Windows Server Questions§

1.What are the Features of windows2003?

ACTIVE DIRECTORY
Easier Deployment and Management
ADMT version 2.0—migrates password from NT4 to 2000 to 20003 or from 2000 to 2003
Domain Rename--- supports changing Domain Name System and/or NetBios name
Schema Redefine--- Allows deactivation of attributes and class definitions in the Active directory
schema
AD/AM--- Active directory in application mode is a new capability of AD that addresses certain
deployment scenarios related to directory enabled applications
Group Policy Improvements----introduced GPMC tool to manage group policy
UI—Enhanced User Interface

Grater Security
Cross-forest Authentication
Cross-forest Authorization
Cross-certification Enhancements
IAS and Cross-forest authentication
Credential Manager
Software Restriction Policies

Improved Performance and Dependability

Easier logon for remote offices
Group Membership replication enhancements
Application Directory Partitions
Install Replica from media
Dependability Improvements--- updated Inter-Site Topology Generator (ISTG) that scales better by
supporting forests with a greater number of sites than Windows 2000.

FILE AND PRINT SERVICES

Volume shadow copy service
NTFS journaling file system
EFS
Improved CHDSK Performance
Enhanced DFS and FRS
Shadow copy of shared folders
Enhanced folder redirection
Remote document sharing (WEBDAV)

IIS
Fault-tolerant process architecture----- The IIS 6.0 fault-tolerant process architecture isolates Web sites
and applications into self-contained units called application pools
Health Monitoring---- IIS 6.0 periodically checks the status of an application pool with automatic
restart on failure of the Web sites and applications within that application pool, increasing application
availability. IIS 6.0 protects the server, and other applications, by automatically disabling Web sites
and applications that fail too often within a short amount of time
Automatic Process Recycling--- IIS 6.0 automatically stops and restarts faulty Web sites and
applications based on a flexible set of criteria, including CPU utilization and memory consumption,
while queuing requests
Rapid-fail Protection---- If an application fails too often within a short amount of time, IIS 6.0 will
automatically disable it and return a "503 Service Unavailable" error message to any new or queued
requests to the application
Edit-While-Running

2.What are the Difference between NT & 2000?

NT SAM database is a flat database. Where as in windows 2000 active directory database is a
hierarchical database.
In windows NT only PDC is having writable copy of SAM database but the BDC is only read only
database. In case of Windows 2000 both DC and ADC is having write copy of the database
Windows NT will not support FAT32 file system. Windows 2000 supports FAT32
Default authentication protocol in NT is NTLM (NT LAN manager). In windows 2000 default
authentication protocol is Kerberos V5.
Windows 2000 depends and Integrated with DNS. NT user Netbios names
Active Directory can be backed up easily with System state data

3.What Difference between 2000 & 2003?

Application Server mode is introduced in windows 2003
Possible to configure stub zones in windows 2003 DNS
Volume shadow copy services is introduced
Windows 2003 gives an option to replicate DNS data b/w all DNS servers in forest or All DNS servers
in the domain.
Refer Question 1 for all Enhancements

4.What Difference between PDC & BDC?

PDC contains a write copy of SAM database where as BDC contains read only copy of SAM database.
It is not possible to reset a password or create objects with out PDC in Windows NT.

5.What are Difference between DC & ADC?

There is no difference between in DC and ADC both contains write copy of AD. Both can also handles
FSMO roles (If transfers from DC to ADC). It is just for identification. Functionality wise there is no
difference.

6.What is DNS & WINS

DNS is a Domain Naming System, which resolves Host names to IP addresses. It uses fully qualified
domain names. DNS is a Internet standard used to resolve host names
WINS is a Windows Internet Name Service, which resolves Netbios names to IP Address. This is
proprietary for Windows

7.How may Types of DNS Servers

Primary DNS
Secondary DNS
Active Directory Integrated DNS
Forwarder
Caching only DNS

8.If DHCP is not available what happens to the client ?

Client will not get IP and it cannot be participated in network . If client already got the IP and having
lease duration it use the IP till the lease duration expires.

9.what are the different types of trust relationships ?

Implicit Trusts
Explicit Trusts—NT to Win2k or Forest to Forest

10.what is the process of DHCP for getting the IP address to the client ?
There is a four way negotiation process b/w client and server
DHCP Discover (Initiated by client)
DHCP Offer (Initiated by server)
DHCP Select (Initiated by client)
DHCP Acknowledgment (Initiated by Server)
DHCP Negative Acknowledgment (Initiated by server if any issues after DHCP offer)

11.Difference between FAT,NTFS & NTFSVersion5 ?

NTFS Version 5 features
Encryption is possible
We can enable Disk Quotas
File compression is possible
Sparse files
Indexing Service
NTFS change journal
In FAT file system we can apply only share level security. File level protection is not possible. In
NTFS we can apply both share level as well as file level security
NTFS supports large partition sizes than FAT file systems
NTFS supports long file names than FAT file systems

12.What are the port numbers for FTP, Telnet, HTTP, DNS ?
FTP-21, Telnet – 23, HTTP-80, DNS-53, Kerberos-88, LDAP-389

13.what are the different types of profiles in 2000 ?

Local Profiles
Roaming profiles
Mandatory Profiles

14.what is the database files used for Active Directory ? ?

The key AD database files—edb.log, ntds.dit, res1.log, res2.log, and edb.chk—all of which reside in \
%systemroot%\ntds on a domain controller (DC) by default. During AD installation, Dcpromo lets you
specify alternative locations for these log files and database files
NTDS.DIT

15.What is the location of AD Database ?

%System root%/NTDS/NTDS>DIT

16.What is the authentication protocol used in NT ?

NTLM (NT LAN Manager)

17.What is subnetting and supernetting ?

Subnetting is the process of borrowing bits from the host portion of an address to provide bits for
identifying additional sub-networks
Supernetting merges several smaller blocks of IP addresses (networks) that are continuous into one
larger block of addresses. Borrowing network bits to combine several smaller networks into one larger
network does supernetting

18.what is the use of terminal services ?

Terminal services can be used as Remote Administration mode to administer remotely as well as
Application Server Mode to run the application in one server and users can login to that server to user
that application.

19.what is the protocol used for terminal services ?

RDP

20.what is the port number for RDP ?

3389
Friday, October 3, 2008 Selva No comments§§

Windows Server2000 Administration Questions§

1.Explain hidden shares.

Hidden or administrative shares are share names with a dollar sign ($) appended to their names.
Administrative shares are usually created automatically for the root of each drive letter. They do not
display in the network browse list.
2.How do the permissions work in Windows 2000?
What permissions does folder inherit from the parent?
When you combine NTFS permissions based on users and their group memberships, the least
restrictive permissions take precedence. However, explicit Deny entries always override Allow entries.
3.Why can’t I encrypt a compressed file on Windows 2000?
You can either compress it or encrypt it, but not both.
4.If I rename an account, what must I do to make sure the renamed account has the same permissions
as the original one?
Nothing, it’s all maintained automatically.
5.What’s the most powerful group on a Windows system?
Administrators.
6.What are the accessibility features in Windows 2000?
Sticky Keys, Filter Keys Narrator, Magnifier, and On-Screen Keyboard.
7.Why can’t I get to the Fax Service Management console?
You can only see it if a fax had been installed.
8.What do I need to ensure before deploying an application via a Group Policy?
Make sure it’s either an MSI file, or contains a ZAP file for Group Policy.
9.How do you configure mandatory profiles?
Rename ntuser.dat to ntuser.man
10.How to get multiple displays to work in Windows 2000?
Multiple displays have to use peripheral connection interface (PCI) or Accelerated Graphics Port
(AGP) port devices to work properly with Windows 2000.
11.What’s a maximum number of processors Win2k supports?
2
12.I had some NTFS volumes under my Windows NT installation. What happened to NTFS after Win
2k installation?
It got upgraded to NTFS 5.
13.How do you convert a drive from FAT/FAT32 to NTFS from the command line?
convert c: /fs:ntfs
14. Explain APIPA.
Auto Private IP Addressing (APIPA) takes effect on Windows 2000 Professional computers if no
DHCP server can be contacted. APIPA assigns the computer an IP address within the range of
169.254.0.0 through 169.254.255.254 with a subnet mask of 255.255.0.0.
15.How does Internet Connection Sharing work on Windows 2000?
Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) uses the DHCP Allocator service to assign dynamic IP addresses to
clients on the LAN within the range of 192.168.0.2 through 192.168.0.254. In addition, the DNS
Proxy service becomes enabled when you implement ICS.
16What is Active Directory schema?
The Active Directory schema contains formal definitions of every object class that can be created in an
Active Directory forest it also contains formal definitions of every attribute that can exist in an Active
Directory object.
Active Directory stores and retrieves information from a wide variety of applications and services.
16.What is Global Catalog Server?
A global catalog server is a domain controller it is a master searchable database that contains
information about every object in every domain in a forest. The global catalog contains a complete
replica of all objects in Active Directory for its host domain, and contains a partial replica of all
objects in Active Directory for every other domain in the forest. It have two important functions:
•Provides group membership information during logon and authentication
•Helps users locate resources in Active Directory
17.What is the ntds.tit file default size?
40 MB
18.Describe how the DHCP lease is obtained.
It’s a four-step process consisting of
(a) IP request
(b) IP offer
(C) IP selection
(d) acknowledgement.
19. We’ve installed a new Windows-based DHCP server, however, the users do not seem to be getting
DHCP leases off of it.
The server must be authorized first with the Active Directory.
20.How can you force the client to give up the dhcp lease if you have access to the client PC?
ipconfig /release
21. What authentication options do Windows 2000 Servers have for remote clients?
PAP, SPAP, CHAP, MS-CHAP and EAP.
22. What are the networking protocol options for the Windows clients if for some reason you do not
want to use TCP/IP?
NWLink (Novell), NetBEUI, AppleTalk (Apple).
23. What is data link layer in the OSI reference model responsible for?
Data link layer is located above the physical layer, but below the network layer. Taking raw data bits
and packaging them into frames. The network layer will be responsible for addressing the frames,
while the physical layer is reponsible for retrieving and sending raw data bits.
24.What is binding order?
The order by which the network protocols are used for client-server communications. The most
frequently used protocols should be at the top.
25.How do cryptography-based keys ensure the validity of data transferred across the network?
Each IP packet is assigned a checksum, so if the checksums do not match on both receiving and
transmitting ends, the data was modified or corrupted.
26.Should we deploy IPSEC-based security or certificate-based security?
They are really two different technologies. IPSec secures the TCP/IP communication and protects the
integrity of the packets. Certificate-based security ensures the validity of authenticated clients and
servers.
27.What is LMHOSTS file?
It’s a file stored on a host machine that is used to resolve NetBIOS to specific IP addresses.
28.What’s the difference between forward lookup and reverse lookup in DNS?
Forward lookup is name-to-address, the reverse lookup is address-to-name.
29.How can you recover a file encrypted using EFS?
Use the domain recovery agent.
Tuesday, September 30, 2008 Selva 1 comment§§
Windows Server 2003 Interview Questions§
1. How do you double-boot a Win 2003 server box?
The Boot.ini file is set as read-only, system, and hidden to prevent unwanted editing. To change the
Boot.ini timeout and default settings, use the System option in Control Panel from the Advanced tab
and select Startup

2.What do you do if earlier application doesn’t run on Windows Server 2003?

When an application that ran on an earlier legacy version of Windows cannot be loaded during the
setup function or if it later malfunctions, you must run the compatibility mode function. This is
accomplished by right-clicking the application or setup program and selecting Properties –>
Compatibility –> selecting the previously supported operating system.

3.If you uninstall Windows Server 2003, which operating systems can you revert to?
Win ME, Win 98, 2000, XP. Note, however, that you cannot upgrade from ME and 98 to Windows
Server 2003

4.How do you get to Internet Firewall settings?

Start –> Control Panel –> Network and Internet Connections –> Network Connections

5.What is Active Directory?

Active Directory is a network-based object store and service that locates and manages resources, and
makes these resources available to authorized users and groups. An underlying principle of the Active
Directory is that everything is considered an object—people, servers, workstations, printers,
documents, and devices. Each object has certain attributes and its own security access control list
(ACL).

6.Where are the Windows NT Primary Domain Controller (PDC) and its Backup Domain Controller
(BDC) in Server 2003?
The Active Directory replaces them. Now all domain controllers share a multimaster peer-to-peer read
and write relationship that hosts copies of the Active Directory.

7.How long does it take for security changes to be replicated among the domain controllers?
Security-related modifications are replicated within a site immediately. These changes include account
and individual user lockout policies, changes to password policies, changes to computer account
passwords, and modifications to the Local Security Authority (LSA).

8.What’s new in Windows Server 2003 regarding the DNS management?

When DC promotion occurs with an existing forest, the Active Directory Installation Wizard contacts
an existing DC to update the directory and replicate from the DC the required portions of the directory.
If the wizard fails to locate a DC, it performs debugging and reports what caused the failure and how
to fix the problem. In order to be located on a network, every DC must register in DNS DC locator
DNS records. The Active Directory Installation Wizard verifies a proper configuration of the DNS
infrastructure. All DNS configuration debugging and reporting activity is done with the Active
Directory Installation Wizard.

9.When should you create a forest?

Organizations that operate on radically different bases may require separate trees with distinct
namespaces. Unique trade or brand names often give rise to separate DNS identities. Organizations
merge or are acquired and naming continuity is desired. Organizations form partnerships and joint
ventures. While access to common resources is desired, a separately defined tree can enforce more
direct administrative and security restrictions.

10.How can you authenticate between forests?

Four types of authentication are used across forests:
(1) Kerberos and NTLM network logon for remote access to a server in another forest
(2) Kerberos and NTLM interactive logon for physical logon outside the user’s home forest
(3) Kerberos delegation to N-tier application in another forest
(4) user principal name (UPN) credentials.

11.What snap-in administrative tools are available for Active Directory?

Active Directory Domains and Trusts Manager, Active Directory Sites and Services Manager, Active
Directory Users and Group Manager, Active Directory Replication (optional, available from the
Resource Kit), Active Directory Schema Manager (optional, available from adminpack)

12.What types of classes exist in Windows Server 2003 Active Directory?

Structural class. The structural class is important to the system administrator in that it is the only type
from which new Active Directory objects are created. Structural classes are developed from either the
modification of an existing structural type or the use of one or more abstract classes.
Abstract class. Abstract classes are so named because they take the form of templates that actually
create other templates (abstracts) and structural and auxiliary classes. Think of abstract classes as
frameworks for the defining objects.
Auxiliary class. The auxiliary class is a list of attributes. Rather than apply numerous attributes when
creating a structural class, it provides a streamlined alternative by applying a combination of attributes
with a single include action.
88 class. The 88 class includes object classes defined prior to 1993, when the 1988 X.500 specification
was adopted. This type does not use the structural, abstract, and auxiliary definitions, nor is it in
common use for the development of objects in Windows Server 2003 environments.

13.How do you delete a lingering object?

Windows Server 2003 provides a command called Repadmin that provides the ability to delete
lingering objects in the Active Directory.

14.What is Global Catalog?

The Global Catalog authenticates network user logons and fields inquiries about objects across a forest
or tree. Every domain has at least one GC that is hosted on a domain controller. In Windows 2000,
there was typically one GC on every site in order to prevent user logon failures across the network.

15.How is user account security established in Windows Server 2003?

When an account is created, it is given a unique access number known as a security identifier (SID).
Every group to which the user belongs has an associated SID. The user and related group SIDs
together form the user account’s security token, which determines access levels to objects throughout
the system and network. SIDs from the security token are mapped to the access control list (ACL) of
any object the user attempts to access.

16.If I delete a user and then create a new account with the same username and password, would the
SID and permissions stay the same?
No. If you delete a user account and attempt to recreate it with the same user name and password, the
SID will be different.

17.What do you do with secure sign-ons in an organization with many roaming users?
Credential Management feature of Windows Server 2003 provides a consistent single sign-on
experience for users. This can be useful for roaming users who move between computer systems. The
Credential Management feature provides a secure store of user credentials that includes passwords and
X.509 certificates.

18.Anything special you should do when adding a user that has a Mac?
"Save password as encrypted clear text" must be selected on User Properties Account Tab Options,
since the Macs only store their passwords that way.

19.What remote access options does Windows Server 2003 support?

Dial-in, VPN, dial-in with callback.

20.Where are the documents and settings for the roaming profile stored?
All the documents and environmental settings for the roaming user are stored locally on the system,
and, when the user logs off, all changes to the locally stored profile are copied to the shared server
folder. Therefore, the first time a roaming user logs on to a new system the logon process may take
some time, depending on how large his profile folder is.

21.Where are the settings for all the users stored on a given machine?
C:\Document and Settings\All Users

22.What languages can you use for log-on scripts?

JavaScript, VBScript, DOS batch files (.com, .bat, or even .exe)
Monday, September 29, 2008 Selva 3 comments§§
Network Questions - I§
1. What is the difference between TCP and UDP
TCP is a connection oriented protocol, which means that everytime a packet is sent say from
host A to B, we will get an acknowledgement. Whereas UDP on the other hand, is a connection
less protocol.
Where will it be used : TCP -> Say you have a file transfer and you need to ensure that the file
reaches intact, and time is not a factor, in such a case we can use TCP.
UDP-> Media Streaming, question is say you are watching a movie…would you prefer that
your movie comes..perfectly….but u need to wait a long time before you see the next
frame ?..or would you prefer the movie to keep streaming…Yes…The second option is
definely better….This is when we need UDP
2. What is a MAC address?
MAC is a machines Physical address, The internet is addressed based on a logical addressing
approach. Say, when the packet reaches say the bridge connection a LAN, the question is..how
does it identify, which computer it needs to send the packet to. For this it uses the concept of
ARP, Address Resolution Protocol, which it uses over time to build up a table mapping from
the Logical addresses to the Physical addresses. Each computer is identified using its
MAC/Physical address ( u can use the ipconfig -all option to getur MAC address).
3. What is MTU?
The MTU is the “Maximum Transmission Unit” used by the TCP protocol. TCP stands for
Transmission Control Prototcol. The MTU determines the size of packets used by TCP for each
transmission of data. Too large of an MTU size may mean retransmissions if the packet
encounters a router along its route that can’t handle that large a packet. Too small of an MTU
size means relatively more overhead and more acknowledgements that have to be sent and
handled. The MTU is rated in “octets” or groups of 8 bits. The so-called “official” internet
standard MTU is 576, but the standard rating for ethernet is an MTU of 1500.
4. Difference Between. Switch , Hub, Router..
 Hub: 1.it is a layer1 device..used to connect various machine on Lan.
2.It forwards broadcast by default.
3.It supports one collision domain and one broadcast domain.
4.it works on Bus topology resulting less speed.
Switch: 1. A layer2 device.
2. Forward broadcast first time only.
3. one broadcast domain & collision domains depends on no. of ports.
4.It is based on Star Topology giving 100mbps to every pc on Lan.
Router: 1. Does not Broadcast by default.
2. breaks up Broadcast domain.
3. Also called Layer3 switch.
5. VPN.....
VPN(Virtual Private Network )… these are basically the logical networks on the physical line…
you can have many VPN over same line..
Need of VPN arises when your company need to increase the network but don’t want to buy any
more switches.. take an eg. your dept. your room is packed with employees andur company
need to add 4 more persons tourdeptt. what will they do.. the solution is to create VPN’s…you
can configure the switch ports in other deptts. and create a specific VLAN ofur deptt. So that the
persons can sit there and access to the required pcs.

6. ARP & RARP.....

Stands for Address Resolution Protocol…whenever a request is sent by a node on one network
to the node on another network the Physical address(MAC) is required and for this the IP
address need to be flow over the network..whenever a router with that network (IP) gets the
msg. the required MAC address is sent through the network this process of converting the IP
address to MAC address is Called ARP..and the reverse thats the convertion of the Mac address
to the IP address is called RARP ( Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)

7. What is the difference between layer 2 and layer 3 in the OSI model?
Layer 2 is responsible for switching data whereas Layer 3 is responsible for routing the data.
Layer3: With information gathered from user, Internet protocol make one IP packet with source
IP and Destination IP and other relevant information. It can then route packet through router to
the destination.
Layer2: Soon after it receives IP packet from layer 3, it encapsulate it with frame header (ATM
header in case of ATM technology) and send it out for switching. In case of Ethernet it will
send data to MAC address there by it can reach to exact destination.
Sunday, September 21, 2008 Selva No comments§§
WINDOWS Shortcut Keys§
General Windows Keystrokes
Get Help – F1
Open the Start Menu – WINDOWS LOGO KEY or CTRL+ESC
Switch between Open Applications – ALT+TAB
Open the Shortcut Menu – APPLICATIONS KEY or SHIFT+F10
Minimize all Applications – WINDOWS LOGO KEY+M
Find a File or Folder from Desktop – F3
 Move to First Item on the Taskbar – WINDOWS LOGO KEY+TAB
Open Windows Explorer – WINDOWS LOGO KEY+E
Open Run Dialog – WINDOWS LOGO KEY+R
Application Keystrokes
Exit the Active Application – ALT+F4
Open the Application Control Menu – ALT+SPACEBAR
Move to the Menu Bar – ALT
Move between Menus – ALT, ARROW KEYS
Choose a Menu Item – ENTER
Open a child Window Control Menu – ALT+DASH
Cancel or close a Menu – ESC or ALT
Working in Dialog Boxes
Move through Dialog Controls – TAB
Move Backward through Dialog Controls – SHIFT+TAB
Move to Another Page – CTRL+TAB
Reverse Direction through Pages – CTRL+SHIFT+TAB
Select/Deselect in List View – SPACEBAR or CTRL+SPACEBAR
Toggle a Check Box ON/OFF – SPACEBAR
Working with Text
Move One Character Left – LEFT ARROW
Move One Character Right – RIGHT ARROW
Move One Word Left – CTRL+LEFT ARROW
Move One Word Right – CTRL+RIGHT ARROW
Move to Beginning of Line – HOME
Move to End of Line – END
Move One Paragraph Up – CTRL+UP ARROW
Move One Paragraph Down – CTRL+DOWN ARROW
Move to Beginning of Document – CTRL+HOME
Move to End of Document – CTRL+END
Scroll Up or Down One Screen – PAGE UP or PAGE DOWN
Select One Character Left – SHIFT+LEFT ARROW
Select One Character Right – SHIFT+RIGHT ARROW
Select One Word Left – CTRL+SHIFT+LEFF ARROW
Select One Word Right – CTRL+SHIFT+RIGHT ARROW
Select to Beginning of Line – SHIFT+HOME
Select to End of Line – SHIFT+END
Select to Beginning of Document – CTRL+SHIFT+HOME
Select to End of Document – CTRL+SHIFT+END
Select All – CTRL+A
Undo – CTRL+Z
Delete Current Character – DELETE
Delete Prior Character – BACKSPACE
Working in Windows Explorer
Delete Selected File or Folder – DELETE
Rename Selected File or Folder – F2
Refresh Window – F5
 Switch Between Tree View and List View – F6 or TAB
Go Up One Folder Level – BACKSPACE
Open File or Folder Properties – ALT+ENTER
Untruncate Columns in List View – CTRL+NUM PAD PLUS
Using the Clipboard
Copy Selected File or Text to Clipboard – CTRL+C
Cut Selected File or Text to Clipboard – CTRL+X
Paste Contents of Clipboard – CTRL+V

Windows System Key Combinations

CTRL+ESC - Open Start menu

ALT+TAB - Switch between open programs
ALT+F4 - Quit program
SHIFT+DELETE - Delete items permanently

Windows Program Key Combinations

CTRL+C - Copy
CTRL+X - Cut
CTRL+V - Paste
CTRL+Z - Undo
CTRL+B - Bold
CTRL+U - Underline
CTRL+I - Italic

Mouse Click/Keyboard Modifier Combinations for Shell Objects

SHIFT+RIGHT CLICK - Displays a context menu containing alternative verbs.

SHIFT+DOUBLE CLICK - Runs the alternate default command (the second item on the
menu).
ALT+DOUBLE CLICK - Displays properties.
SHIFT+DELETE - Deletes an item immediately without placing it in the Recycle Bin.

General Keyboard-Only Commands

F1 - Starts Windows Help.

F10 - Activates menu bar options.
SHIFT+F10 - Opens a context menu for the selected item. This is the same as right-clicking
anobject.
CTRL+ESC - Opens the Start menu. Use the ARROW keys to select an item.
CTRL+ESC, ESC - Selects the Start button. (Press TAB to select quick launch, the taskbar,
system tray)
ALT+DOWN ARROW - Opens a drop-down list box.
ALT+TAB - Switch to another running application. Hold down the ALT key and then press the
TAB key to view the task-switching window.
 Press down and hold the SHIFT key while you insert a CD-ROM to bypass the auto-run
feature.
ALT+SPACE - Displays the main window's System menu. From the System menu, you can
restore, move, resize, minimize, maximize, or close the window.
ALT+- (ALT+hyphen) - Displays the Multiple Document Interface (MDI) child window's
System menu. From the MDI child window's System menu, you can restore, move, resize,
minimize, maximize, or close the child window.
CTRL+TAB - Switch to the next child window of a Multiple Document Interface (MDI)
application.
ALT+ - Opens the corresponding menu.
ALT+F4 - Closes the current window.
ALT+DOWN ARROW - Opens a drop-down list box.
CTRL+F4 - Closes the current Multiple Document Interface (MDI) window.
ALT+F6 - Switch between multiple windows in the same program. For example, when the
Notepad Find dialog box is displayed, ALT+F6 switches between the Find dialog box and the
main Notepad window.

Shell Objects and General Folder/Windows Explorer Shortcuts

F2 - Rename object
F3 - Find: All Files
CTRL+X - Cut
CTRL+C - Copy
CTRL+V - Paste
SHIFT+DEL - Delete selection immediately, without moving the item to the Recycle Bin.
ALT+ENTER - Open the property sheet for the selected object.
To Copy a File - Press down and hold the CTRL key while you drag the file to another folder.
To Create a Shortcut - Press down and hold CTRL+SHIFT while you drag a file to the desktop
or a folder.

General Folder/Shortcut Control

F4 - Selects the Go To A Different Folder box and moves down the entries in the box (if the
toolbar is active in Windows Explorer).
F5 - Refreshes the current window.
F6 - Moves among panes in Windows Explorer.
CTRL+G - Opens the Go To Folder tool (in Windows 95 Windows Explorer only).
CTRL+Z - Undo the last command.
CTRL+A - Select all the items in the current window.
BACKSPACE - Switch to the parent folder.
SHIFT+CLICK - Close Button For folders, close the current folder plus all parent folders.

Windows Explorer Tree Control

Numeric Keypad * - Expands everything under the current selection.

Numeric Keypad + - Expands the current selection.
 Numeric Keypad - - Collapses the current selection.
RIGHT ARROW - Expands the current selection if it is not expanded, otherwise goes to the
first child.
LEFT ARROW - Collapses the current selection if it is expanded, otherwise goes to the parent.

Property Sheet Control

CTRL+TAB/CTRL+SHIFT+TAB - Move through the property tabs.

Accessibility Shortcuts

Tap SHIFT 5 times - Toggles StickyKeys on and off.

Press down and hold the right SHIFT key for 8 seconds - Toggles FilterKeys on and off.
Press down and hold the NUM LOCK key for 5 seconds - Toggles ToggleKeys on and off.
Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK - Toggles MouseKeys on and off.
Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN - Toggles High Contrast on and off.

Microsoft Natural Keyboard Keys

WINDOWS - Start Menu

WINDOWS+R - Run dialog box
WINDOWS+M - Minimize All
SHIFT+WINDOWS+M - Undo Minimize All
WINDOWS+F1 - Help
WINDOWS+E - Windows Explorer
WINDOWS+F - Find Files or Folders
WINDOWS+D - Minimizes all open windows and displays the desktop
CTRL+WINDOWS+F - Find Computer
CTRL+WINDOWS+TAB - Moves focus from Start, to Quick Launch bar, to System Tray. Use
RIGHT ARROW or LEFT ARROW to move focus to items on Quick Launch bar and System
Tray
WINDOWS+TAB - Cycle through taskbar buttons
WINDOWS+BREAK - System Properties dialog box
Application key - Displays a context menu for the selected item

Microsoft Natural Keyboard with IntelliType Software Installed

WINDOWS+L - Log off Windows

WINDOWS+P - Opens Print Manager
WINDOWS+C - Opens Control Panel
WINDOWS+V - Opens Clipboard
WINDOWS+K - Opens Keyboard Properties dialog box
WINDOWS+I - Opens Mouse Properties dialog box
WINDOWS+A - Opens Accessibility Options(if installed)
WINDOWS+SPACEBAR - Displays the list of IntelliType Hotkeys
WINDOWS+S - Toggles the CAP LOCK key on and off
Dialog Box Keyboard Commands

TAB - Move to the next control in the dialog box.

SHIFT+TAB - Move to the previous control in the dialog box.
SPACEBAR - If the current control is a button, this clicks the button. If the current control is a
check box, this toggles the check box. If the current control is an option button, this selects the
option button.
ENTER - Equivalent to clicking the selected button (the button with the outline).
ESC - Equivalent to clicking the Cancel button.
ALT+ - Select menu item.

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