Chapter 1 The Scientific Endeavour PDF

Chapter 1
The Scientific Endeavour

• What is Science?
• How do we derive scientific knowledge
from the world around us?
• How does Science affect our lives?
• Does the application of scientific
knowledge always benefit us?
 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd

Chapter 1
1.1 What is Science?
1.2 How is Scientific Knowledge Derived?

— Attitudes in Science

— The Scientific Method
1.4 How does Science and Technology Affect our Lives?
1.5 Safety Practices during Scientific Investigations

Chapter 1



At the end of this section, you should be able to

answer the following questions:
Is Science only
observed in the
laboratory?
What are the

branches of
Science?

Lesson trigger
• The study of Science is not

confined to the laboratory.
• Doing research and
conducting experiments out
of a laboratory allow
scientists to collect data
which cannot be obtained in
the laboratory.
A scientist goes on a field trip to study
coral reefs
Go to Think and Explore
and Key Ideas
(Page 4)

• Science is the study of the natural and physical world.

• Area of study of the natural world:
• Organisms
• Area of study of the physical world:
• Energy
• Matter
• Structure of matter and its interactions
Practical Book Link Click here to find out about the top
(Page 4) ten scientific fields.
What other scientific fields can you
name to add on to this list?

Chapter 1



answer the following question:
What are some positive

attitudes that we should
have when carrying out a
scientific inquiry?

Lesson trigger
• A platypus is warm-blooded and
feeds its young with milk.
• However, it lays eggs instead of
giving birth to its young.
• So, is a platypus considered to be
a mammal? Yes
• What positive attitude in Science
do you need to come up with a
conclusion? Be open-minded and
willing to consider all the
information.
(Page 5)

• Scientists should have the spirit of

scientific inquiry.
• Good scientists:
• question what they see around
What are the
them;
attitudes that
• make observations and sense of are useful to
the data collected from their scientists in their
observations; work?
• work well with their peers; and
• consider the views of others.

This space station allows scientists to live in space while
they collect the data they need for their studies.

Lessons from Mpemba
Go to Key Ideas and
• Mpemba’s story reflects all the Workbook Link
(Page 7)
attitudes that are essential in
scientific inquiry.
Curiosity: Mpemba
wanted to know more
about the unexpected What are the
result he observed. attitudes that are
essential in scientific
inquiry?
Click here for a list of twenty

essential attitudes in Science.

Chapter 1



1.3 The
HowScientific Method
is Scientific Knowledge Derived?
At the end of this section, you should be able to answer
the following questions:
What are the inquiry

skills we need to carry
out the scientific
method?
How has Science

been a human
endeavour?

• The scientific method is a systematic way

of finding answers based on observing the
things around us.
• The scientific method requires us to use
scientific inquiry skills when we explore the
world.

Here are some inquiry skills that we need in
the scientific method.
1. Engaging with an event

• We obtain information as we
interact with the world around us.
When we encounter a puzzling
situation that catches our attention,
we pose questions to obtain more
information and generate ideas.
• We also propose a hypothesis to
form a possible explanation for the
observation. This hypothesis needs
to be further tested.

2. Collecting and presenting evidence

• Decide on what kind of evidence
to collect. We make use of our five
senses — sight, smell, hearing,
taste and touch — to make
observations as we collect
evidence.
• We also use instruments to extend
our range of senses and gather
more accurate information.
• The evidence collected may be
descriptive information
(qualitative) or measurable
information (quantitative).

3. Making meaning of information and

evidence
• We analyse the results of our
experiment to identify trends. This
involves comparing or classifying the
data obtained.
• We derive conclusion(s) based on the
trends identified. We also
evaluate the accuracy of the results of
the experiment. If our results are
inconsistent with our hypothesis, we
refine our hypothesis and test it again.
Click here for an interactive laboratory that
teaches you what the scientific method is.
Go to Practical Book Link
How did you apply the scientific method to solve
(Page 9)
the mystery?
Science — The human endeavour
• A scientific breakthrough is not usually achieved

by one scientist alone.
• It takes the combined efforts of many scientists
over many years to build the scientific knowledge
we have today.
• Scientific knowledge is thus subject to changes as
new observations are made and new evidence is
found.
Thousands of years ago, it
was not well-known that the
earth revolves around the sun,
nor that other planets existed.

Go to Science Bites
Aristotle (Page 10)
• A famous scientist from ancient Greece.

• He believed that the sun revolved around
the earth.
Ptolemy
• An astronomer from ancient Egypt.
• He believed that the earth was the centre
of the universe.
For many years, people shared the beliefs of

Ptolemy and Aristotle.

Nicolaus Copernicus
• A European who studied
astronomy as a hobby.
• He believed that the sun was at
the centre of the universe.
• He decided that the earth
revolved around the sun, based
on his observations.
About 65 years after
• However, his ideas remained Copernicus’ time, the invention
unpopular during his time as he of the telescope led to more
could not prove his idea. breakthrough in astronomy.

Galileo
• Created a more powerful
telescope and was able to
observe the moon better than
previous astronomers.
• His observations supported
Copernicus’ idea.
• People then were still not
ready to accept that the sun
did not revolve around the How did the works of Aristotle,
Ptolemy, Copernicus and
earth. Galileo contribute to our
knowledge of astronomy
today?

• The scientific method helps to ensure that

astronomy is based on accurate ideas.
• Today, using a record of past observations
and new discoveries, astronomers and
scientists are able to predict accurately when
an eclipse will occur.
When scientists build on Go to Workbook Link

and Key Ideas
one another’s ideas and (Page 13)
expertise, this may lead to
even greater scientific
discoveries.

Chapter 1


1.4 How does Science and Technology Affect our

Lives?

1.4 How does Science and Technology
Affect our Lives?
answer the following questions:
How is science and

technology beneficial or
harmful to our society?
Why is there a need to be
responsible towards our
environment and society in
the use of science and
technology?
Can science and
technology solve all our
problems?

Affect our Lives?
Lesson trigger
• ‘Super carrots’ were created by

scientists to contain high levels of
calcium.
• Scientists first had to understand
the Science involved in controlling
the characteristics in carrots.
• The scientists then applied their
knowledge to increase the
calcium levels in carrots. ‘Super carrots’ contain
high levels of calcium.

and Link (Page 14)

Affect our Lives?
• Technology is the application of scientific
knowledge for practical purposes.
• For example, studies in Science explain why iron Go to Link
(Page 14)
sinks in water.
• However, through technology, we can build a
submarine made of iron that can float as well as
sink in water.

Affect our Lives?
Advantages and disadvantages of technology
• Advancements in technology have Click here to watch a video on

improved our lives but it has some advancements in technology.
From the video, link how
disadvantages too. attitudes in Science have led to
these discoveries.
• When abused, technology can cause
harm to society and the environment.
• Hence, it is important that we apply
scientific knowledge responsibly.
Go to Link
(Page 15)

Affect our Lives?
Medicines
• Advantage: Medicines such as
antibiotics help cure diseases.
• Disadvantage: May increase the risk of
antibiotic-resistant ‘superbugs’.

Affect our Lives?
Pest- and disease-resistant food crops
• Advantage: Resistant to attacks by
pests and disease-causing
organisms.
• Disadvantage: Genes may be
transferred to other wild plants during
breeding.
• This may upset the balance in the
ecosystem when they compete with
other plants for light and space.

Affect our Lives?
Automobiles
• Advantage: Allows for quicker transport of
people and things.
• Disadvantage: Emissions from automobiles
cause air pollution.

Affect our Lives?
Styrofoam
• Advantage: Used to make many useful
objects such as cups and food containers
due to its light weight and high heat
capacity.
• Disadvantages:
• Contributes to global warming during
its manufacture.
• Non-biodegradable and pollutes the
environment.
• Harms and kills animals that
accidentally consume it.

Affect our Lives?
• Despite the many benefits of
technology, it cannot solve all our
problems.
• For example, technology cannot
prevent natural disasters such as
earthquakes and hurricanes.
• However, technology can predict
the occurrence of natural
disasters, even though such Go to Practical Book Link
predictions are not always and Key Ideas
(Page 16)
accurate.
Click here to watch a video on the role of
technology in society.
From the video, state how technology can
affect society negatively.

Chapter 1



At the end of this section, you should be able to answer

the following questions:
What safety procedures should

we exercise when carrying out
experiments?
What types of
apparatus do we use
when we carry out
experiments?

Lesson trigger
How could this

accident have been Go to Think and Explore
prevented? (Page 17)

• Choosing a site (e.g. laboratory) for

investigation depends on factors such
as the nature of the investigation, as
well as the materials involved.
• You need to be familiar with different
scientific apparatus so that you can use
the right apparatus safely.
Go to Science Bites
(Page 17)

Laboratory rules
Throughout the lesson

• Be serious at all times in the
Science laboratory. Do not play or
tamper with the equipment.
• Keep your desk clean and tidy.
Before you begin the experiment

• Prepare all apparatus and arrange
them such that you will not knock
them over while doing the
experiment.

During the experiment

• Never smell or taste chemicals unless your
teacher grants permission.
• Wear goggles when heating or mixing
reactive chemicals.
• Never handle broken glass apparatus with
your bare hands. Inform your teacher and
use a broom and dustpan to remove the
broken glass.

After the experiment

• Dispose of waste materials in
proper waste bins.
• Never throw solids or corrosive
liquids in the sink.
• Wash your hands thoroughly when
the experiment is completed.

What should you do if a chemical spillage occurs?
If any chemical accidentally gets

in your mouth, spit it out into a
basin immediately. Rinse your
mouth with plenty of water and
report it to your teacher.
If any chemicals spilled onto

other parts of your body or
clothing, wash it with plenty of
water. Report all accidents,
Report the spill to your teacher. breakage and spillage
to your teacher
immediately.

Hazard symbols
Hazard symbols are used to label harmful chemicals.
Here are some common hazard symbols to look out for:
Explosive
Substance will react violently
when heated or struck.
E.g. flash powder
Corrosive
Substance will eat away other substances.
E.g. sulfuric acid, potassium hydroxide,
calcium oxide

Radioactive
Substance emits radiation.
E.g. radioactive carbon, uranium
Flammable
Substance catches fire easily.
E.g. petrol, kerosene, alcohol, hydrogen
Biohazardous
Poisonous substance of a biological nature.
E.g. medical waste such as blood and urine
samples, micro-organism, virus or toxin

Irritant
Substance produces vapours or fumes
which irritate the eyes, nose and throat.
E.g. phenol, chloroform
Toxic
Substance is harmful in small doses.
E.g. methanol, cyanide, mercury, carbon
monoxide, chlorine
Click here to try a quiz Go to Key Ideas

on laboratory safety (Page 19)
practices.
Go to Practical Book
and Workbook Link
(Page 19)

Map It
Advantages to provides
society
has Limitations
Technology and
Disadvantages
is applied for practical
purposes in
Abused by may be
Science Carrying out
people involves investigations
is the
requires
Study of the knowledge of
Scientific which can be carried out
natural and physical
Method using the
world
• Laboratory rules
includes skills • Hazard symbols
involves
such as attitudes such • Apparatus and
as equipment
(continued on next (continued on next

slide) slide)

Map It
includes skills involves
sets such as attitudes such
as
Engaging with an Curiosity
event through posing
questions, formulating Open-mindedness
hypothesis, defining
the problem, generating Objectivity
ideas and predicting
Creativity
Collecting and
presenting evidence Responsibility
Making meaning of
Perseverance
information and evidence
Integrity
Communication

Chapter 1
Go to Get it Right
(Page 21)
Go to Let’s Review
(Page 21)
Go to Science Today
(Page 23)
Click here for a mini quiz on the

scientific method

Find Out More!
• Science is constantly evolving and

scientific theories are often
debunked when new research
proves them to be wrong.
• They are replaced by new theories
that are more complete and reliable.
• Take, for example, the cold fusion
theory which postulates that a
nuclear reaction can occur at room
temperature instead of extremely
high temperatures.

Find Out More!
• It was hoped that cold fusion can provide
energy that will be cheap, clean and
abundant, without any of the dangerous
radioactive wastes from nuclear power
plants.
• However, repeated experiments by
scientists never really did yield positive Click here for more info on
results that could have supported the cold fusion.
What are the controversies
cold fusion theory. regarding cold fusion?
• Today, scientists are still trying to achieve

a so-called ‘table-top nuclear reaction’,
with some claiming to have successfully
done so.

Chapter 1 The Scientific Endeavour PDF

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Chapter 1

The Scientific Endeavour

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd

1.1 What is Science?

1.2 How is Scientific Knowledge Derived?

1.3 How is Scientific Knowledge Derived?

1.4 How does Science and Technology Affect our Lives?

1.5 Safety Practices during Scientific Investigations

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd

1.1 What is Science?

1.2 How is Scientific Knowledge Derived?

1.3 How is Scientific Knowledge Derived?

1.4 How does Science and Technology Affect our Lives?

1.5 Safety Practices during Scientific Investigations

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd

At the end of this section, you should be able to

What are the

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd

• The study of Science is not

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd

• Science is the study of the natural and physical world.

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd

1.1 What is Science?

1.2 How is Scientific Knowledge Derived?

1.3 How is Scientific Knowledge Derived?

1.4 How does Science and Technology Affect our Lives?

1.5 Safety Practices during Scientific Investigations

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd

What are some positive

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd

• Scientists should have the spirit of

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd

Click here for a list of twenty

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd

1.1 What is Science?

1.2 How is Scientific Knowledge Derived?

1.3 How is Scientific Knowledge Derived?

1.4 How does Science and Technology Affect our Lives?

1.5 Safety Practices during Scientific Investigations

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd

What are the inquiry

How has Science

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd

• The scientific method is a systematic way

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd

1. Engaging with an event

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd

2. Collecting and presenting evidence

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd

3. Making meaning of information and

• A scientific breakthrough is not usually achieved

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd

• A famous scientist from ancient Greece.

For many years, people shared the beliefs of

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd

• The scientific method helps to ensure that

When scientists build on Go to Workbook Link

 2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd