My Notes

Doubly Reinforced Beams

Introduction

Beams containing steel reinforcement at the tension and compression sides are called doubly
reinforced sections. Doubly reinforced sections are useful in case of singly-reinforced sections being
unable to provide the required bending strength, even when the maximum reinforcement ratio is
used. Steel on the compression side increases the moment capacity of a given section, reduces long-
term deflection, improves ductility and eases fixing reinforcement.

Doubly reinforced section

Doubly reinforced beam is analysed by dividing the beam into two couples Mu1 and Mu2.
Mu1 – couple due to compression concrete and the part of tension steel As1
Mu2 – couple due to compression steel A’s and the other part of the tension steel area As2
Note:
 Tension steel must yield. The stress of tension steel (As) is always equal to fy
 The stress in compression steel (A’s) may either be fy or below fy.
fy
If the compression steel yields; then A’s = As2 ,
f y −0.85 f 'c
fy
otherwise A’s = As2
f 's−0.85 f 'c

Where f’s (stress of compression steel) = 600

c−d '
c

Reasons for Providing Compression Reinforcement

1. Reduced sustain load deflections.
2. Increased ductility.
3. Change of mode of failure from compression to tension.

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4. Ease of fabrication.

Strength of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Sections

For doubly-reinforced sections, two possible situations are possible depending on the compression
reinforcement, A’s.

a. Compression reinforcement, A’s yields (ε’s≥ εy)

The resultant of the compressive forces in the concrete is given by

Cc = 0.85 f’c ab

The compressive force in the compression steel is given by

Cs = A’s(fy – 0.85 f’c)

The force in the tension steel is given by (assuming εt≥ εy)

T = AsDifferent
fy Possibilities for Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beams
The first of equilibrium equation is written as

T = Cc + Cs

and a is evaluated as

f y ( A s− A's ) +0.85 A's f 'c

a=
0.85 f 'c b

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The second equilibrium equation is given as

a
Mn = Cc (d – ) + Cs (d – d’)
2
where d’ is distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of longtudinal compression
reinforcement.

and the design moment, Md is given as

a
Md = ø[Cc (d – ) + Cs (d – d’)]
2

b. Compression reinforcement, A’s doesn’t yield (ε’s< εy)

The resultant of the compressive forces in the concrete is given by

Cc = 0.85 f’c ab

The compressive force in the compression steel is given by

Cs = A’s(f’s – 0.85 f’c)

The strain in the compression reinforcement ε’s is evaluated from the following expression

ε 's x−d '

=
0.003 x

where f’s = ε’s Es

The force in the tension steel is given by (assuming εt≥ εy)

T = Asfy

The first of equilibrium equation is written as

T = Cc + Cs

and a is evaluated as one of the logic roots of quadratic equation in terms of a.

The second equilibrium equation is given as

a
Mn = Cc (d – ) + Cs (d – d’)
2
and the design moment, Md is given as

a
Md = ø[Cc (d – ) + Cs (d – d’)]
2

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DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR DOUBLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM, GIVEN Mu AND

OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES
1. Solve for R

Mu = øRbd2
2. Solve for ρ

0. 85 f ' c 2R
ρ=
fy √
(1 - 1−
0.85 f ' c
)

3. Check if the beam needs compression reinforcement by computing ρmax

ρmax = X ρbal

600+f y
X=
1400

0.85 f ' c β 1 600

ρb =
fy (600+ fy)

If ρ ≤ ρmax beam may be single reinforced

ρ > ρmax beam is doubly reinforced

4. ρ > ρmax compression reinforcement is needed

5. Solve for As1

As1 = ρmaxbd

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6. Solve for a and c

[C1 = T1 ] 0.85f’cab = As1fy ; a = _______

a = β1c ; c = _______

7. Solve for Mu1, Mu2 and As2

a a
Mu1 = øT1 (d – ) = øAs1 fy(d – )
2 2
Mu2 = Mu – Mu1

= øT2 (d – d‘) = øAs2 fy(d – d’)

As2 = _______

8. Solve for the stress in compression steel

f ' s/ Es 0.003 c−d '

= ; f’s = 600
c−d ' c c

If f’s ≥ fy proceed to Step 9

f’s < fy proceed to Step 10

9. f’s ≥ fy then use f’s = fy (compression steel yields)

fy
A’s = As2
f y −0.85 f 'c

10. f’s < fy then use f’s = f’s (compression steel does not yields)

fy
A’s = As2
f s−0.85 f 'c

PROCEDURE IN COMPUTING Mu OF A DOUBLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM, GIVEN

As, A’s AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES

1. Assume compression steel yields (f’s = fy)

As2 = A’s
As1 = As – As2

2. Solve for a and c

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Doubly Reinforced Beams

[C1 = T1 ] 0.85f’cab = As1fy ; a = _______

a = β1c ; c = _______

3. Solve for the stress in compression steel

c−d '
f’s = 600
c

If f’s ≥ fy proceed to Step 4

f’s < fy proceed to Step 5

4. f’s ≥ fy, compression steel yields

a
Mu = Mu1 + Mu2 = øT1 (d – ) + øT2 (d – d‘)
2
a
Mu = øAs1 fy(d – ) + øAs2( fy – 0.85f’c)(d – d’)
2

5. If f’s < fy, assumption is wrong, compression steel does not yield.

From the stress diagram

C1 + C2 = T
0.85f’cab + A’s (f’s – 0.85f’c) = Asfy
c−d '
0.85f’c β1cb + A’s [600 - 0.85 f’c] = Asfy
c
Solve for c by Quadratic Formula
c−d '
Solve for f’s; f’s = 600
c
Solve for a; a = β1c
Solve for Mu:
a
Mu = Mu1 + Mu2 = øC1 (d – ) + øC2 (d – d‘)
2
a c−d '
Mu =ø0.85f’cab (d – ) + ø A’s [600 - 0.85f’c](d – d‘)
2 c

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Doubly Reinforced Beams

Problem 1

Determine the expression used to calculate the depth of equivalent rectangular stress block in a
doubly reinforced concrete beam of width b with tension steel area As, compression steel area A’s,
tension steel stress fy, compression steel stress f’s, and concrete stress f’c. Neglect the overlapping
of concrete and steel reinforcement in compression side.

Solution

The resultant of the compressive forces in the concrete is given by

Cc = 0.85 f’c ab

The compressive force in the compression steel is given by

Cs = A’sf’s

The force in the tension steel is given by

T = Asfy

The first of equilibrium equation is written as

Cc + Cs = T
0.85 f’c ab + A’sf’s = Asfy

and a is evaluated as

A s f y −A 's f 's
a= '
0.85 f c b

Problem 2

Determine the expression used to calculate the depth of equivalent rectangular stress block if the
compression steel yields. Use same data as Problem 1.

Solution

The resultant of the compressive forces in the concrete is given by

Cc = 0.85 f’c ab

The compressive force in the compression steel is given by

Cs = A’sfy

The force in the tension steel is given by

T = Asfy

The first of equilibrium equation is written as

Cc + Cs = T
0.85 f’c ab + A’sfy = Asfy

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Doubly Reinforced Beams

and a is evaluated as

f y ( A ¿¿ s− A's)
a= '
¿
0.85 f c b

Problem 3

A rectangular concrete beam having a width of 250 mm and an effective depth of 400 mm is to carry
a factored moment of 272 kN-m. Compression reinforcement if necessary will be placed at a depth of
60 mm from the outermost compression concrete. Using fy = 344.7 MPa and f’c = 20.7 MPa,
determine the required tension steel area.

Solution

Solve for Mu using ρmax

'
3 0.85 f c β1
ρmax =
7 fy
Since f 'c < 28, β 1 = 0.85

3 0.85(20.7)(0.85)
ρmax = = 0.0186
7 344.7
As1 = ρmax bd = 0.0186(250)(400) = 1860 mm2

Check steel stress:

As f y
0.85c =
0.85 f 'c b

c = 171.48 mm

d−c 400−171.48
fs = 600 = 600 = 800.0 MPa
c 171.48

fs 800
εs = = = 0.004
Es 200000

250
ø =0.65 + (ε s – 0.002) = 0.82
3

ρf y 0.0186(344.7)
ω= ' = = 0.3097
f c 20.7

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R= f 'cω(1 – 0.59 ω) = 20.7(0.3097)[1 – 0.59(0.3097)] = 5.239 MPa

Mumax = Mu1= øbd2R = 0.82(250)(400)2(5.239) = 171.84 KN-m < 272 KN-m

Compression reinforcement is needed.

Mu2 = Mu – Mu1 = 272 – 171.84 = 100.16 KN-m

Check if compression steel yields:

f’s= 600
c−d ' = 600 171.48−60 = 390.1 MPa > 344.7 MPa Steel yields
c 171.48

From force diagram, ΣM@ T2:

Mu2 = øT2(d – d’)

100.16(10)6 = 0.82As2(344.7)(400 – 60)

As2 = 1042 mm2
Since compression steel yields, As2 = A’s = 1042 mm2

As = As1 + As2 = 1860 + 1042 = 2902 mm2

Problem 4

Calculate the ultimate capacity of a reinforced concrete rectangular beam 280 mm wide with an
effective depth of 510 mm. the beam is reinforced for tension and compression with tension steel
area of 5089 mm2 and compression steel area of 2035 mm2. The compression steel is 65 mm from
the extreme compression concrete. Assume fy = 400 MPa and f’c = 35 MPa.

Solution

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As = 5089 mm2
A’s = 2035 mm2

Assume compression steel yields (f’s = fy and A’s = As2)

0.85f’c ab + A’sfy = Asfy

0.85(35)a(280) + 2035(400) = 5089(400)

Solving for a; a = 147 mm

β1 = 0.85 – 0.007(f’c – 28) = 0.85 – 0.007(35 – 28) = 0.801

c = a/ β1 = 147/0.801 = 183.5 mm

Verify steel stresses:

f’s= 600
c−d ' = 600 183.5−65 = 387.5 MPa < 400 MPa Steel does not yields
c 183.5
Assumption is wrong. Revise assumption.

Assume compression steel does not yields (f’s = fs)

0.85f’c 0.85c b + A’s (600

c−d ' ) = A f
s y
c
0.85(35)(0.85c)(280) + 2035(400) = 5089(400)

c =172.5 mm , a = 138.2 mm

d−c 510−172.5
fs= 600 = 600 = 1173.9 MPa > 400 MPa Steel yields; and
c 172.5
> 1000 MPa ø = 0.90

f’s= 600
c−d ' = 600 172.5−65 = 373.9 MPa < 400 MPa Steel does not yields
c 172.5
Assumption is correct.
ΣM @ T1 = Mu
Mu = ø[0.85f’c ab(d – a/2) + A’sfy(d – d’)]

147
Mu = 0.9[0.85(35)(138.2)(280)(510 – ) + 2035(373.9)(510 - 65)]
2
Mu = 461 KN-m

Problem 5

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Doubly Reinforced Beams

Design a rectangular beam to resist a dead load moment of 280 kN-m (including its own weight) and
a live load moment of 350 kN-m. The size of the beam is limited to 350 x 600 mm. Steel covering
(measured from bar centroid) is 65 mm for both tension and compression bars. Use f’c = 27.5 MPa
and Grade 60 steel with fy = 414 MPa.

Given
Loading:
Dead load moment, D 280 kN-m (including beam weight)
Live load moment, L 350 kN-M

Material Strength:
Compressive strength of concrete, f’c 27.5 MPa
Yield strength of steel, fy 414 MPa

Beam Size:
Width, b 350
Overall depth, h 600
Cover (measured from bar centroid) 65

Required
Beam reinforcement

Solution

Load combinations:
U = 1.2D + 1.6L (LC1)

Mu = 1.2(280) + 1.6(350) = 896 kN-m

0.85 f ' c β 1 600 600+f y

ρmax = X where X= = 0.72
fy (600+ fy) 1400

Since f’c = 27.6 MPa < 28 MPa, β1 = 0.85

0.85(27.6)(0.85)(600)
ρmax = 0.72 = 0.0204
414(600+ 414)

Effective depth, d = 600 – 65 = 535 mm

Solve for Asmax;

Asmax = ρmaxbd = 0.0204(350)(535) = 3819.9 mm2

 Verify beam capacity

Location of neutral axis, c: assume steel yields (fs = fy)

As f y
a=
0.85 f 'c b

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Doubly Reinforced Beams

3819.9(414 )
a= = 192.6 mm
0.85(27.6)(350)

c = 226.6 mm

Check for steel stress, fs:

d−c 535−226.6
fs = 600 = 600 = 816.6 MPa > 414 MPa (ø = 0.824)
c 226.6
Steel yields. Assumption is correct.

Mu = øT(d – a/2) = 0.824(3819.9)(414)(535 – 192.6/2)

Mu = 571.7 kN-m < 896 KN-m Doubly Reinforced

Mu1 = 571.7 KN-m

Mu2 = 896 – 571.7 = 324.6 KN-m

Solving for As2:

Assume same ø as singly reinforced
Mu2 = øT2(d – d’)
324.6(10)6 = 0.824As2(414)(535 – 65)

As2 = 2024.5 mm2

As = As1 + As2 = 3819.9 + 2024.5 = 5844.4 mm2

Number of bars:
For ø32, Ab = 804 mm2
5844.4
N= = 7.3 pcs say 8 pcs
804

S = 32 + 32 = 64
350−2(65)
n= = 3.4 say 4 pcs in 1-layer
64

Check A’s:
Check f’s if yields:
226.6−65
f’s = 600 = 427.9 MPa > 414 MPa Steel yields
226.6

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Doubly Reinforced Beams

ΣFh = 0
A’s(fy – 0.85f’c) = As2fy
A’s = 2145.6 mm2
2145.6
N= = 2.7 pcs say 3 pcs
804

Try the following configuration:

As = 8(804) = 6432 mm2

A’s= 3(804) = 2412 mm2

 Check beam capacity

Assume:
 A’s and As yields

0.85(27.5)(0.85c)(350) + 2412[414 – 0.85(27.5)] = 6432(414)

C = 247.4 mm
a = 210.3 mm
f’s = 442.4 MPa > 414 Mpa steel yield
fs = 619.9 MPa > 414 MPa steel yield
ø = 0.774

1
Cc = 0.85f’cab = 0.85(27.5)(210.3)(350) = 1720.5 KN
1000
1
Cs = A’s(fy – 0.85f’c) = 2412[414 – 0.85(27.5)] = 942.2 KN
1000
1
T2 = 4(804)(414) = 1331.4 KN
1000

Mn = 1720.5(0.4299) + 942(0.47) – 1331.4(0.032) = 1139.9 KN-m

øMn = 0.774(1139.9) = 882.3 KN-m < 896 KN-m Fail

Add 1ø32 top bar

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Check capacity:

Assume:
 A’s does not yield
 As yield

A’s = 4(804) = 3216 mm2

c−65
0.85(27.5)(0.85c)(350) + 3216[600 – 0.85(27.5)] = 6432(414)
c

C = 204.5 mm
a = 173.8 mm
f’s = 409.3 MPa < 414 Mpa steel does not yield
fs = 969.7 MPa > 414 MPa steel yield
ø = 0.89
1
Cc = 0.85f’cab = 0.85(27.5)(173.8)(350) = 1421.9 KN
1000
1
Cs = A’s(f’s – 0.85f’c) = 3216[409.3 – 0.85(27.5)] = 1241.1 KN
1000
1
T2 = 4(804)(414) = 1331.4 KN
1000

Mn = 1421.9(0.4299) + 1241.1(0.47) – 1331.4(0.032) = 1152.0 KN-m

øMn = 0.89(1152) = 1025.3 KN-m > 896 KN-m Safe

Design Sketch

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Problem 6

Determine the permissible ultimate moment of the beam shown below. Use fy = 345 MPa and f’c =
27.5 MPa.

Given

Material Strength:
Compressive strength of concrete, f’c 27.5 MPa
Yield strength of steel, fy 345 MPa

Beam Section:
Beam width, b 350 mm
Beam effective depth, d 500 mm

Steel Reinforcement: as shown

Required
Ultimate moment capacity, Mu

Solution
Ab = 616 mm2 (for 28mm diameter bars)
As = 6(616) = 3696 mm2
A’s= 2(616) = 1232 mm2
Assuming f’s does not yield:
c−65
0.85(27.5)(0.85c)(350) + 1232[600 – 0.85(27.5)] = 3696(345)
c

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C = 132.3 mm
a = 112.4 mm
f’s = 309.5 MPa < 345 Mpa steel does not yield
fs = 1669.3 MPa > 345 MPa steel yield
ø = 0.9
1
Cc = 0.85f’cab = 0.85(27.5)(112.4)(350) = 919.6 KN
1000
1
Cs = A’s(f’s – 0.85f’c) = 1232[309.5 – 0.85(27.5)] = 352.5 KN
1000
1
T2 = 1232(345) = 425.0 KN
1000

Mn = 919.6(500 – 112.4/2) + 352.4(500 - 64) – 425(56) = 538.0 KN-m

øMn = 0.9(538) = 484.2 KN-m

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