Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION AND BASIC

CONCEPTS
 Thermodynamics and Energy
• What’s in a name?
Thermodynamics
• thermo = heat
• dynamics = power
Study of the relation between heat and
mechanics
 Thermodynamics and Energy
• What’s conservation of energy?
- energy can neither be created nor destroyed
or the total amount of energy remain
constant
 Thermodynamics and Energy
• What’s First law of thermodynamics?
• An expression of the conservation of energy
• energy is a thermodynamic property
 Thermodynamics and Energy
• What’s Second law of thermodynamics?
• energy has quantity and quality
• processes occur in the direction of
decreasing quality
 Application Areas
Getting power from heat
 Application Areas
Getting power from heat
 Dimension and Units
• What’s fundamental ( primary ) dimensions?
• mass, m, length, L, time, t, and temperature,
T
• What’s secondary ( derived ) dimensions?
• Velocity, V, energy, E, volume, , ..etc
 Dimension and Units
• What’s SI and English units?
– Newton’s Second law
F=ma, 1 N = 1 kg* m/s2
– Weight
W = mg (N)
Specific gravity,  = g
– Work
1 J = N*m
 Dimension and Units
• What’s Dimensional homogeneity?
– In engineering all equations must be dimensionally
homogenous
E = 25 kJ + 7 kJ/kg
• What’s Unity conversion ratios?

N  kg .m / s 2
N
1
2
kg.m / s
 System and Control Volumes
• What’s a
thermodynamic
system?
• What’s a closed
system?
• What’s a control
volume?
 Properties of a system
• What’s a property ?
• What’s an extensive property ?
• What’s an intensive property ?
• What’s a specific property ?
 Continuum
• What’s a continuum?
– Matter description
• Discrete molecules (microscopic)
• Continuum averaged of large molecules over a
volume (macroscopic)
 Density and Specific Gravity
• What’s a density?
• What’s a specific gravity?
 Thermodynamic State
• What’s a thermodynamic state?
– The thermodynamic state of a system is defined
by specifying values of a set of measurable
properties sufficient to determine all other
properties.
• What’s a state postulate?
– The number of properties need to be specified to
fix the state
– Simple compressible substance
 Equilibrium
• What’s a thermodynamic
equilibrium?
– The state of a system
(properties) unchanged as
long as external conditions
is unchanged
– A system in
thermodynamic
equilibrium satisfies:
• mechanical equilibrium (no
unbalanced forces)
• thermal equilibrium (no
temperature differences)
• chemical equilibrium.
 Processes and Cycles
• What’s a process?
• What’s a cycle?
• What’s a quasi-equilibrium process?
• What’s isothermal, isochoric (isometric),
isobaric processes?
 The steady-Flow Process
• What’s a steady flow process?
• What’s meanings steady and uniform?
 Temperature and the Zeroth law of
Thermodynamics
• What’s a temperature ?

• What’s a Zeroth law of

thermodynamic ?
 Temperature Scales
• What’s a Celsius scale ?

• What’s a Kelvin scale ?

• Relation between Kelvin

and Celsius scales?
 Pressure
• What’s a pressure?
• What’s a pressure units?
– 1 Pascal (pa) = N/m2
– 1 Bar = 105 pa = 100 kPa
– 1 atm = 101.315 kPa
• What’s an absolute pressure?
• What’s a gage pressure?
• What’s a vacuum pressure?
 Variation of Pressure with Depth
• P = P0 + gh
 Manometer
What' s a Manometer?
P2  Patm  gh
 Barometer
• What’s a Barometer?
 Multi-fluid Manometer
• What’s