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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1GENERAL
One of primary in the energy industry is the day to day growing energy requirement.
But this energy requirement is not able to be pleased because of the scarcity of resources. So
people make use of alternative sources. Alternative energy sources like wind, sunlight are
the best sources of energy which are being used in such cases.

Sun targeted power is liberally accessible thus it has to be used effectively. Sunlight
based control can be an individual producing system or can be a structure associated
creating a system based upon the provision of a lattice close by. With a particular purpose to
take the present energy problems one needs to enhance the effective way in the utilization of
solar energy. For this various methods are available. These methods create high price and
significant elements built have low performance. In all these devices to improve the
performance and to function at low-cost management, equipments has to have highest
possible energy point tracking

1.2 SOLAR ENERGY

A photovoltaic (PV), or sunshine centered electric powered system, is made out of a
few sun-powered tissues. These tissues are associated with the agreement to provide
appropriate volts (V) and in similar to generate particular existing (A) forming a PV
component as indicated in Figure . 1.1. Correspondingly, these segments are associated in
similar and in these preparations the segments are a display of segments which as
represented in Figure . 1.2. But, the PV generate a voltage (I-V) characteristics is
nonlinearly modified in this is because of the nearby heat range and Irradiance [1]. All in all,
there is an outstanding factor on the current and voltage IV or power voltage PV fold up of a
photovoltaic or PV display. To take away the most excessive power from the group, it must
regularly be worked well at this highest possible power factor (MPP). Since the way of the
photovoltaic or PV creator, the most excessive generate management changes through the
occurrence sun-centered rays, varying climate conditions particularly the heat range. The
area of the Maximum power point (MPP) on the IV fold of the display is not known, so it
must be settled either through dependable designs or via looking for computations [2]
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Figure 1.1 PV Panel Block diagram arranged in Parallel and Series

Figure 1.2 PV Module arranged in parallel and series

Figure 1.3 Solar power Rays Submission on Earth

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1.3 SOLAR RADIATION DISTRIBUTION

From the Figure .1.3 of sun radiation, the earth receives 174 (petawatts PW) of
nearing sun-powered emission at the top environment. Roughly 25 % to 30% is deflected to
the position, and sea and position groups eat just 89 PW. The finish sunshine based energy
absorbed by Globe's air, sea and position group is approximately 3,850,000 EJ yearly. [3]

1.4 CONVERTER
The DC-DC converter conforms the PV voltage to the required DC voltage. There
are three sorts of DC/DC converter. (i) Venture up converter where the yield voltage is
bigger than the info voltage like a Boost converter, (ii) venture down converter where the
yield voltage is lower than the information voltage like a Buck converter, and (iii) venture
Up/Down converter where it can venture up and venture down like a Buck-Boost converter.
Figure . 1.3, 1.4, and 1.5 demonstrate the least difficult power circuits of various sort of the
DC-DC converters.

Figure 1.4 The Buck DC-DC Converter

Figure 1.5 The Boost DC-D Converter

Figure 1.6 The Buck-Boost DC-DC converter

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1.5 Battery charging controller for PV generation

Battery storage can accept the piece of enrichment power supply when there is no
output power of the PV. Hence, a battery-charging controller is required to control the
battery charging procedure and safeguard the battery from overcharging. In a simple charge
controller, such as the controller like (series charge), it deactivates progress present flow into
the battery power when they are full. Furthermore, in a shunt cost operator, it diverts
unwanted power to a reliable fill when the batteries are totally charged. Likewise, there are
more sophisticated charge controller, for instance, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and
Maximum Power Point Tracking after (MPP) controller. In these drivers, the charging rate is
adjusted by battery state of charge (SOC). In the accompanying range, a composition study
will be driven in order to explore the past duties in the degree of change and execution of the
best power point taking after systems and the battery charging controllers.

1.6 Thesis objectives and outlines

Even in this development of solar charger using solar panel available in the market a
controller has to be designed based on a novel maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
technique as the power from the sun is not going to provide maximum power all the time
during the day and the battery or any power source will not get charged unless maximum
power is provided for the novel MPPT techniques, several algorithms are available to have
the optimized irradiance from the panel

The proposed controller should utilize a smart multi-stage charging algorithm and
this is needed to minimize the charging time of the batteries as this, will be the demand for
future electric vehicle that is going to replace the existing vehicle which uses fossil fuels

For the above requirements, a new controller is to be modeled for PV assisted solar
charger using MATLAB/Simulink simulation

The new simulated controller should track the target of Maximum power point which
will be two hundred times faster than the traditional methods that are required for this
country in 2020 for the electrical vehicle era.

The new controller should track successfully the Global Maximum Power Point
(GMPP) in all partial shading conditions, and this is required because the battery or source
of energy has to be charged constantly irrespective of low illumination or low irradiance
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Aforementioned Global maximum power point is necessary for the solar battery
charger since the temperature should not be above ambient temperature during charging
process as an increase of temperature reduces the efficiency of charging process and
consequently the loading time increases which is undesirable for the electrical vehicle
operations.

Of the various algorithms available P & O and INC are the two most extensively
used algorithms employed for tracking and these will be effectively used in the present
attempt to achieve Global Maximum power point (GMPP).

MPPT algorithm has to be combined with battery charging loop to charge the lead
acid battery in particular and the energy sources in general with different charging protocols
that are employed for battery charging.

Simulation using Matlab and LabView control of solar PV Modules will be used to
see the effect of the performance of P & O and INC algorithm for efficient functioning of
battery charging loop and to ensure whether charging process using the Maximum power
point (MPPT) algorithm is faster and whether the loading pattern increases the efficiency of
energy transfer.

Standalone Photovoltaic Modules consist of cell, Modules and arrays as in the

present case have to be operated at a maximum power level to achieve the desired results.
MPPT system operates successfully by existing radiation and temperature sensors. These
sensors will have some problems at full power at variable radiations and surrounding
temperature. Hence at variable irradiations and surrounding temperature separate MPPT
and control methods are needed to have the optimum performance
The parameter I0, Rsm, RsHm of the Modules will not be provided in the data sheets
and these have to be determined by using function ‘fit type’ and ‘fit’ of Matlab. Under real
operating conditions, the operating point of a PV system can vary significantly with time. A
PV array produces an amount of power directly related to the incident radiation and Module
temperature. The radiation can differ from Module to Module as the temperature which is
not uniform across cell area. Also the incident radiation can vary quickly change resulting in
high variations of the PV power and some perturbation of the operating voltage. The
temperature being non-uniform across the PV array leads to different operating voltage per
Module. The connection arrangement of the Modules will also determine the operating
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voltage. Thus charging the battery or power sources using PV Module needs modeling with
Matlab and control the parameters using LabVIEW is absolutely essential.
Mismatch losses will be there because of the network of solar panels or segments
which do not have similar qualities or which experience different circumstances from one
another. Moreover, mismatch failures can also be found which may occur due to limited
coverage. All these effects will have a profound influence on I-V characteristics and this will
be a challenging task to the maximum power point tracking to be undertaken by the grid
tied inverter and if it is not affected properly it will result in performance degradation.
Thus in the present thesis an attempt is made on two aspects
(iii) MPPT is achieved through Matlab /Simulink simulations
(iv) Control is effected through LabView.
(v)

1.7 Outlines MASTER THESIS STRUCTURE

This thesis has been broadly divided into eight chapters and there is provided in the above
Figure 1.7.

Chapter 2
Fundamentals Chapter 5
of PV energy Experimental
Results

Chapter 1
Chapter 3 Chapter 8
Introduction Chapter 6
Battery charge Conclusions &
MATLAB
controllers Simulation Future work
Work

Chapter 4
Battery and
Chapter 7
LabVIEW
Converter model

Figure 1.7 Organization of Thesis

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1.8 Literature Survey

S. Shamshul Haq and et al. (2013), S. Gomathy et al. (2012), Roberto Farandaand
Sonia Leva (2008) have contributed in MPPT and the attempt is to increase the ability and
help the detached power from a photovoltaic framework and the MPPT strategies are
employed by using the incremental conductance (INC) and perturb and observe (P&O)
method.
Govind Anil et al. (2013), Mahmoud A. Younis et al. (2012) have adopted
Maximum Power Point (MPPT) strategy, which depends on the PI controller or the digital
reasoning controller, which has a change in proficiency
C. Hua, and C . Shen (1998), D. P. Hohm (2003) utilized systems of MPPT and
the methods adopted in these works are Perturb and Observe (P&O), Hill-climbing strategy,
Constant Voltage and Current, Incremental Conductance, Parasitic Capacitance, Swarm
pursuing alongside some DSP based approaches
S. Gomathy et al. (2012) and D. P. Hohm et al. (2003) wavered at unfaltering state
operation at the region of most maximum power point.
M. A. G. de Brito et al. (2011) used the parasitic capacitance strategy and found the
region maxima or minima. The altered P&O system adopted in this work has enhanced
union issue in the quickly changing climate design. This design has not enhanced the
proficiency which is indicated in Liu X, and Lopes L. (2004) and Jung Y (2005).
W. Xiao, and W.G. Dunford (2004) and T. Esram and P. L. Chapman (2007) Hill
climbing strategy is generally adopted in the MPPT controllers because of its
straightforwardness and simple usage.
K. H. Hussein et al. (1995), G. J. Yu (2004) et al. (2004) and Azam. A. M et al.
(2012) Incremental conductance has turned out to be better with respect to effectiveness;
however, one noteworthy issue is that force of sun oriented board is a non-direct capacity of
obligation cycle.
C. Liu et al. (2004), M. A. S. Masoum et al. (2002) have adopted intermediate open-
circuit voltage and short-circuit current strategies which give a necessary and fruitful
approach for procuring the greatest power. In any case, they require periodical separation or
quick out of the PV Modules to gauge the open-circuit voltage or short-circuit current for
reference, bringing about more power misfortune. Additionally, these techniques can't
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deliver the most extreme power accessible from PV clusters because of the utilization of the
predefined PV curves that frequently cannot successfully mirror the continuous
circumstance, because of PV nonlinear qualities and climate conditions.
T. Wu, et al. (2000) and M. Veerachary et al. (2003) have adopted fuzzy and neural
system strategies that concentrate on the nonlinear attributes of the PV which give a decent
option to the MPPT control
Uma Shankar et al. (2013) adopted the P&O and the INC calculations which are the
most well-known procedures. These methods have the upside of a simple usage; however,
they additionally have their disadvantages. Different strategies in view of various standards
are fuzzy control, neural circuit, partial open circuit voltage or short circuit current, current
range, and so forth. The greater part of these strategies yields a neighborhood most extreme
and a few, similar to the fragmentary open circuit voltage or short circuit current, give an
approximated MPP, not the correct one. Then again, there are severe and ceaseless research
endeavors on the plan and execution of the sun oriented charge controllers to enhance their
performance parameters. The objectives are, improving their productivity, expanding their
speed of most extreme power point following and lessening the charging time of the battery.
The expanding private areas are towards work of eco neighborly renewable/green
power advances like PV Cells, Fuel Cells, Wind turbine. The work in this area is pertaining
to the investigation and operation of PV framework utilizing Multilevel DC to DC Boost
Converter Topology.
Praveen Bansal (2013) has adopted the DC to DC Boost Converter which depends on
one inductor, one switch, two inductors- one switch and two inductors, one capacitor. For
Nx converters it is a help converter ready to control and keep up a similar voltage in all the
N yield levels and available to monitor the info current. The proposed attempt demonstrates,
and their execution is assessed for changing burdens in MATLAB/Simulink environment
and their execution is evaluated.
Kazmi Syed Muhammad Raza (2009) has contributed the cooling of the sun based
cells which are a basic issue, especially when one is interested in concentrating on
photovoltaic (PV) frameworks. In this work, the cooling of a photovoltaic board by means
of Water drenching procedure is done. The point of this venture is to enhance the
productivity of a sunlight based board by submerging it in distilled water at various
profundities. The examination is accomplished for polycrystalline silicon board. A clear
increment in effectiveness is found with expanding the water profundity. Results are
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examined; warm float has been decreased and the sun based board effectiveness has
expanded by around 11% at water profundity 6 cm.
An outline of most extreme power point following (MPPT) based PV charger is
exhibited and described in N.C. Sahoo et.al (2011). It depends on the Perturb and observe
(P&O). Methods and calculations therein. In this way, its resulting pace and exactness are
small.
Noppadol Khaehintung et al. (2007) have adopted a flexible Self-Organizing Fuzzy
Logic controller (SOFLC) for a Solar Powered Traffic Light Equipment (SPTLE), with an
incorporated MPPT framework, on a minimal effort microcontroller; it includes the support
converter for superior SPTLE. It uses an established O&P MPPT strategy, and it is not
precise and moderate in transient reaction.
Yuncong Jiang et al. (2012) have a simple Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
controller for a Photovoltaic (PV) sun system that uses the load current to accomplish most
ultimate yield control from the solar system is documented in. They decreased the cost and
size of the proposed circuit. The tracking speed is low and charging time is over 9 hours.
F. Sani et al. (2014) have contributed to the development of microcontroller based
charge controller for photovoltaic application and they focused on the charging procedure.
The controller has no commitment on the most extreme power point tracking. The charging
procedure takes 6.5 hours.
Wallies Thounaojam et al. (2014) have designed and developed a microcontroller
based solar charge controller which has been nicely dealt with in this report, and the
controller does not track the Maximum Power Point(MPPT), but it concentrates on the
charging process and protection functionality. However, the charging time exceeds 9 hours.
S. G. Tesfahunegn et al. (2011) a new PV battery charge controller has been
designed which combines both MPPT and over-voltage controls as a single control function.
The designed controller was demonstrated to have an excellent transient response with only
small voltage overshoot. However, it has a low tracking speed and long charging time.
Jaya N et al. (2012) have designed a PIC based solar charging controller for battery.
The controller has the most charging and protection functions, but it has no maximum power
point tracking features. It takes over 9 hours in charging process
Zheng Shicheng and Liu Wei (2008) have done considerable work, and
implementation of photovoltaic charging system with Maximum Power Point Tracking
(MPPT) was the main aim of the work. The implemented system was verified to have
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virtues as simple configuration and high efficiency. But, it has a small tracking and there is
accuracy due to the utilization of the constant voltage MPPT technique.
A. Harish and M.V.D. Prasad (2013) have used the method for extracting maximum
power from a photovoltaic panel to charge the battery. The proposed MPPT charge
controllers can be used to utilize the maximum power output of solar panels instead of
investing in the number of solar panels. Also, there is an RS485 which is included for
monitoring purpose. It uses the P&O MPPT method. But it is not accurate, and its tracking
speed is low.
Anil S et al. (2014) have adopted efficient MPPT solar charge controller which was
well documented. And they showed an increase in the efficiency of power transfer in
comparison to systems with a direct connection and thus, reducing the size and the cost of
the PV panel. The tracking speed and accuracy are very small.
Zaki Majeed AbduAllah et al. (2014) have buck-type power converter for
Photovoltaic (PV) system for energy storage application based on fixed voltage maximum
power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm which was implemented and described in the
Simulation and experimental results and these demonstrate the effectiveness and validity of
the proposed system. The tracking speed is high, but the accuracy is low due to the constant
voltage-tracking algorithm.
Eftichios Koutroulis et al. (2001) have contributed a new MPPT system which has
been developed and described. It consists of a Buck-type DC/DC converter, which was
controlled by a Microcontroller. The resulting system has high-efficiency, lower-cost and
can be easily modified to handle more energy sources (e.g., wind-generators). However, it is
restricted to a particular size of battery because it uses a buck converter.
Chamnan Ratsame (2012) has adopted an inventive control method for the
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and by using this photovoltaic powered water pump
system for a long tailed boat in Thailand is focused. This system consisted of a solar array, a
switching battery charger based on boost DC-DC converter, battery, and a small water
pump. It utilizes P & O MPPT tracking method, and so the tracking speed was moderate and
not accurate.
Roger Gules et al. (2008) have designed and implemented the analysis, design, and
implementation of a parallel connected maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system for
stand-alone PV power generation which has been nicely dealt with in the parallel connection
of the MPPT system and this reduces the negative influence of power converter losses on the
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overall efficiency. However, the tracking speed and accuracy are slow. Also, the charging
period was too long due to the adoption of constant current charging method.
Siwakoti et al. (2010) have contributed a novel cost-effective, more accurate and
efficient microcontroller based MPPT system. It uses the PWM technique to regulate the
power output of boost DC/DC converter at its maximum possible value. Moreover, it
simultaneously controls the charging process of the battery. It has a moderate tracking speed
and long charging time.
Masudul Haider et al. (2010) have designed and implemented an intelligent solar
hybrid inverter in grid oriented system for utilizing PV energy and they presented the
computer simulations and experimental results which prove the high power conversion
efficiency and low harmonic distortions. Nevertheless, it has a normal tracking speed.