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Association of Textile, �parel & Matenals Professionals

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 AATCC Test Method 173-2015
CMC: Calculation of Small Color Differences for Acceptability
Developed by AATCC Committee RA36
in 1989; reaffirmed 1990; editorially
revised and reaffirmed 1991, 2005,
2015; revised 1992, 1998, 2009; edito­
rially revised 2006. Partly related to
ISO 105-J03.
1. Purpose and Scope
1 . 1 The CMC (f:c) formula is a modi­
fication of the corresponding CIELAB
color- difference formula. It has color­
difef rence symbol !:;.£"""'. Even t houg h use
of th e CIE 1976 L*a *b* (CIELAB) equa­
tion provides industry with a 'standard'
means of ca lcula t ing and communi cating
color differences of trials from their stan­
dards (see 8.1 ), it is recognized
CIELAB color-difference values (!:;.£*)
correlate poorly with visual assessments.
The Jack of correlation is caused by the
n on- uniformity of CIELAB color space
(see Fig. I). Significantly improved cor­
relation between visual assessments and
instrumentally measured color differ­
ences is given by the CMC (f:c) color­
difference formula (see 7.1 to 7.3). The
improvement in correlation between v i­
sual and instrumental color-difference re­
ports yielded by the CMC (e:c) equation
will usually perm it the adopt ion of a sin­
gle- n umber tolerance for judging the ac-
� 0
� 0
- a*
0 �
0 �
Fig. 1-CMC(£:1) Unit ellipsoid
If CIELAB were uniform, these sections would be equal·sized circles.
324 TM173-2015
The American Association of Textie Chemists and Colorisls
Prov!OOO by Iii$ unele< Hcense with AATCC
No reproduclion or netv/Oft<jng pe1milted without lioense from IHS
ceptabiUty of a color match in most situa­
tion s, regardless of both the color of the
standard and the direction of the color
difference of any trial from it. Another
equation, CfE94 has been considered, but
it has not shown any signific an t improve­
ment over CMC (see 8.2).
1.2 The CMC (f:c) formula retains, in
modified form, the partitioning of overall
color difference into differences in light­
ness, chroma, and hue components (see
Fig. 2) which is present in the CIELAB
color-difference formula. Using the ellip­
soidal semi-axes cesl, cSc. and SH) makes
the CMC (f:c) equation suitable for a
wide range of uses.
2. Principle
that
2. I The CMC (e:c) modification to
CIELAB provides a unit of measurement
for the acceptance volume about a stan­
dard color. This volume takes the shape
of an ellipsoid whose se mi-axes are f.SL,
cSc, and SH in the directions o f li ghtness,
chroma, and hue differences, respec­
tively, in CIELAB color space. The CMC
(f.:c) formula varies the ratio of the
lengths of these three semi-axes system­
atically throughout CIELAB color space
according equality of len gth s with visu­
ally equal color differences, regardless of
both the color of the standard and direc-
+b*
CJ 0
� 0
+a•
0 �
0 CJ
- b*
cross sections in CIELAB a*b* diagram.
Copyright e 2016 American AssociaQWW'�t\l\Wii��r%tk��PJ'l::'il\"Jr!fgU9566'7
tion of difference of any trial from it.
Around any give n standard color, the ra­
tio S1,:Sc:SH i s fixed regardless of the end
use of th e trials.
3. Terminology
3 . l CIE 1976 L*a*b* equation, n.­
a commonly used equat ion which trans­
forms CJE t ristim ulus values into a three­
dimensional opposed color space. Gener­
ally abbreviated as CIELAB (see 8.1 ).
3.2 CMC u n it, n.-in color difference
evaluation, a measure of acceptability ex­
pressed in terms of the boundiuy for the
CMC acceptability ellipsoid of Mcmc
=
1.0.
3.2. I CMC is an acronym for the
Colour Measurement Committee of The
Society of Dyers and Colourists which
was largely responsible for the develop­
ment of the CMC ( e:c) e quat ion.
3.3 com mercial factor (ct), n.-in
color difference evaluation, a tolerance
(specified in terms of!:;.£""'" units) which
adjusts all axes of the unit CMC volume
equally to create a volume of acceptance
for commercial use.
3 . 4 /:;.£""" n.-in color dife
f rence eval­
uation, a single number defining the t otal
color difference in CMC units of a trial
from a standard.
Fig. 2-Unit volume of acceptance.
Distance from standard to surface is one CMC(.t:c)
unit.
AATCC Technical Manual/2017

 3.5 semi-axes (lS0 cS0 and SH), n.­ Table 1-Tristimulus Values for Four and
in color diffe er nce evaluation, individual Illuminant-Observer Combinations
dimensions of the CMC volume which T= 0.36 +abs [0.4 cos (35+ h01,)]
are used to calculate a tl.E,..,,c value. Illuminant· Trislimulus Va lue
unless h0b is between 164° and 345° then
Observer
3.6 volume of acceptability, n. - in
Combinations x. r. z. T= 0.56 +abs [0.2 cos (168 + h0b)]
color difference evaluation, the volume
of the ellipsoid obtai.ned when each semi­ 065/10° 94.811 100.000 107.304
065/2° 95.047 100.000 108.883 For the last two equations, 'abs' indicates
axjs (fSL, cSc, and S11) is multiplied by
C/10° 97.285 100.000 116.145 the absolute-i.e., positive value-of the
cf-creating an agreed upon volume de­
c12• 98.074 100.000 118.232 term inside the square brackets.
scribing the Limitsofcommercial accept­
ability for the color difference about a Note: If required, the components of
standard. CMC (f:c) color difference ( L0,,,., tl.Ccm<>
A
and tl.Hcn,,.) may be calculated using the
only if the required combination is not
4. Procedure of Calculat ion terms in the round brackets in the first
therein, CTE 15. 2 (see 8.1 ).
line of the above equation, namely:
4.1Calculation ofCIELAB values. 4.2 Calculation ofCIELAB color dif­
4.1.1 Calculate the CJELAB L*,C,,/', ference values. = til*
and h,,i, values from tbe CJE tristimulus 4.2. L Calculate the CIELAB Al*, �L1:mc /JC'
CJ L
values X, Y, Z of each specimen using t!J.C.i<,,b, and tlH*,., color difference values
equations 1, 2, 3 and 4: as follows, where subscripts Sand R refer
to the specimen and reference CIELAB 6C cmc
l* = 116 (Y!Y.)1'3 - 16 (I) values:
til* = l*s- L*R
if =
YIY,, > 0.008856 tla* a*5-a*R tJ.Hcmc - tl.H*•h
_

- ­
Ab* b*s - b*R SH
but =

tl. C',,b = C*,,b.s- C*ob.R

L* = 903.3 (Y/Y") (2) t!i.£*,,b l(AL*)2 + (tla*)2 + ( 6b*fl112
=
4.3. l.l When e 2.0 this equation
=

t!i.H*.b= pq[Li£" ,,b)2- (A l*)2- ( C*00)2]"2 fixes the ratio of the three terms
if tl.
(Sl:Sc:SH:) to correlate with visual assess­
wherep= I i fm � O orp = -1 ifm<O
YIY,, 5 0.008856 ment of typical textile samples. Other
andq= I iflml5180orq=-I iflm1>180
a*= 500[j(X/X,,) -f(YJY.)] values of e may be required in cases
b* = 200[j(Y/Y,,) -f(Z/Z,), ] where m. = h0b. s - h,,h.R in which 1- . . I indi­ where the surface characteristics are sig­
where cates that the positive value is to be used nificantly different. For example, other
f(X!Xn) = (X!Xn)113 regardless of the sign of the expression values may be required when measuring
if between the two lines very dark trials, but the user should as­
XIX" > 0.008856 4.2.2 An equivalent method of calcu­ sume an e value of 2.0 until actual results
but lating tlH*,,1, is to use Eq. 5: indicate a need for adjustment. In prac­
j(XIX,,)= 7.787(X/X,,) + 16/116 tice, "c" is always set to unity and it may
if tl.H*,,b = t[2(C*(l},.S C*ob.R - a*s a*R be omitted from the equation.
XIX,, 5 0.00856 -b*s b*Rl '12 (5) 4.3.2 Concept of unit volume/toler­
= =
j(YIY,,) = (YIY,,) 113 where t I if a*s b*R5 a*R b*s or t -1 ance. The equation for tl.E.,,,c 5 1.0 de­
if if a*sb*« >a*« b*s scribes an ellipsoidal volume, with axes
Y/Y,, > 0.008856 in the d.irecti.on of lightness, chroma and
but 4.3Calculation of tJ.Emu· hue centered about a standard. Ellipsoid
f( YIY") = 7.787(Y/Y,,)+ 16/J 16 4.3. L Calculate the color difference in semi-axis lengths of esL, cSc and SH cal­
if CMC (t:c) units using Eq. 6: culated for a given standard describe a
YIY,,50.008856 unit volume of acceptance within which
= [(tl. ) 2 ( AC"'�•b 2
f(ZIZJ (Z/Z,,)113 L* ) all samples are less than 1.0 tl.£01,,. unit
+
if tsi cSc from the standard.
ZIZ,, > 0.008856 NOTE: Size and orientation of the dia­
but gram shown in Fig. 2 varies considerably
j(Z/Z") = 7.787(2/Z,,)+ 16/116 depending on location of standard in
if color space and is used here as a means of
ZIZ,, s 0.008856 conceptuaUziog the semi-axes.
where for the standard:
4.3.2. l This volume-and the size and
C*a/)= (a*2 + b*2)112 (3)
0.040975L* ratio of its semi-axes-become the basis
corl*s
'' > l6 SL = for the establislunent of ar) appropriately
h•b = arctan b*la* (4) I+ 0.01765L*
sized volume of acceptability for a given
expressed on a 0-360° scale with the a*+ for L*5S 16 SL= 0.511 commercial situation by the application
axis being 0° and the b* axis at 90°. of a commercial factor (cf) to all dimen­
4.1.2 For these equations, X,,, Y,,, and 0.0638C*"b +
sions.
Sc = 0 638
Z,, are the CIE tristimulus values for + 0.0131C*0b 4.3.2.2 The Volume of Acceptance is
•

the chosen illwninant and observer. The
preferred combination is CIE standard
illuminant D65 and the ClE 1964 supple­
mentary standard (I 0°) observer. Values
for this combination and for some others
are given in Table I. Values for combina­
tions not in Table I should be obtained
by referring to ASTM E308 (see 8.3) or,
I .
defined by M""" $cf.
4.4 Reporting of results. The use of
illuminant 065 and 10° observer calcula­
where tions and (e:c) ratio of 2: 1 are recom­
mended as the standard for calculating
M,,, « values. If other illuminants, observ­
ers or CMC (e:c) ratios are used they
must be specified as part of the value

AATCC Technical Manual/2017 TM173-2015 325

The American Association of TeXl.i\e Chemis!s and C<*:>rists .
ProvlOOCI by IHS ooclef lleense wlth AATCC
.
Copyright© 2016 American L� �$!1
Asso c.1allbl' �
lol.\l"
et1£e.1M\) JO F $
1W.S
E �ll\� ��l§!deana rtsts5956617
\.-OloTION
IANDl.BOl2A
No 1cproduclion or netwMing pe1milted withoutlk:ense lrOOI IHS
 (i.e., L'1E,.,,w0.37:1i. c/2" l.56 would denote
= 5.2. I ln applications which require rat­
using a 1.37:1 f:c ratio, with CIELAB
values calculated for illuminant C/2°
observer).
5. Interpretation of Results
5.1 M,.,,,, is a single number which
represents the number of CMC color dif­
ference units of a trial from a standard.
Any trial which is compared to its stan­
dard will fall into one of three categories:
5. l. l If Mr.me is less than the agreed
commercial factor, the trial is acceptable;
5. l.2 If f>Ecmc is close to the agreed
commercial factor, the trial is borderline;
5.1.3 If 6£""' is greater than the agreed
commercial factor, the trial is unaccept­
able.
5.2 The semi-axes €Si, cSc and SH pro­
vide a means of describing the "accept­
ability" of each dimension of color differ­
ence (lightness, chroma, hue) in terms of
CMC units in each dimension.
326 TM173-2015
The American Association of TeXl.i\e Chemis!s and C<*:>rists
ProvlOOCI by IHS ooclef llcense wlth AATCC
No 1cproduclion or netWOl1Vng pe1milted withoutlk:ense lrOOI IHS
ing within or about a critical tolerance,
multiple levels consisting of ellipsoidal
volumes representing various levels of
color difference may be generated. This
will result in a set of concentric volumes/
tolerances which provide a un.iform grad­
ing system when correlated to and are as­
sociated with a predefined set of terms.
6. Precision and Bias
6.1 Precision and Bias statements are
aot applicable because data are 1101 gener­
ated by this test method.
7. References
7.1 BS6923:1988, British Standard
Method for Calculation of Small Col­
our Difference. Available from British
Standards Institution, 2 Park Street, Lon­
don WIA 2BS, England; web site: www.
bsigroup.com.
7.2 Clarke, F. J. J., R. McDonald and
Copyright© 2016 A meric an Associa����'@��\%fk111P�&'J�?s/s5956617
B. Rigg, Modification to the JPC79
Colour-Difference Formula, Journal of
rhe Sociery of Dyers and Colourisrs, Vol.
100, 1984, pp128-132 and pp281-282.
7.3 McDonald, R., Acceptability and
Perceptibility Decisions Using the CMC
Colour Difference Formula, Texrile
Chemist and Colorisr, Vol. 20, No. 6.
1988, pp31-37, and Errata, Vol. 20, No.
8, 1988. p!O.
8. Notes
8.1 ClE Publication No. 15-2004, Colorim­
etry 3rd Edition. Available thmugh 1he US
National Comm.ittee of tbe ClE webshop
(www.techstreet.com/cie/).
8.2 McDonald, Roderick and Kenneth ).
Smith. "CIE94-A New Colour .Difference
Fonnula." Journal of the Society ofDyers and
Colourists, Vol. l l 1, No. 12, Dec. 1995, p376.
8.3 ASTM E308. Practice for Computing
the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE Sys­
tem. available from ASTM International, JOO
Barr Harbor, W. Conshohocken PA 19428;
tel: +1.610.832.9500; fax: + 1.610.832.9555;
web site: www.astm.org.
AATCC Technical Manual/2017