Reference list

Binder, D. and Nampiaparampil, D., 2009. The provocative lumbar facet joint. Current Reviews in

Musculoskeletal Medicine, 2(1), pp.15-24.

Cohen, S. and Raja, S., 2007. Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Lumbar

Zygapophysial (Facet) Joint Pain. Anesthesiology, 106(3), pp.591-614.

Emedicine.medscape.com. 2020. Lumbosacral Facet Syndrome Treatment & Management: Acute

Phase, Recovery Phase, Maintenance Phase. [online] Available at: <https://

emedicine.medscape.com/article/94871-treatment> [Accessed 10 May 2020].

Hestbaek, L., Kongsted, A., Jensen, T. and Leboeuf-Yde, C., 2009. The clinical aspects of

the acute facet syndrome: results from a structured discussion among European

chiropractors. Chiropractic & Osteopathy, 17(1).

Markwalder, T., & Merat, M. (1994). The lumbar and lumbosacral facet-syndrome. Diagnostic

measures, surgical treatment and results in 119 patients. Acta Neurochirurgica, 128(1-4), 40-46.

doi: 10.1007/bf01400651.

Moon, H., Choi, K., Kim, D., Kim, H., Cho, Y., Lee, K., Kim, J. and Choi, Y., 2013. Effect of

Lumbar Stabilization and Dynamic Lumbar Strengthening Exercises in Patients With

Chronic Low Back Pain. Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine, 37(1), p.110.

Norris, C., 2014. Managing Sports Injuries. 4th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Health Sciences UK, p.262.

Norris, C., 2008. Back Stability. Leeds: Human Kinetics, p.15.

Perolat, R., Kastler, A., Nicot, B., Pellat, J., Tahon, F., & Attye, A. et al. (2018). Facet joint

syndrome: from diagnosis to interventional management. Insights Into Imaging, 9(5), 773-789. doi:

10.1007/s13244-018-0638.

Physiopedia. 2020. Facet Joint Syndrome. [online] Available at:

<https://www.physio-pedia.com/Facet_Joint_Syndrome> [Accessed 10 May 2020].

Physiopedia. 2020. Lumbar Facet Syndrome. [online] Available at: <https://www.physio-

pedia.com/Lumbar_Facet_Syndrome> [Accessed 10 May 2020].

Safran, M., Zachazewski, J. and Stone, D., 2012. Instructions For Sports Medicine

Patients. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders, p.p362.

Schütz, U., Cakir, B., Dreinhöfer, K., Richter, M. and Koepp, H., 2011. Diagnostic Value of Lumbar

Facet Joint Injection: A Prospective Triple Cross-Over Study. PLoS ONE, 6(11), p.e27991.

Van Kleef, M., Vanelderen, P., Cohen, S., Lataster, A., Van Zundert, J., & Mekhail, N. (2010).

12. Pain Originating from the Lumbar Facet Joints. Pain Practice, 10(5), 459-469. doi:

10.1111/j.1533-2500.2010.00393.

Video case study; example typical FJS presentation

(used in cluster video)

LODCTRRAPPA:

Overview: John Small, 28 yom. Occupation: labourer, plumber. He has a history of repetitive

micro-trauma due to the nature of his job.

Location: Right sided lower back, unilateral.

Onset: Insidious, over the last 5 years, though it is acute when flare-up occurs.

Duration: Flare-up occurred 3/7 ago.

Course: Intermittent, flare-ups come and go roughly 1/12.

Type: Constant pain, VAS 5/10: described as local, sharp on the (R). Pain when sitting/still, VAS

8/10: Dull band of pain refers across lower lumbar region, and ache into buttocks. During certain

movements, VAS 8/10: Stiffness with spasms in the spinal muscles at times.

Radiation: No. Nothing below knee, rarely into thigh’s.

Relieving factors: Sitting with a pillow/forward lean (avoiding extension), laying/rest after work,

short walks and supine knees to chest before getting out of bed in the morning helps.

Aggravating factors: Reaching up overhead in the kitchen (extending the spine) and prolonged

sitting or standing. Getting up in the morning, getting up from sitting, and rotation brings on

spasm-like muscle pain and exacerbates the local sharpness.

Previous episodes: Yes, over the past 5 years.

Previous treatment: Previous chiropractic treatment has helped the acute flare-up, but not

decreased the occurrence of episodes.

Associated factors: Family history of LB issues: mother has OA, which is associated with FJS due

to denigrative changes impacting the facet joints No excessive lordosis is noted.