LACRE, Melanie Louise Anne C.

BSP1B

Activity on Urinary System

The urinary system's function is to filter blood and create urine as a waste by-product. The organs of the urinary
system include the kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder and urethra. The body takes nutrients from food and
converts them to energy. After the body has taken the food components that it needs, waste products are left behind
in the bowel and in the blood. The kidney and urinary systems help the body to eliminate liquid waste called urea,
and to keep chemicals, such as potassium and sodium, and water in balance. Urea is produced when foods
containing protein, such as meat, poultry, and certain vegetables, are broken down in the body. Urea is carried in
the bloodstream to the kidneys, where it is removed along with water and other wastes in the form of urine.

Urinary System

Kidneys Ureters Urinary Urethra

Bladder
 Nephrons Renal
pelvis

Glomerular Renal Collecting

Capsule Tubule
duct

Blood
3 Most Common Diseases related to Urinary System

1. Kidney Stones
Etiology: Kidney stones form when your urine contains more crystal-forming substances — such as calcium,
oxalate and uric acid — than the fluid in your urine can dilute. At the same time, your urine may lack substances
that prevent crystals from sticking together, creating an ideal environment for kidney stones to form.

Pathogenesis: Pathophysiology. Stone growth starts with the formation of crystals in supersaturated urine which
then adhere to the urothelium, thus creating the nidus for subsequent stone growth. The biological processes that
anchor crystals to the urothelium are incompletely understood.

Morphologic Changes: Calcium oxalate monohydrate stones showed well-organised layering patterns, while uric
acid stones showed lower absorption signals with homogenous inner structure. Distinct mineral phases in the
mixed types were identified based on the differential absorption rates.

Clinical Manifestations: Sometimes kidney stone pain starts as a dull ache, but it can quickly escalate to severe
cramping or sharp, wincing pain. You usually feel it in your back or side, underneath your rib cage. The pain can
radiate into your lower abdomen or groin.
2. Kidney Failure

Etiology: Causes of kidney failure, also called end stage kidney disease or ESRD, are diabetes (also called Type 2,
or adult onset diabetes) and high blood pressure. When these two diseases are controlled by treatment, the
associated kidney disease can often be prevented or slowed down.

Pathogenesis: Whatever the underlying etiology, once the loss of nephrons and reduction of functional renal mass
reaches a certain point; the remaining nephrons begin a process of irreversible sclerosis that leads to a progressive
decline in the GFR. Hyperparathyroidism is one of the pathologic manifestations of CKD.

Morphologic Changes: Kidney morphology is also related to albuminuria in CKD patients and related to the
improvement of renal function after angioplasty in patients with renovascular hypertension.

Clinical Manifestations: Signs and symptoms of acute kidney failure may include: Decreased urine output,
although occasionally urine output remains normal. Fluid retention, causing swelling in your legs, ankles or feet,
and Shortness of breath.

3. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

Etiology: The urethra -- the tube that takes pee from the bladder to the outside of the body -- is close to the anus.
Bacteria from the large intestine, such as E. coli, can sometimes get out of your anus and into your urethra. From
there, they can travel up to your bladder and, if the infection isn't treated, can continue on to infect your kidneys.

Pathogenesis: Their pathogenesis involves several processes. Initially the uropathogen attaches to the epithelial
surface; it subsequently colonises and disseminates throughout the mucosa causing tissue damage. After the initial
colonisation period, pathogens can ascend into the urinary bladder resulting in symptomatic or asymptomatic
bacteria

Morphologic Changes: The morphological changes consist in a reduction of muscle fibres and in an increase of
collagen fibres and in elastosis, furthermore in a sklerosis of the intramural arteries

Clinical Manifestations: Urinary tract infections don't always cause signs and symptoms, but when they do they
may include: A strong, persistent urge to urinate. A burning sensation when urinating. ... Urine that appears red,
bright pink or cola-colored — a sign of blood in the urine.