Syntax

Clause and Sentence

BY GROUP 5

LA ODE MUHAMMAD NUR RAHIM (A1M2 17 016)

WAODE ANIS FITRIAH SALSABILAH (A1M2 17 034)
HIDAYATIL FAJERIAH (A1M2 17 014)
MUH. KAMARUL ZAMAN (A1M2 17 046)
DWIANA RAHYUNI (A1M2 17 006)
WAODE ANISA HAKIKI (A1M2 17 030)
WA ODE SITTI SAHARA NDOWALI (A1M2 17 032)
MUHAMMAD JIHAD (A1M2 15 110)
AHMAD MUSADIQ (A1M2 15 032)
TIFANI HAMLIN (A1M2 15 070)
NURZAKINAH HUDAYAH ANWAR (A1M2 15 118)
SRI SEPRIANA (A1M2 15 128)

ENGLISH EDUCATION MAJOR

TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATIONS FACULTY
HALU OLEO UNIVERSITY
KENDARI
 2018
A. CLAUSE

1. Definition of Clause
In the Oxford dictionary it is stated that clause is ‘Group of words that contain a
subject and a verb. So it can be concluded that the clause is a group of words
consisting of subjects (subject) and predicate (according to the grammar) (the
existence of finite verb). Clause and phrase are two different things, because the
phrase is a group of words that are justified (in accordance) with grammar, but does
not contain the subject and predicate (does not contain finite verb).

Try to compare the two examples below!

 Two studied Japanese students have English and

The above example is not a phrase or clause, because the above sentence is
not in accordance with grammar and cannot be understood.
 Two students have studied English and Japanese
Examples of the above sentence include clause because it consists of the
subject "two students" and the title "have studied English and Japanese". And
can be grammatically justified. While the group of words "two students",
"have studied", and "English and Japanese" is Phrase because it does not
contain the subject and predicate elements, but all groups of words are in
accordance with grammar.

2. 5 Types of Clauses
1) Main Clause (Independent Clause)
Main clause or often referred to as independent clause in language means
clauses that can stand alone. Main clause consists of subject and predicate that can
be understood (Independent). Keep in mind that the name clause does not have a
final punctuation mark, whereas if the sentence has a final punctuation then the
name is sentence. Next we will give some examples of main clause (Independent
clause).
 Examples Main Clause

No Independent clause
1 I like apple
2 You met him in Surabaya
3 Budi punched me
4 He took my money
5 We go to school
6 I will check my ticket tomorrow
7 She doesn’t love me
8 The glass was cracked
9 They will chase you
10 Sinta went to your party

2) Subordinate Clause (Dependent clause)

Subordinate clause or also commonly referred to as dependent clause in
language means clauses that cannot stand alone. The subordinate clause is a series
of words that are not able to stand alone, because if the subordinate clause is not
juxtaposed with playing clause, the meaning contained in the subordinate clause
will be floating or unclear. Subordinate clause always uses conjunction as the
explanation rather than the main clause (Independent clause). Next we will give
some examples of subordinate clause (Dependent clause).

Examples Dependent Clause

No Dependent clause
1 Because apple is the first fruit that I ate when I was child
2 After you finished your duty
3 When he knew that I have stolen his shoes
4 Before I realized it
5 Before the bell ring
6 Because the plan will take off early
7 After she saw me kissing my friend
8 Until no one can fix it with glue
 9 Before you go abroad
10 Since budi was not there

If the two clauses above are combined between main clause and
subordinate clause, it will create a perfect sentence series. Note the following
table.

No Sentence
1 I like apple Because apple is the first fruit that I ate when I was child
2 You met him in Surabaya After you finished your duty
3 Budi punched me When he knew that I have stolen his shoes
4 He took my money Before I realized it
5 We go to school Before the bell ring
6 I will check my ticket tomorrow Because the plan will take off early
7 She doesn’t love me After she saw me kissing my friend
8 The glass was cracked Until no one can fix it with glue
9 They will chase you Before you go abroad
10 Sinta went to your party Since budi was not there

2.1 Types of Subordinate Clause

A subordinate clause can act as an adjective, a noun or an adverb in a
sentence. There are three types of Subordinate Clause depending upon its
function in a sentence:
1. Noun Clause
2. Adverb Clause
3. Adjective Clause

1. Noun Clause
1.1 Definition of Noun Clause
Noun clause is a dependent clause that functions as a noun
(noun). As with a noun, the noun clause can also function as a
 noun function, that is, it can at least function as a subject, object,
and complement in a sentence. The easiest thing to identify a noun
clause is that it usually starts with words like: how, why, when,
which, where, that, whether, whoever, who, whoever, whom,
whomever, and what.

a) The study languages of how languages can spread are all the
world
Linguistics studies how languages can spread throughout the
world
b) This car is what I want
This car is what I want
c) Whatever you say is fine for me
Whatever you say doesn't matter to me

The three sentences above contain a noun clause where (a) the
noun clause functions as an object, (b) functions as a complement,
and (c) serves as the subject of the sentence.

1.2 Function of Noun Clause

As mentioned above, the noun clause has at least a function as a
subject, object, or complement in a sentence. But the function of
the noun clause is not just that. Noun clause can also function as a
predicate in nominal sentences.
a) Noun clause as the subject of sentences
 Whoever thought of your idea is very brilliant.
 What the president said is not true
 How you become popular makes some people so curious

The three clauses mentioned above serve as the subject of

sentences. The easiest way to identify that is the sentence
 subject is that they are located before the verb or linking verb.
In the sentence above the noun clause is located before is and
makes.

b) Noun clause as a direct object

The easiest feature of direct objects is that they can change
positions into subject sentences when they are converted into
passive sentences. Generally objects directly located after
transitive verbs.
 I know what you said
 Everyone understands that Jakarta is so crowded city in
Indonesia
 He has informed that he will be late

c) Noun clause as a preposition object

Noun clause functions as a preposition object characterized by
the use of prepositions before the noun clause.
 It is a good idea to think why Indonesia has a bad
reputation about corruption
 You should be careful of what you will say
 I have bought lots of snacks for when I get hungry
suddenly

The three noun clause above function as objects (prepositions)

in sentences because they are located after prepositions,
namely prepositions to, of, and for.

d) Noun clause as a complement (complement)

Complementary or complementary characteristics are that he
cannot be a subject when converted in a passive form.
Therefore, the noun clause that functions as complement
cannot be changed in a passive form.
 My big question is whether she can speak English or not
  My happiness is that I have a pretty wife
 You are what I am looking for

Some linguists say that the noun clause as complement can also
be said to be a nominal sentence predicate; a sentence whose
predicate is a noun or adjective.

1.3 Some Important Notes About the Noun Clause

Noun clause acts like a noun, so it also functions like a
noun. Unlike the adjective clause that explains noun. Therefore,
the most easily recognized adjective clause and noun clause are
adjective clause beginning with the noun that will be explained, for
example:
 I know the school where he studies (adjective clause)
 I know where he studies (noun clause)

In the example above, the first sentence is adjective clause because

it explains the school. Whereas in the second sentence is the noun
clause which functions as a direct object of the sentence.

2. Adjective Clause
2.1 Definition of Adjective Clause
Adjective clause or also known as relative clause is a clause
consisting of subject and verb (verb). Adjective clause functions as
an adjective or explains nouns in a sentence. Adjective clauses or
relative clauses provide additional information about one of the
nouns in the main clause [ii] Usually, it starts with a relative
pronoun or relative adverb like; who, whom, whose, which, where,
when, why, and that.
To better understand the shape and function of the adjective
clause, we can see the following examples.
2.2 The types of Relative Pronouns in Adjective / Relative clause
a. Who = person (subject)
Example 1
I am a girl who (that) is good at dancing.

In example 1, "who is good at dancing" is an adjective or

relative clause that refers to the "a girl" noun in which the "a
girl" noun refers to the subject "I". In example 1, the sentence
initially consists of two clauses, namely:

"I am a girl and I'm good at dancing."

In example 1, the two clauses are put together in one sentence

using the relative pronoun ‘who ', because‘ who ’has an equal
position with the subject‘ I ’then after the clauses are
combined, the pronoun‘ I ’is not mentioned again.

It is important to remember that the relative pronouns ‘that’ are

more often used in sentences that contain relative / adjective
clause than ‘who’, ‘who’, or ‘which’. So, for example sentence
1, we can make sentences like:

“I am a girl that is good at dancing.”

b. Whom = person (object)

Example 2

The man whom I talked to last night was Bobi.

In example 2, the sentence initially consists of two clauses,

namely:

"The man was Bobi and I talked to (the man) last night."

In example 2, this example is different from example 1 where

the relative usage of pronouns refers to the subject, in example
 2, the noun ‘the man’ refers to the object ‘Bobi’ so that the
relative pronouns ‘whom’ use. In example 2, ‘who I talked to
last night’ is an adjective or relative clause that refers to the
‘Bobi’ noun that has a position as an object in the sentence.

c. Whose = ownership

Example 3:

I have just met Sani whose husband works for Kodelokus.

In example 3, the sentence initially consists of two clauses,

namely:

"I have just met Sani and Sani's husband works at

Kodelokus"

In example 3, the sentence uses a relative pronoun whose name

refers to "Sani's husband" or "husband" which is owned by
Sani. In example 3, "whose husband works at Kodelokus" is an
adjective or relative clause that refers to Sani's husband.

d. That = object or person

Example 4:

It is a book that is good for children.

In example 4, the sentence initially consists of two clauses,

namely:

"It is a book and The book is good for children"

In example 4, the sentence uses relative pronoun that refers to

objects, namely 'book'. Relative pronouns ‘that’ are more often
used in sentences that contain relative / adjective clause than
‘who’, ‘who’, or ‘which’.
e. Which = object
Example 5:

It is a phone which will change the world.

In example 5, the sentence initially consists of two clauses,

namely:

"It is a phone and This phone will change the world"

In example 5, the sentence uses relative pronouns ‘which

'because it refers to objects that are‘ a phone'. In example 3,
"which will change the world" is an adjective or relative clause
that refers to the "phone" object. In sentences that contain
relative pronouns that refer to objects, we can use that or
‘which 'but generally relatively pronoun‘ that' is used more
often.

f. When = time
Example 6:
I cannot remember the day when he was gone.
In example 6, ‘when he was gone’ is an adjective or relative
clause. In example 6, the sentence uses relative adverb "when"
because it refers to the time in the sentence that is "the day".
g. Where = place
Example 7:
Jakarta is the city where my sister was born.
In example 7, "where my sister was born" is an adjective or
relative clause. In example 7, the sentence uses relative adverb
"where" because it refers to the place in the sentence that is
"the city"

h. Why = reason
Example 8:
 I do not know the reason why she is angry at me.
In example 8, why is she angry at me is adjective or relative
clause. In example 8, the sentence uses relative adverb ‘why
'because it refers to' the reason 'or provides more information
about a reason why something happened.

2.3 Adjective / Relative Clause Types

Restrictive and non-restrictive clauses are two types of Adjective
Clause. Adjective clause is a clause that acts as an adjective (i.e.
modifies noun) in the sentence.
Example: I saw a kid who was crying.
The clause ‘who was crying’ is an adjective clause because it
modifies (gives information about) the noun ‘kid’ in the sentence.
Hence, the two types of adjective clause ‘restrictive and
nonrestrictive clause’ also modify (give information about) a noun
in the sentence.
2.3.1 Understanding Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clause -
Difference

Restrictive clause modifies a noun by giving information about it

as well as by specifying it. On the other hand, the nonrestrictive
clause modifies a noun only by giving information about it but do
not specify it.

Example:

 My friend who has red hairs won the competition.

(Restrictive Clause)
 My friend, who has red hair, won the completion.
(Nonrestrictive Clause)

In the first sentence, the clause ‘who has red hair’ is

written without commas. It is a restrictive clause. It gives
 information (having red hair) about the friend who won the
competition. It also specifies the friend. It means that I have
only one friend who has red hair and that friend won the
competition.

In the second sentence, the clause ‘who has red hair’ is

written with commas. It is a nonrestrictive clause. It gives
information (having red hair) about the friend. But it does not
specify the friend. It means that I have many friends who have
red hair; and it can be anyone among those friends (having red
hair) who won the competition.

The difference between restrictive and nonrestrictive clause

lies in interpretation of a sentence. If a clause is written without
commas, its writer intends to specify the noun (restrictive
clause). If a clause is written with commas, its writer intends
not to specify the noun.

Example:
The man who is wearing a white shirt is my father.
(CORRECT)
The man, who is wearing a white shirt, is my father.
(WRONG)
In the above sentence, the clause refers to a specific person
‘father’. Hence, the writer cannot use nonrestrictive clause.
Because there can be many men wearing white shirts. But the
writer points to only a one person who is his father. Therefore,
the clause will be written without commas to make it
restrictive clause to refer to a single person ‘father’.

2.3.2 Differentiating Characteristics

Restrictive Clause Non-restrictive Clause
 Non-restrictive Clause is also called
 Restrictive Clause is also called Essential
Non-essential Clause.
Clause.
 Non-restrictive Clause must be set off
 Restrictive Clause must not be set off by
by commas in a sentence.
commas in a sentence.
 As it does not specify the noun, it is not
 As it is used to specify the noun, it is
essential to the meaning of sentence.
essential to the meaning of sentence. If it
Even if it is taken out of the sentence,
is taken out of a sentence, meaning of the
the meaning of sentence would not be
sentence would be affected.
affect.
 It does not only give additional
 It gives only information about the
information but also identifies the noun.
noun without specifying the noun

2.3.3  Usage of "That" and "Which" for Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses:

 ‘That’ is used to start a restrictive clause.
 ‘Which’ is used to start a nonrestrictive clause.
Examples:

 The table that is made of wood is beautiful. (Restrictive Clause)

 A table, which is made of wood, is beautiful.(Nonrestrictive Clause)

3. Adverb Clause
3.1 Definition of Adverb Clause
Adverbial clause is a clause that provides information about how
something is done. Just like an adverb or adverbial phrase,
adverbial clause also functions to tell the reader how, when, or
why something happened in a sentence. The adverbial clause is a
subordinate clause that acts as an adverbial part of another clause
(ie main clause) and can answer questions in the form of 'When?',
'Why?', 'If what?', And 'What for?'
a. I read a novel “Negeri Lima Menara” yesterday.
 b. I read a novel “Negeri Lima Menara”on Friday.
c. I read a novel “Negeri Lima Menara” before I went to
Bandung.

In the sentence (a) yesterday is adverb, (b) on Friday is adverbial

phrase, and (c) before I went to Bandung is adverbial clause.
Everything is a time statement that answers the question when. The
difference is that in adverbial clause there is a subject and
predicate, namely I as the subject and went as a predicate.

However, their role is only as a subordinate clause because only as

information. While I read a novel "Negeri Lima Menara" is
independent clause. So that without the presence before I went to
Bandung, the sentence I read a novel "Negeri Lima Menara" could
still be a complete sentence. Thus, we can say that adverbial clause
is a clause that has dependent clause and subordinate clause that is
connected using adverbs of time such as before, after, until, and so
on. Besides using these adverbs, most adverbial clauses start with
conjunctions such as if, when, and because. [Ii] Adverbial clause is
usually classified according to the meaning of the conjuntion
attached to the clause.

3.2 Types of Adverbial Clause

3.2.1 Adverbs of time
Adverbs of time serve to explain the time at which time
something happened in a sentence. Adverbial clause of time
can be placed before or after the main clause. We can use
adverbs of time on previous adverb material to create adverbial
clause, such as before, after, as soon as, since, until, when, as,
as long as, no sooner than, while, and so on. The thing to
remember is that subordinate conjunction is also followed by
subjects and predicates.
  After the homework has been finished, I go to the
swimming pool.
 My mother goes to the market when I am watching TV.
 You will know how to live since you trust yourself.

3.2.2 Adverbs of Place

Adverbs of place explain the place where something happens
in a sentence. To make adverbs of places we can use
prepositions such as, on, or conjunction subordinating like
anywhere, everywhere, where, or wherever.
 The red office is the highest place where I work in.
 Wherever you study, you will find a smart teacher.
 A job seeker should go where they can find a lot of
jobs.

3.2.3 Adverbs of Manner

Adverbs of manner show how something is done in a sentence.
To make it we can use conjunction subordinating like as, as if,
like, or the way.
 They laugh like it is a joke.
 She talks to the way a mother talks to charity children.
 Amelia ran as if a dog was chasing her.

3.2.4 Adverbs of Degree Comparison

Adverbs of degree comparison show a comparison between
something with something else in a sentence. To make it, we
can use subordinating conjunction like than, as ... as, so ... as.
 He is as smart as he is tall.
 She is older than he looks.
 Your friend is not so clever as you think.
3.2.5 Adverbs of Condition
Adverbs of condition show presuppositions in a sentence. To
make it we can use subordinating conjunctions like if and
unless.
 If I have much money, I will buy a new laptop.
 If I have enough time, I will watch TV every day.
 I cannot read your notes unless you write clearly.

3.2.6 Adverbs of Concession

Adverbs of concession show a contradictory sentence; there is
a difference between the facts on dependent clause and
independent clause. To make it we can use subordinating
conjunctions such as thought, although, even though, while,
whereas, and even if.
 Although I get up early, I am late in arriving at school.
 My friend still does not believe me though I have told
the truth.
 She comes out to meet me, even if it rains now.

3.2.7 Adverbs of Reason

Adverbs of reason show the reason for a sentence on the
main idea. To make it possible, we can use subordinating
conjunctions such as, because, given, and since.
 I choose you because I love you.
 As he is a strong student, he can carry this heavy
box.
 Since you are smart student, you will be able to
answer this question.
 3.2.8 Adverbs of Result
Adverbs of result show cause and effect in a sentence. To
make it we can use subordinating conjunction like so ...
that, such ... that.
 The old man is so weak that he can't speak louder.
 Aldiana is a beautiful girl that many love her.
 I am so busy that I cannot go to your home.

3.2.9 Adverbs of Purpose

Adverbs of purpose show the purpose in a sentence. To
make it we can use that..may, so that.
 We eat everyday that we may live.
 My father works harder so that he will become a
rich man.
 She has come early so that she can meet me.

3.3 Adverbial clause Function

3.3.1 Explaining Verbs (verb)
 When you walked, I was reading a novel.
 I run because there is a dog
 I found my jacket where I had left it
3.3.2 Explaining Adjectives (adjective)
 Joni is taller than any student I know
 She is smart because she drinks a cup of milk everyday

3.3.3 Explain Adverbs (adverb)

 My father drives so fast that he can arrive on time
 He studies hard so that he can get good score.
 The following are the types of subordinate clause with
understanding, explanations, and complete examples that you must
learn.

3.3.4 Clause of Comparison

Clause of comparison is adverb clause which
explains the comparison. There are several conjunction
subordinating used in clause of comparison, like as / so ...
as, ... than, less ... than. Clause of comparison is another
name for the adverb clause of comparison. For more
details, consider the example in the following table.

Examples Clause of Comparison

Sentence Clause of comparison

I don’t swim as well as he does As well as he does
Tom swim better than Garry does Than Garry does
The new machine works more
Than the old one
efficiently than the old one

3.3.5 Clause of Condition

Clause of comparison is adverb clause which explains the
comparison. There are several conjunction subordinating
used in clause of comparison, like as / so ... as, ... than,
less ... than. Clause of comparison is another name for the
adverb clause of comparison. For more details, consider the
example in the following table.
Example of Clause of Condition

Sentence Clause of condition

He will not go to picnic if it rains If it rains
You will be a rich man if you work
If you work hard
hard
If I were a bird, I would fly If I were a bird
 3.3.6 Clause of Exception
Clause of exception is clause (subject + predicate) which
functions as an exception. Subordinating conjunctions that
usually precede clause of exceptions include:except that/
excepting that

 save that (formal)/ saving that

 beyond that
 but that (formal)
 only (that)
 other that (the fact) that

Examples Clause of Exception

For more details, consider the example in the following table.

Sentence Clause of exception

This antique vase is in a very
Only that there is a little crack
good condition, only that there
near the top
is a little crack near the top
This car is very clean, only that Only that there is a rubbish on
there is a rubbish on the tire the tire
Tommy is a handsome boy,
Other that he is a naughty boy
other that he is a naughty boy

B. SENTENCE
Sentence is a composition of certain patterned words that form a unified meaning
that can be understood well. If there are words that are arranged but do not have any
meaning at all and cannot be understood the meaning means not the sentence. Consider
examples of Indonesian sentences below:
Example:
 I go to Bali.
 They are very confused.
Notice the two examples of the sentence above. Both sentences consist of several
arranged words, but the difference is that the first example can be understood by its
meaning, while the second example cannot be understood. The second example is not a
sentence.
Then what is the arrangement or pattern of sentences in English? There are
several patterns and arrangements to form a sentence in English, namely:

1. Subject + Verb
The verb used in this pattern is an intransitive verb that is a verb that has
no objects such as go, sleep, freeze, rise, boil, bark, etc.
Example of sentences:
 The dog is barked. (The dog barks)
 Water is boiling. (Water is boiling)
 My father sleeps. (My father sleeps)

2. Subject + Verb + Object

The verb used in this pattern is a transitive verb, which is a verb that
requires an object so that the meaning of the sentence is complete and
understandable.
Before we discuss the pattern examples above, consider the example of the
sentence below:
 I eat. What do you eat? -> I eat mango.
 I go. What do you go? -> ????
 I write. What do you write? -> Write a letter.

If we look at the three examples above, then the first and third examples are
examples of sentences that use transitive verbs, because the verbs used need
objects so that the meaning of the sentence is fully understood.
 Compare this with the example of the second sentence, where, without any
object, we can understand it. This is the difference between Transitive and
Intrinsic Verbs.

Example of sentences:

 I eat a mango.
 She writes a letter.
 He called you.

3. Subject + Verb + Complementary

The verb used in this file is also called Linking Verbs such as be, become,
get, look, seem, taste, sound, etc.
The complement to the 3rd pattern can be a noun, noun phrase, adjective,
adjective phrase, etc.
Example:
 It is a book.
 You look beautiful.

4. Subject + Verb + Description

After the verb, we can also put adverbs, such as adverb phrases,
Prepositional Phrase or Noun Phrase.
Example:
 She will come tomorrow. -> Adverbial Phrase.
 William is at my house. -> Prepositional Phrase
 My mother swims every Sundays. -> Noun Phrase

5. Subject + Verb + Object + Object.

Sometimes in a sentence consists of 2 objects. The first object is usually
an Indirect Object, while the second Object is a Direct Object.
 What is the difference? Direct objects are objects directly from verbs,
while indirect objects are not. For more details, note the illustration of Indonesian
sentences below:
 Mother bought me a doll.
 What do you buy? -> Dolls

Dolls are direct objects. How to find direct objects is to give questions like the
example sentence above. I am an Indirect Object.

Example:

 She told us a story. (He tells us a story), or (He tells us a story)

 My mother bought me a doll. (I bought me a doll) or (I bought a doll for
me)
 She gives me a present. (He gives me a gift) or (He gives me a gift).

6. Subject + Verb + Object + Complement

The complement at the end of the sentence must relate to the object of the
sentence.

Example:
 The song makes him famous.
(This song makes it famous)
 The extra job of the Boss keeps me very busy.
(Additional work from the boss makes me very busy)
 The magician gives the audience a big surprise.
(The magician gives a big surprise to the audience)

7. Subject + Verb + Object + Adverb

Any adverbs placed behind an object must also relate to objects.
Example:
 Sheila parks her car in the garage.
 (Sheila parked her car in the garage)
 I put my wallet in my pocket.
 Robert hides the knife in his jacket.

8. Other Patterns
There are also other patterns that we cannot explain one by one, especially about
the position of the Adverb that is often changing.

Subject + Auxiliary Verb + Adverb + Verb + Etc

Example:
 She has just phoned me.
 Mary and I have already called the police.

9. Subject + Auxiliary Verb + Adverb + Verb + Etc

Example:

 She will probably invite you to her party.

 (He might invite you to the party)
 I can sometimes beat him.

Type, Sentence Structure and Explanation as well as His Examples in English

In order to easily make sentences, we as learners must know the conditions for
making it.

One important requirement for the formation of the correct sentence is to know
the four types of sentences or their forms.

Here are the types sentences in English

1. Simple sentence
2. Compound sentence
3. Complex sentence
 4. Compound-complex sentence

To be clearer, let us consider together the explanations and examples of the four types of
sentences above

Kinds of sentence structure (sentence structure) in English

1. Simple Sentence
A simple sentence or simple sentence consists of one independent clause or
independent clause. An independent clause or independent clause contains the subject
and verb and expresses a complete mind.
The simple sentence formula only contains independent clause:
Example:
 I like coffee.
 Mary likes tea.
 The earth goes round the sun.
 Mary did not go to the party.

2. Compound Sentence
A compound sentence is two (or more) independent clauses that are combined
with conjunctions. Each of these clauses can form sentences only two (or more)
independent clauses joined by a conjunction or semi-colon. Each of these clauses can
form a sentence alone.
Compound sentence formulas or compound sentences:
Independent clause + coordinating conjunction + independent clause
Example:
 I like coffee and Mary likes tea.
 Mary went to work but John went to the party.
  Our car broke down; we came last.

3. Complex sentence
A complex sentence is a complex sentence consisting of an independent clause or
independent clause plus a dependent or dependent clause. Dependent clause begins
with subordinating conjunctions or relative pronouns, and contains the subject and
verb, but does not reveal a complete mind.)
The following example sentence is just a basic example. In some cases another
rule that might be a dependent or dependent clause can be laid before an independent
clause or independent clause.
Formula complex sentence:
Independent clause + subordinating conjunction + dependent clause
Example:
 We missed our plane because we were late.
 Our dog barks when she hears a noise.
 He left in a hurry after he got a phone call.
 Do you know the man who is talking to Mary?

The following are some of the subordinating conjunctions that are often used:

after, although, as, because, before, how, if, once, since, than, that, though, till, until,
when, where, whether and while

The following are some relative pronouns that are often used:

that, which, who, whom, whose

4. Compound-Complex Sentence
A compound-complex sentence is a complex compound sentence consisting of at
least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clause.
Formula compound-complex sentence:
Independent clause + subordinating conjunction + dependent clause +
coordinating conjunction + independent clause
 Examples:
 John didn't come because he was ill so Mary was not happy.
 He left in a hurry after he got a call but he came back five minutes later.

C. THE DIFFERENCE OF CLAUSE AND SENTENCE

1. Clause
 Clause or clause is a group of words that have a subject and verb. There
are two types of clause in English; independent clause and dependent
clause.
 Independent clause is a clause that can stand alone, and can be a complete
sentence.
 Unlike the independent clause, the dependent clause is a clause that cannot
stand alone and requires another clause to be a complete sentence.

2. Sentence
Sentence literally means sentence. But the meaning of the sentence itself is
a group of words that have a subject and predicate, and can consist of several
clauses. In short, in a sentence, there are clauses and phrases.

REFERENCES

Clause. Retrieved from https://writingexplain.org

Noun clause, adjective clause, and adverb clause Retrieved from https://m.belajarbahasa.id

The difference of clause and sentence. Retrieved from https://blog.bahaso.com

Sentence structure. Retrieved from https://segeringjiwo.wordpress.com