Chemical Eqn

Word equation Chemical formula

Lead + Potassium → Lead + Potassium

1Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) → 1PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
Nitrate iodide iodide nitrate
Conservation Mass Physical state/ symbol
Reactant – Left Total Mass reactant = Total Mass product Product – Right (s) – solid
(I) - liq
1Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) → 1PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq) (g) – gas
(aq) – aqueous
1 : 2 → 1 : 2 ∆ - heat
ppt – precipitate/solid
Mole Ratio – Coefficient of reactant/product ↔ - reversible

Calcium + hydrochloric → Calcium + carbon + water

carbonate acid chloride dioxide Physical state/ symbol
(s) – solid
Conservation Mass (I) - liq
Reactant – Left Product – Right (g) – gas
Total Mass reactant = Total Mass product
(aq) – aqueous
1CaCO3(s) + 2HCI(aq) → 1CaCI2(aq) + 1CO2(g) + 1H2O(l) ∆ - heat
ppt – precipitate/solid
1 : 2 → 1 : 1 : 1 ↔ - reversible
Mole Ratio - Coefficient of reactant/product

Chemical rxn Mass reactants Mass products

Matter is neither created nor destroyed (Pb(NO3)2 + KI) = 15.82 (PbI3 + KNO3) = 15.82
Undergoes physical/chemical change.
LAW of conservation of mass.

Before After
 Concept Map

Chemical Change
Molecular 1Pb(NO3)2(s) + 2NaI(aq) → 1PbI2(s) + 2NaNO3 (aq)
represented by Eqn

Chemical Equation Complete

1Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + 2I-(aq) → 1PbI2(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)
Ionic Eqn
Net
Balanced Chemical equation Ionic Eqn 1Pb2+(aq) + 2CI-(aq) → 1PbCI2(s)

Mole proportion/ratio Limiting reactant Excess reactant

(reactant) → (product) Use up first left over
1 : 2 → 1 : 2 Limit products form remains behind
Rxn stop if all used up

1Pb(NO3)2(s) + 2NaI(aq) → 1PbI2(s) + 2NaNO3 (aq)

Theoretical yield Actual yield Percentage Yield

Max amt prod form if rxn complete Amt of prod formed experimentally mass of Actual Yield x 100%
Stoichiometry ratio Less than theoretical yield mass of Theoretical Yield
Assume all limiting reagent used up due to experimental error

Rxn Stoichiometry
Quantitative relationship bet quantities react/ prod
Find quantities/amt (mass, mole, vol)
Predict how much react and amt prod form
Chemical rxn react in definite ratio
 Limiting and Excess
Limiting reactant Excess reactant
Use up first, limit the prod form Left over, remain behind
Rxn stop if all used up

5 5 5
+
Stoichiometric ratio No Excess
Both hot dog and bun used up
1 mol (bun) : 1 mol (hot dog) → 1 mol No limiting

How many hot dog with 6 bun and 3 hot dog?

+ +
Excess - Bun
Which is limiting and excess ? Limiting - Hot dog are used up

How many burger with 12 bun and 6 patties?

+
Stoichiometric ratio No Excess
2 mol (bun) : 1 mol (burger) → 1 mol No limiting
 Moles reactant given, which is limiting and excess ?
1 : 2 → 1 : 1
1Zn (s) + 2HCI (aq) → 1ZnCI2(aq) + 1H2(g) 1Pb(NO3)2(s) + 2NaI(aq) → 1PbI2(s) + 2NaNO3 (aq)

Mole ratio Mole ratio

1 : 2 → 1: 1 1 : 2 → 1: 2

10 g Pb(NO3)2 + 10 g NaI added

0.52 mol HCI

0.30 mol Zn Mass = 10.0
Mass = 10.0
RMM 331.2 RMM 149.9
0.30 mol Zn + 0.52 mol HCl add Simulation on limiting/excess
= 0.0302 mol = 0.0667 mol

Which is limiting and excess ?

0.0302 mol Pb(NO3)2 + 0.0667 mol NaI
1st method
Which is limiting and excess ?
1 mol Zn → 2 mol HCI
0.30 mol Zn → 2 x 0.30 mol HCI 1st method
= 0.60 mol HCI needed 1 mol Pb(NO3)2 → 2 mol NaI
= 0.52 mol HCI added 0.0302 mol Pb(NO3)2 → 2 x 0.0302 mol NaI
(HCI – limiting) Simulation on limiting/excess = 0.0604 mol NaI needed
= 0.0667 mol NaI add
2nd method 3rd method (NaI excess)
Mole ratio method
Reactant that produce least 2nd method
amt product → will be limiting
1:2
Reactant that produce least
Mole.( Zn) 1
Assume Zn limiting   0.5 from eqn amt product → will be limiting
1 mol Zn → 1 mol H2 gas Mole.( HCI ) 2
0.3 mol Zn → 1 x 0.3 = 0.3 mol H2 Mole.( Zn) 0.3 Assume Pb(NO3)2 limiting
  0.57 given mass 1 mol Pb(NO3)2→ 1 mol PbI2
Mole.( HCI ) 0.52 0.0302 mol Pb(NO3)2→ 1x0.0302 mol PbI2
Assume HCI limiting = 0.0302 mol PbI2
2 mol HCI → 1 mol H2 gas Ratio higher
0.52 mol HCI → 1 x 0.52 = 0.26 mol H2 ↓ Assume NaI limiting
2 Zn excess/HCI limit 2 mol NaI → 1 mol PbI2
0.0667 mol NaI → 1 x 0.0667 = 0.0334 mol PbI2
2
 Limiting and excess ?
1 : 2 → 1 : 1 2 : 1 → 1 : 1
Mg(s) + 2HCI(aq) → MgCI2(aq) + H2 (g) 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)

0.623 g Mg + 27.3 ml, 1.25M HCI add

100 ml, 0.2M, NaOH + 50 ml, 0.5M H2SO4 add
0.623 g Mg
27.3 ml, 1.25M HCI

Mol = M x V Mol = M x V
Mol = M x V 1000 1000
Mass = 0.623
RMM 24 1000 = 0.2 x 0.1 = 0.5 x 0.05
= 1.25 x 0.0273 Simulation on limiting/excess = 0.02 mol = 0.025 mol
= 0.0256 mol
= 0.0341 mol

0.02 mol NaOH + 0.025 mol H2SO4

0.0256 mol Mg + 0.0341 mol HCI

Which is limiting and excess ? Which is limiting and excess ?

1st method 1st method
1 mol Mg → 2 mol HCI 2 mol NaOH → 1 mol H2SO4
0.0256 mol Mg → 0.0512 mol HCI 0.02 mol NaOH → 0.01 mol H2SO4
= 0.0512 mol HCI needed Simulation on limiting/excess = 0.01 mol H2SO4 needed
= 0.0341 mol HCI added = 0.025 mol H2SO4 add
(HCI – limiting) (H2SO4 excess)

3rd method
2nd method 2nd method
Mole ratio method
Reactant that produce least Reactant that produce least
amt product → will be limiting 1:2 amt product → will be limiting
Mole.( Mg ) 1
Assume Mg limiting   0.5 from eqn
Mole.( HCI ) 2 Assume NaOH limiting
1 mol Mg → 1 mol H2
2 mol NaOH → 1 mol H2O
0.0256 mol Mg → 0.0256 mol H2 Mole.( Mg ) 0.0256 0.02 mol NaOH → 0.01 mol H2O
  0.75 given mass
Assume HCI limiting Mole.( HCI ) 0.0341
2 mol HCI → 1 mol H2 Assume H2SO4 limiting
0.0341 mol HCI → 0.01705 mol H2 Ratio higher
1 mol H2SO4 → 1 mol H2O
↓
0.025 mol H2SO4 → = 0.025 mol H2O
Mg excess/HCI limit
 Limiting and excess ?
2 : 1 → 2 2 : 1 → 1 : 1
2CO(g) + 1O2(g) → 2CO2 (g) 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)

45.42 L CO + 11.36 L O 2 add

100ml, 0.2M, NaOH + 50 ml, 0.5M H2SO4 add

Mol = M x V Mol = M x V
1000 1000
Mol = Volume Mol = Volume = 0.5 x 0.05
= 0.2 x 0.1
Molar vol Molar vol = 0.025 mol
Simulation on limiting/excess = 0.02 mol
= 45.42 = 2 mol = 11.36 = 0.5 mol
22.4 22.4
0.02 mol NaOH + 0.025 mol H2SO4
2 mol CO + 0.5 mol O2
Which is limiting and excess ?
Which is limiting and excess ?
1st method
1st method
2 mol NaOH → 1 mol H2SO4
2 mol CO → 1 mol O2
0.02 mol NaOH → 0.01 mol H2SO4
2 mol CO → 1 mol O2 Simulation on limiting/excess = 0.01 mol H2SO4 needed
= 1 mol O2 needed
= 0.025 mol H2SO4 add
= 0.5 mol O2 added
(H2SO4 excess)
(O2 – limiting)
3rd method
2nd method
2nd method Mole ratio method
Reactant that produce least
Reactant that produce least 2:1 amt product → will be limiting
amt product → will be limiting Mole.(CO) 2
  2 from eqn Assume NaOH limiting
Assume CO limiting Mole.(O2 ) 1 2 mol NaOH → 1 mol H2O
2 mol CO → 2 mol CO2 0.02 mol NaOH → 0.01 mol H2O
Mole.(CO) 2
2 mol CO → 2 mol CO2   4 given mass
Mole.(O2 ) 0.5
Assume O2 limiting Assume H2SO4 limiting
1 mol O2 → 2 mol CO2 Ratio higher 1 mol H2SO4 → 1 mol H2O
0.5 mol O2 → 1 mol CO2 ↓ 0.025 mol H2SO4 → = 0.025 mol H2O
CO excess/O2 limit
 Theoretical, Actual and % Yield
1 : 2 → 1 : 1 Find theoretical yield, cm 3 for H2 gas
1Zn (s) + 2HCI (aq) → 1ZnCI2(aq) + 1H2(g) Find % yield if expt yield is 5800 cm 3

Mole ratio 1Zn + 2HCI → 1ZnCI2 + 1H2

1 : 2 → 1: 1 HCI limiting
↓
Mole ratio
0.52 mol HCI
2 mol HCI : 1 mol H2
0.30 mol Zn

0.30 mol Zn + 0.52 mol HCl add Simulation on limiting/excess

2 mol HCI → 1 mol H2
0.52 mol HCI→ 0.26 mol H2
Which is limiting and excess ?
Theoretical yield
1st method 1 mol H2 – 22700 cm3
0.26 mol H2 – 5902 cm3
1 mol Zn → 2 mol HCI
0.30 mol Zn → 2 x 0.30 mol HCI
= 0.60 mol HCI needed Expt yield = 5800 cm3
= 0.52 mol HCI added
(HCI – limiting) Simulation on limiting/excess
exp t. yield
%. yield   100%
2nd method 3rd method theoretica l. yield
Mole ratio method 5800
Reactant that produce least
1:2
% yield   100%  98.2%
amt product → will be limiting 5902
Mole.( Zn) 1
Assume Zn limiting   0.5 from eqn
1 mol Zn → 1 mol H2 gas Mole.( HCI ) 2
0.3 mol Zn → 1 x 0.3 = 0.3 mol H2 Mole.( Zn) 0.3
  0.57 given mass
Mole.( HCI ) 0.52
Assume HCI limiting
2 mol HCI → 1 mol H2 gas Ratio higher
0.52 mol HCI → 1 x 0.52 = 0.26 mol H2 ↓
2 Zn excess/HCI limit

Click here tutorial on austute

 Theoretical, Actual and % Yield
1 : 2 → 1 : 1 Find theoretical yield, cm 3 for H2 gas
Mg(s) + 2HCI(aq) → MgCI2(aq) + H2 (g) Find % yield if expt yield is 300 cm 3

0.623 g Mg + 27.3 ml, 1.25M HCI add Mg + 2HCI → MgCI2 + H2

0.623 g Mg
27.3 ml, 1.25M HCI
HCI limiting
↓
Mole ratio
Mass = 0.623 Mol = M x V
2 mol HCI : 1 mol H2
RMM 24 1000
= 0.0256 mol = 1.25 x 0.0273 Simulation on limiting/excess
= 0.0341 mol 2 mol HCI → 1 mol H2
0.0341 mol HCI→ 0.01705 mol H2

0.0256 mol Mg + 0.0341 mol HCI Theoretical yield

1 mol H2 – 22700 cm3
Which is limiting and excess ? 0.01705 mol H2 – 387 cm3
1st method
1 mol Mg → 2 mol HCI Expt yield = 5800 cm3
0.0256 mol Mg → 0.0512 mol HCI
= 0.0512 mol HCI needed Simulation on limiting/excess
exp t. yield
= 0.0341 mol HCI added %. yield   100%
(HCI – limiting) theoretica l. yield
3rd method 300
2nd method % yield   100%  77.5%
Reactant that produce least
Mole ratio method 387
amt product → will be limiting 1:2
Mole.( Mg ) 1
Assume Mg limiting   0.5 from eqn
1 mol Mg → 1 mol H2 Mole.( HCI ) 2
0.0256 mol Mg → 0.0256 mol H2 Mole.( Mg ) 0.0256
  0.75 given mass
Assume HCI limiting Mole.( HCI ) 0.0341
2 mol HCI → 1 mol H2
0.0341 mol HCI → 0.01705 mol H2 Ratio higher
↓
Mg excess/HCI limit

Click here tutorial on chemwiki

 Theoretical, Actual and % Yield
2 : 1 → 2 Find theoretical yield, g for CO2 gas
2CO(g) + 1O2(g) → 2CO2 (g) Find % yield if expt yield is 30 g

45.42 L CO + 11.36 L O 2 add

2CO + 1O2 → 2CO2

O2 limiting
↓
Mole ratio
Mol = Volume Mol = Volume 1 mol O2 : 2 mol CO2
Molar vol Molar vol
Simulation on limiting/excess
= 45.42 = 2 mol = 11.36 = 0.5 mol 1 mol O2 → 2 mol CO2
22.4 22.4 0.5 mol O2 → 1 mol CO2

Theoretical yield
2 mol CO + 0.5 mol O2 1 mol CO2 – 44 g
Which is limiting and excess ?
1st method
Expt yield = 30 g
2 mol CO → 1 mol O2
2 mol CO → 1 mol O2 Simulation on limiting/excess exp t. yield
= 1 mol O2 needed %. yield   100%
= 0.5 mol O2 added theoretica l. yield
(O2 – limiting)
30
3rd method % yield   100%  68.1%
2nd method Mole ratio method 44
Reactant that produce least 2:1
amt product → will be limiting Mole.(CO) 2
  2 from eqn
Assume CO limiting Mole.(O2 ) 1
2 mol CO → 2 mol CO2
Mole.(CO) 2
2 mol CO → 2 mol CO2   4 given mass
Mole.(O2 ) 0.5
Assume O2 limiting
1 mol O2 → 2 mol CO2 Ratio higher
0.5 mol O2 → 1 mol CO2 ↓
CO excess/O2 limit
Click here tutorial on chemtamu
 Theoretical, Actual and % Yield
1 : 1 → 1 : 1
Find mass of ester forms if it has 45% yield
CH3COOH + C5H11OH → Ester + H2O

Mole ratio CH3COOH + C5H11OH → Ester + H2O

1 : 1 → 1: 1
C5H11OH limiting
↓
Mole ratio
0.0596 mol 0.0539 mol 1 mol C5H11OH : 1 mol Ester
CH3COOH C5H11OH
Simulation on limiting/excess
1 mol C5H11OH → 1 mol Ester
Which is limiting and excess ? 0.0539 mol C5H11OH→ 0.0539 Ester

1st method Theoretical yield

1 mol Ester - 130 g
0.0539 mol Ester – 7 g
1 mol CH3COOH → 1 mol C5H11OH
0.0596 CH3COOH → 0.0596 C5H11OH
= 0.0596 C5H11OH need Expt yield = ????
= 0.0539 C5H11OH add
(C5H11OH – limiting) Simulation on limiting/excess
exp t. yield
%. yield   100%
2nd method
theoretica l. yield
Mole ratio method exp t. yield
45%   100%  3.15 g
1:1 7
Mole.(CH 3COOH ) 1
 from eqn
Mole.(C5 H 11OH ) 1
Mole.(CH 3COOH ) 0.0596
  1.1 given mass
Mole.(C5 H 11OH ) 0.0539
Ratio higher
↓
CH3COOH excess/C5H11OH limit

Click here tutorial on austute

 Theoretical, Actual and % Yield
1 : 1 → 1 : 1 Find mole of C5H11OH used if
CH3COOH + C5H11OH → Ester + H2O 0.888 mol Ester is needed with a 65% yield

Mole ratio CH3COOH + C5H11OH → Ester + H2O

1 : 1 → 1: 1
Mole ratio
1 mol C5H11OH : 1 mol Ester

0.0596 mol 0.0539 mol

CH3COOH C5H11OH 1 mol C5H11OH → 1 mol Ester
Simulation on limiting/excess
0.888 mol C5H11OH → 0.888 Ester

Which is limiting and excess ?

Expt yield = 0.888 mol
1st method
exp t. yield
%. yield   100%
1 mol CH3COOH → 1 mol C5H11OH theoretica l. yield
0.0596 CH3COOH → 0.0596 C5H11OH
= 0.0596 C5H11OH need 0.888
= 0.0539 C5H11OH add
65%   100%  1.37mol
x
(C5H11OH – limiting) Simulation on limiting/excess

2nd method
Mole ratio method
1:1
Mole.(CH 3COOH ) 1
 from eqn
Mole.(C5 H 11OH ) 1
Mole.(CH 3COOH ) 0.0596
  1.1 given mass
Mole.(C5 H 11OH ) 0.0539
Ratio higher
↓
CH3COOH excess/C5H11OH limit

Click here tutorial on austute

 Aspirin, widely used drugs, prepared below Student reacted salicylic acid with excess ethanoic anhydride. Impure solid
aspirin was obtained by filtering. Pure aspirin was obtained by recrystallization.

Salicylic acid ethanoic anhydride aspirin

limiting

Mass salicylic acid 3.15 ± 0.02g

Mass pure aspirin 2.50 ± 0.02g

Find amt, mol, of salicylic acid, C6H4(OH)COOH, used. Find % yield of pure aspirin.

Mass.( g )
Mole  exp t. yield
Mr %. yield  100%
theoretica l. yield
3.15
Mole   0.0228mol % yield 
2.50
100%  60.8%
138.13 4.11

Find theoretical yield, in g, of aspirin, C6H4(OCOCH3)COOH. Find % uncertainty in mass of aspirin.

Mole ratio
0.02
1 mol salicylic acid : 1 mol aspirin %.uncerta int y   100%
0.0228 mol salicylic acid : 0.0228 mol aspirin 2.50
%.uncerta int y  0.80%
Mass.( g )
Mole 
Mr
Mass  Mole  M r
Mass  0.0228 180.7  4.11g
 100 g zinc react with 100 g of iodine producing zinc iodide.

Zn + I2 → ZnI2
Find, amt of Zn and I2, and determine which reactant is in excess

Mole – Zn Mole I2 Mole ratio

1 mol I2 : 1 mol Zn
Mass.( g ) Mass.( g )
Mole.( Zn)  Mole.( I 2 )  0.394 mol I2 : 0.394 mol Zn
Mr Mr
100 100 I2 – limiting
Mole.( Zn)   1.53mol Mole.( I 2 )   0.394mol
65.37 253.8 Zn - excess

Find mass of ZnI2 produced

Mole ratio Mass.( g )

Mole.( ZnI 2 ) 
1 mol I2 : 1 mol ZnI2 Mr
0.394 mol I2 : 0.394 mol ZnI2 Mass.( ZnI 2 )  Mole  M r
Mass.( ZnI 2 )  0.394  319  125.8 g

Copper metal produced by copper(I) oxide and copper(I) sulfide shown below
Mixture of 10 kg of copper(I) oxide and 5 kg of copper(I) sulfide was heated.

2Cu2O + Cu2S → 6Cu + SO2

Find limiting reagent. Find maximum mass Cu produced
Mole – Cu2O Mole Cu2S
Mole ratio
Mass.( g ) Mass.( g )
Mole.(Cu 2 O)  Mole.(Cu 2 S )  1 mol Cu2S : 6 mol Cu
Mr Mr 31.4 mol Cu2S : 188 mol Cu
10000 5000
Mole.(Cu 2 O)   69.9mol Mole.(Cu 2 S )   31.4mol Mass.( g )
143 159 Mole.(Cu ) 
Mr
Mole ratio
Mass.(Cu )  Mole  M r
2 mol Cu2O : 1 mol Cu2S Cu2S – limiting
69.9 mol Cu2O: 35 mol Cu2S Cu2O - excess Mass.(Cu )  188  63.55  11900 g
 Student determine Mr of solid monoprotic acid, HA, by titrating with a known mass of acid.
Data shown below.

Mass bottle 1.737 ± 0.001 g

Mass bottle + acid, HA 2.412 ± 0.001 g

Find mass of acid and determine its absolute and % uncertainty

Mass acid = ( 2.412 – 1.737) ± 0.002

= (0.675 ±0.002) g

% uncertainty = (0.002) x 100% = 0.3%

0.675

Known mass of acid, HA, was dissolved in water to form a 100ml sol in volumetric flask.
25 ml sample of sol reacted with 12.1 ml of 0.1M NaOH. Find molar mass of acid.

NaOH + HA → NaA + H2O

NaOH
M = 0.1M
V = 12.1 ml

HA
25 ml M=?
transfer
? HA
100 ml water added
NaOH + HA → NaA + H2O
M = 0.1M M=?
V = 12.1 ml V = 25 ml
Amt acid in 1000 ml = 4.84 x 10-2 mol
M bVb 1 Amt acid in 100 ml = 4.84 x 10 -3 mol

M aV a 1
0.1  12.1 1 Mass.( g )
 Mole 
M a  25 1 Mr
M a  0.0484 M 0.675
Mr   139
4.84  10 3
 Writing Chemical Formula
Non Metal/
Metal/Cations/+ve ion Anion/-ve ion
Cations/Metals/+ve ions Anion/Non metal

Gp 1 Gp 2 Gp 3 Transition metals ions Gp 5 Gp 6 Gp 7

( variable oxidation states)
Oxidation Oxidation Oxidation
Oxidation Oxidation Oxidation Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn state state state
state state state +2
+3 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +1 -3 -2 -1
+1 +2 +3
+3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +2
+6 +6 N3- O2- F-1
+7
Sc 3+ Ti 2+ V 2+ Cr 2+ Mn 2+ Fe 2+ Co2+ Ni2+ Cu1+ Zn2+ P3- S2- CI-1
Li 1+ Be2+
Ti 3+ V 3+ C r3+ Mn 3+ Fe 3+ Co 3+
Cu2+
Cr6+ Mn 6+ Br-1
Mn 7+

Na 1+ Mg2+ Al 3+ I-1

K 1+ Ca2+

Ionic Compound
Li2O MgCI2 Al2O3 FeO NiO CuO
Iron(II) oxide Nickel(II) oxide Copper(II) oxide

Li3N Mg3N2 AlN Fe3N2 Ni3N2 Cu3N2 Video on polyatomic ions

Iron(II) nitride Nickel(II) nitride Copper(II) nitride

Step 1 : Write Oxidation state/charge

Oxidation state/Charge ion → Li1+ O2- Step 2 : Balance it, (electrically neutral)
by cross multiply – as subscript
Formula compound Li2 O1
 Writing Chemical Formula

Metal/Cations/+ve ion Polyatomic ions

Cations/Metals/+ve ions Polyatomic ions

Gp1 Gp 2 Gp3 Transition metals ions Group of non-metals bonded together

( variable oxidation states)
Oxidation Oxidation Oxidation Oxidation Oxidation Oxidation
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu state state state
state state state +3 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +1
+1 +2 +3
-1/+1 -2 -3
+3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +2
+6 +6
+7 (OH)-1 (SO4)2- (PO4)3-
Hydroxide Sulphate Phosphate
Li 1+ Be2+ Sc 3+ Ti 2+ V 2+ Cr 2+ Mn 2+ Fe 2+ Co2+ Ni2+ Cu1+
Ti 3+ V 3+ C r3+ Mn 3+ Fe 3+ Co3+ Cu2+ (CN)-1 (SO3)2-
Cr6+ Mn 6+ Cyanide Sulphite
Mn 7+
(SCN)-1 (CO3)2-
Na 1+ Mg2+ Al 3+ Thiocyanate Carbonate

(NO3)-1 (S2O3)2-
K 1+ Ca2+ Nitrate Thiosulphate

(NO2)-1 (Cr2O7)2-
Nitrite Dichromate

Ionic Compound (NH4)+1

Ammonium
Li2(CO3) Mg(CO3) Al2(CO3)3 Fe(CO3) Ni(CO3) Cu(CO3)

Li(OH) Mg(OH)2 Al(OH)3 Fe(OH)2 Ni(OH)2 Cu(OH)2

Li2(SO4) Mg(SO4) Al2(SO4)3 FeSO4 Ni(SO4) Cu(SO4) Video on polyatomic ions

Step 1 : Write Oxidation state/charge ion

1+
Oxidation state/Charge ion → Li (CO3) 2-

Step 2 : Balance it, (electrically neutral)

by cross multiply – as subscript
Formula compound Li2 (CO3)1
 Chemical Formula for common chemicals

Acids Alkali Metal oxides Salts Gas

Metal Hydroxide

HCI KOH CuO CaCO3 CO

Hydrochloric acid Potassium hydroxide Copper(II) oxide Calcium carbonate Carbon monoxide
HNO3 NaOH MgO Na2CO3 CO2
Nitric acid Sodium hydroxide Magnesium oxide Sodium carbonate Carbon dioxide
H2SO3 Ca(OH)2 ZnO NaHCO3 SO2
Sulphurous acid Calcium Hydroxide Zinc oxide Sodium bicarbonate Sulphur dioxide
HCOOH NH3 Na2O KNO3 SO3
Methanoic acid Ammonia Sodium oxide Potassium nitrate Sulphur trioxide
CH3COOH Mg(OH)2 Al2O3 Pb(NO3)2 NO2
Ethanoic acid Magnesium hydroxide Aluminium oxide Lead (II) Nitrate Nitrogen dioxide
H3PO4 Cu(OH)2 Fe2O3 NaNO3 CH4
Phosphoric acid Copper (II) hydroxide Iron(III) oxide Sodium nitrate Methane
H2CO3 Al(OH)3 K 2S PbI2 H2S
Carbonic acid Aluminium hydroxide Potassium sulphide Lead (II) nitrate Hydrogen sulphide
HNO2 Fe(OH)2 PbS AgCI O2
Nitrous acid Iron (II) hydroxide Lead(II) sulphide Silver chloride Oxygen
HF Fe(OH)3 ZnS MgSO4 N2
Hydrofluoric acid Iron (III) hydroxide Zinc sulphide Magnesium sulphate Nitrogen
HCIO Zn(OH)2 AI2S3 Na2S2O3 CI2
Hypochlorous acid Zinc hydroxide Aluminium sulphide Sodium thiosulphate Chlorine

VIDEO TUTORIALS

Writing chemical formula Writing chemical formula Naming chemical compound

 Chemical Eqn

Molecular eqn Complete ionic eqn Net ionic eqn

Molecular eqn 1Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaCI(aq) → 1PbCI2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)

Break down electrolytes, (aq) → ion
Break aq → ions unchanged Leave sol, liq, gas unchanged

1Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + 2CI-(aq) → 1PbCI2(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)

Complete ionic
eqn

1Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + 2CI-(aq) → 1PbCI2(s )+ 2Na+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)

Cancel out Cancel out

Spectators ions- don’t participate in rxn

Net ionic eqn 1Pb2+(aq) + 2CI-(aq) → 1PbCI2(s) Cancel out ions from both sides of eqn
Only ions involved in rxn

Molecular eqn Na2CO3(aq) + 2HNO3(aq) → 2NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

Break aq → ions

2Na+(aq) + CO32-(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) → 2Na+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2 (g)

Complete ionic
eqn
2Na+(aq) + CO32-(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) → 2Na+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2 (g)

Net ionic eqn CO32-(aq) + 2H+(aq) →H2O(l) + CO2(g)

 Chemical Eqn

Molecular eqn Complete ionic eqn Net ionic eqn

Molecular eqn 2 Na3PO4(aq) + 3CaCI2(aq) → 6NaCI(aq) + Ca3(PO4)2(s)

6Na+(aq) + 2PO43-(aq) + 3Ca2(aq) + 6CI-(aq) → 6Na+(aq) + 6CI-(aq) + Ca3(PO4)2(s)

Complete ionic
eqn

6Na+(aq) + 2PO43-(aq) + 3Ca2(aq) + 6CI-(aq) → 6Na+(aq) + 6CI-(aq) + Ca3(PO4)2(s)

Cancel out Cancel out

Net ionic eqn 2PO43-(aq) + 3Ca2+(aq) → Ca3(PO4)2(s)

Molecular eqn Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) + Cu(s)

Complete ionic
eqn
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) + SO42- (aq) → Zn2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) + Cu(s)
Cancel out

Net ionic eqn Zn (s) + Cu2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)

 Chemical Eqn

Molecular eqn Complete ionic eqn Net ionic eqn

Molecular eqn Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) +H2(g)

Complete ionic
eqn
Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) +2Cl-(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) + H2(g)
Cancel out

Net ionic eqn Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)

Molecular eqn K2SO4(aq) + BaCl2 (aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2KCl(aq)

2K+(aq) + SO42-(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) →BaSO4(s) + 2K+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)

Complete ionic
eqn

2K+(aq) + SO42-(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2K+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)

Cancel out

Net ionic eqn SO42-(aq) + Ba2+(aq) → BaSO4 (s)

 Chemical Eqn

Molecular eqn Complete ionic eqn Net ionic eqn

Molecular eqn 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4 (aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

2Na+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) + 2H+(aq) + SO42-(aq) → 2Na+(aq) + SO42-(aq) + 2H2O(l)

Complete ionic
Cancel out
eqn

2Na+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) + 2H+(aq) + SO42-(aq) → 2Na+(aq) + SO42-(aq) + 2H2O(l)

Net ionic eqn

OH-(aq) + H+(aq) → H2O(l)

Molecular eqn 3(NH4)2CO3(aq) + 2Al(NO3)3(aq) → 6NH4NO3(aq) + Al2(CO3)3(s)

6NH4+(aq) + 3CO32-(aq) + 2Al3+(aq) + 6NO3-(aq) → 6NH4+(aq) + 6NO3-(aq) + Al2(CO3)3(s)

Complete ionic
eqn
6NH4+(aq) + 3CO32-(aq) + 2Al3+(aq) + 6NO3-(aq) → 6NH4+(aq) + 6NO3-(aq) + Al2(CO3)3(s)
Cancel out

Net ionic eqn 3CO32-(aq) + 2Al3+(aq) → Al2(CO3)3(s)

 Chemical Eqn

Molecular eqn Complete ionic eqn Net ionic eqn

Molecular eqn 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4 (aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

2Na+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) + 2H+(aq) + SO42-(aq) → 2Na+(aq) + SO42-(aq) + 2H2O(l)

Complete ionic Cancel out
eqn
2Na+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) + 2H+(aq) + SO42-(aq) → 2Na+(aq) + SO42-(aq) + 2H2O(l)

Net ionic eqn

OH-(aq) + H+(aq) → H2O(l)

Molecular eqn CaCl2 (aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → 2 NaCl(aq) + CaCO3(s)

Ca2+(aq)+ 2Cl-(aq) + 2Na+(aq)+ CO32-(aq) → 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) + CaCO3 (s)

Complete ionic
Cancel out
eqn

Ca2+(aq)+ 2Cl- (aq) + 2Na+(aq)+ CO32- (aq)→ 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) + CaCO3 (s)

Net ionic eqn Ca2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) → CaCO3 (s)

 Concept Map

Chemical Rxn Chemical change Chemical eqn Balancing chemical eqn

Molecular Eqn 1Pb(NO3)2(s) + 2KI(aq) → 1PbI2(s) + 2KNO3 (aq)

Complete ionic eqn 1Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + 2K+(aq) + 2I-(aq) → 1PbI2(s) + 2K+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)

Net ionic eqn 1Pb2+(aq) + 2CI-(aq) → 1PbCI2(s)

Reaction Stoichiometry Coefficient

Quantitative relationship bet quantities react/ prod Mole ratio
Find quantities/amt (mass, mole, vol) (reactant) → (product)
Predicts how much react and amt prod form 1 : 2 → 1 : 2
Chemical rxn react in definite ratio

2H2 + 2I2 → 4HI 3NO2 + 3NO2 → 3N2O4

Simulation conservation
mass/balancing eqn

Click to
view animation

2 moles H2 + 2 moles I2 4 moles HI 3 moles NO2 + 3 moles NO2 3 moles N2O4

4 g H2 + 508 g I2 = 512 g HI 150 g NO2 + =
150 g NO2 300 g N2O4

Video on stoichiometry
 Exercise

Write balanced eqn for following rxn

1. Rxn of sulphur dioxide and oxygen to form sulphur trioxide
2SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2SO3(g)

2. Neutralization bet potassium hydroxide and sulphuric acid to form potassium sulphate and water
2KOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(I)

3. Combustion of ethane (C2H6) to form carbon dioxide and water

2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g ) → 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(I)

4. Displacement rxn bet zinc metal and copper(II) sulphate sol to form copper metal and zinc sulphate
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq)

5. Decomposition of zinc carbonate to form zinc oxide and carbon dioxide when heated
ZnCO3(s) → ZnO(s) + CO2(g)

6. Ammonia react with oxygen to form nitrogen monoxide and water.

4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(I)

7. Manganese(IV) oxide react with hydrochloric acid to form manganese(II) chloride sol, chlorine and water
MnO2(s) + 4HCI(aq) → MnCI2(aq) + CI2(g) + 2H2O(I)

8.Neutralization bet aq ammonia with hydrochloric acid to form ammonium chloride and water.
NH4OH(aq) + HCI(aq) → NH4CI(aq) + H2O(I)