Ado - Ekiti, Southern Nigeria. Civil
Eng Res J. 2018; 4(2): 555631. DOI: 10.19080/CERJ.2018.04.555631
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