Signals and Systems-V

Prof: Sarun Soman

Manipal Institute of Technology
Manipal
 Non-periodic Signals: Fourier-Transform
Representations
No restrictions on the period of the sinusoids used to represent
non-periodic signal.
Frequencies can take a continuum of values.
For CT non periodic signal the range is from −∞ to ∞
For DT non periodic signal the range is from − to 

1 
CTFT
  =
( )   (1)
2 

1 
DTFT
  =
(Ω) Ω Ω (2)
2 

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 2

 Continuous Time Non-periodic Signals: The
Fourier Transform
CTFT is used to represent a continuous time non-periodic signal

1 
as a superposition of complex sinusoids.
  =
( )  
2 


Where

 = ()  


 is the frequency domain representation of ()

 

The weight on each sinusoid is

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 3

Continuous Time Non-periodic Signals: The
Fourier Transform
CTFT is used to analyze the characteristics of CT systems and the
interaction b/w CT signals and systems.
Eq(1) and (2) may not converge for all functions of x(t)
Dirichlet conditions for non periodic signal

x(t) is absolutely integrable
()  < ∞

x(t) has a finite number of maxima, minima and discontinuities in any
finite interval.
The size of each discontinuity is finite
Eg. Unit step function is not absolutely integrable

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 4

 Example
1.Find the FT of   =   (−). 

 = ()  

 
Ans:

 = ()  
 =     
 
 

 =      +     
 
    "#    "#  
= |  = | +

|
2 −   + 1 −( + 1)
1 1 1
= = +
2 −  1 +   + 1
2.  =    2
=
Ans: 1 + 

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 5

 Example
Find the FT of   1 
=−  |% %

 % −  %
=

sin $
=2 , ≠ 0

For = 0
Ans:

integrable provided $ < ∞ sin $

Rectangular pulse is absolutely
lim 2 = 2$


→

 = ()  

$ = ±0
Zero crossing points
%

 = ()   0
=± , 0 = ±1, ±2, ±3 … . .
% $

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 6

 Example

Ans:

 = ()  



 = (1)   


+ (−1)   

 
  

 = | + |
Find FT

−   
x(t)

  − 1   − 1
= +
1

 
2 2 cos 2
t

= +
-2 2

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 7

 Example
  = 6() Inverse CTFT

 =   ( )
Draw the spectrum Determine the time domain signal


Ans:

 = ()   1 
Ans:
   =
( )  

2 

 = 6()    1   
   =   
2 

 = 1 1  (") 
Using sifting property
= |
2 (−2 + )
1  (") − 1



=
2 −2 + 

0

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 8

 Example
1 1 1 

= = 
J

2(2 − )
" 
2  2

J

1 J 1 ()
+  
? 2  2
Find inverse CTFT
;<= >9 , 9 <
7 89 = :
J
@
A, BCDEFGHIE
1   "  
= | J
1  2 2( + 2) J
Ans:
() =
( )   1    
2  +

| J
1

J  +    2 2( − 2) J
=  
2   2
J

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 9

 Example

1 Ksin +2
4
Find the time domain signal
=
corresponding to the frequency
2 ( + 2) spectrum.

sin −2
4 M
+
( − 2)

 
 
1 sin  + 2 sin −2
4 4
+
= 2 ( + 2) ( − 2)
1
,  = ±2
8 Ans:

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 10

 Example
  , < 2

 = O
0, PQRSTU
Find the time domain signal corresponding

1
to the spectrum.

() =
( )  
2 
1   
() =   
2 
1    
= | 
2 ( − 2)
1 1 
Ans:
= sin 2( − 2) () =
( )  
( − 2) 2 
1 V 
1 () =  
sin 2( − 2) ,  ≠ 2 2 V
( − 2) 1  V −  V
  =
2 =
, = 2  2


Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 11

 Example
sin W
=

W sin W
() = , ≠ 0
 W
For  = 0
sin W
lim
→ 
W
  =


W = ±0, 0 = ±1,2,3 … .
Zero crossing points

0
=±
W

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 12

 Properties of Fourier Transform
Linearity
X  + Y  X
 + YZ( )

Linearity property is the basis of the partial fraction method for

determining inverse FT.
Eg.
Find ()
−

 =
( ) +3 + 2

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 13

 Example
[# [
= +
 + 1  + 2
Symmetry Property: Real and

[# = 1, [ = −2 If () is real and even

Imaginary Signals.

1 2
( ) is real

 = −
 + 1  + 2 If () is real and odd

( ) is imaginary
1
Using the transformation table
 () ↔
^
 + X
1 1 ( −  ) ↔  ] 
( )
Time Shift properties
1 + −2
 + 1  + 2
↔ 1    
• Shift in time domain leaves the

+ (−2)  ()

magnitude spectrum unchanged

  =     − 2  ()
• Introduces a phase shift that is

frequency( ]  ).
linear function of

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 14

 Properties of Fourier Transform

Differentiation Property Differentiation in Frequency
− () ↔
( )
 
Differentiation in time
() ↔ 
( )
 Eg.

corresponds to multiplying by j FT of   =  ^ ()

• Differentiation in time domain Use differentiation property to find

in frequency domain. Ans:


• This operation accentuates high Using differentiation property
− () ↔
( )
frequency components.

1 1 
Eg.
 () ↔
^
 () ↔
( )
 + X − 
 ^ 1  1
 () ↔ ( )  ^ ↔
  + X   + X

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 15

 Properties of Fourier Transform
1 
 ^
↔   = 6 ` `
 + X 

6() ↔ 1

1 1
Using integration property

Integration

 ` ` =
 + 
(0)6( ) 6 ` ` ↔ 1 + 6
   
• De emphasizing high frequency
components.
  ∗ Q() ↔
 b( )
Convolution property
Eg.
FT of unit step using integration Eg.
property
response Q  = 2  () be
Let the input to a system with impulse

  = 3    .
Ans:

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 16

 Properties of Fourier Transform
−6 6
2 Z  = +
 + 2  + 1
Ans:
2  ()↔
 + 2 c  = −6    + 6  ()
3
3 ↔

 + 1
1
Modulation property

c  =   ∗ Q()   e  ↔
 ∗ f( )
Using convolution property
2
Z  =
 b( )
6
Z  =
( + 2)( + 1)
[# [
= +
 + 2  + 1
[# = −6, [ = 6

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 17

 Properties of Fourier Transform
equal to the time shift ( ). 2
• Slope of the linear phase term is Eg.
  ↔ sin( )

  =  " ( − 2)
Eg.
 # ()
2
1 ↔ sin(( − 10))
Ans:
   ↔
 − 10
 + 1
1
 " ( − 2) ↔  ()
 + 1 () ↔
( )
Scaling Property

1
(X) ↔

X X
 g () ↔
(( − h))
Frequency Shift Properties
Scaling the signal in time domain
• A frequency shift corresponds to introduces inverse scaling in
multiplication in time domain by a frequency domain representation &
complex sinusoid whose frequency an amplitude scaling.
is equal to the shift.

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 18

 Properties of Fourier Transform
Parseval’s Theorem
Parseval’s theorem states that energy or power in time domain
representation is equal to the energy or power in frequency

1 
domain.
()   =
( )  
 2 
Duality property
There is a consistent symmetry b/w the time and Frequency
domain representation of signals.
A rectangular pulse in either time or frequency domain
corresponds to a sinc function in either frequency or time.

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 19

 Properties of Fourier Transform

We may interchange time and frequency

This interchangeability property is termed duality.

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 20

Properties of Fourier Transform
j%
i() k  Using duality property find the
j%
k() 2i(− )
duality property of ‘1’
Ans:
j%
6() 1
j%
1 26 −
#
Find the FT of   =
#"

1
Ans:
j%
   
 + 1
Replace by 
1
 + 1

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 21

 Properties of Fourier Transform

1
Using duality
j%
   
 + 1
1 j%
2  (− )
 + 1

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 22

 Discrete Time Non-periodic Signals: The
Discrete Time Fourier Transform
DTFT is used to represent a discrete-time -periodic signal as a
superposition of complex sinusoids.

interval− < Ω < 

DTFT would involve a continuum of frequencies on the

1 
 =
( Ω ) Ω  Ω
2 


Where

 Ω = l [] Ω
o

 Ω is termed as the frequency domain representation of

[]

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 23

 Example
J  q
1 1 Ω
#  =  ΩJ
l 
Find the DTFT of the exponential
sequence   = [ + 4] 4 4
J qo
1
= 256 JΩ
 1
Ans:
1 −  Ω

 Ω = l [] Ω 4
o

Evaluate the DTFT of signal x[n]

1
= l  Ω
shown in Fig. Find the expression for
4
oJ
magnitude and phase spectra.
Let  + 4 = p []
 qJ
1
=l  Ω(qJ)
1

4
3
n

qo
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2
-1

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 24

 Example
  =X, X <1


 Ω = l [] Ω
o 
Ans:
=  −3  sΩ +  −2  Ω
 Ω = l [] Ω
+  2  Ω +  3  sΩ o
 

=  sΩ +  Ω +  Ω −  sΩ = l(X Ω ) + l (X Ω )

= 2 sin 3Ω + 2 cos 2Ω o o#
1
= +Z
1 − X Ω

 Ω 

= 2 [PU  2Ω + UT 2Ω Z = l (X Ω )

sin 3Ω o#
<
 Ω
= X #
Let  = −0
cos 2Ω

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 25

 Example


Z= l (X Ω )t 1,  ≤ v
Obtain the DTFT of rectangular pulse
  =O

to# 0,  > v
Z= l (X Ω )t −1
to
1
= −1
1 − X Ω
X Ω
=
1 − X Ω
1 X Ω

 Ω = + 
Ans:
1 − X Ω 1 − X Ω
 Ω = l [] Ω
1 − X
= o
1 + X − 2X cos Ω

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 26

 Example
x

 Ω = l 1 Ω
Ω Ω
Ω   x"#
−    x"#
=  Ωx    x"#
1 −  Ω
ox
Let p =  + v Ω Ω Ω
x  Ωx    x"#
  x"#
−    x"#
=

 = l
Ω Ω Ω
Ω Ω(qx)  
  
 − 


2v + 1
sin Ω
qo
x
2
=  Ωx l  Ωq = , Ω ≠ 0,2 …
Ω
sin
qo 2

1−  Ω x"#
Ω=0
=  Ωx
1 −  Ω

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 27

 Example
2v + 1 2v + 1
cos Ω ∗  
Find the DTFT of the signal
2 2

 Ω = lim   = cos +  sin ;

Ω↔
cos
Ω 1
∗
5 5
2 2  ≤ 10
= 2v + 1

Ans:
 =  z
#


 Ω
= l  
z  Ω
o#
Let  + 10 = 0

 {|}]
= l 
 z Ω

to

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 28

 Example

1− 
 # z Ω
= 
# z Ω

1−
 Ω
z

21 
sin −Ω
2 5
=
1 
sin −Ω
2 5

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 29

 Inverse DTFT
1
3 −  Ω
4
Find the inverse DTFT using partial
= |
1 1 Ω € |Ω oJ
1− 
fraction expansion.
3 −  Ω 4

 Ω = 4
1
1 −  Ω
16 =2

~  1 2
Ans:

 Ω
= +
 Ω = +
1 Ω 1 1 1
1−  1 +  Ω 1 −  Ω 1 +  Ω
4 4 4 4
1  
3 −  Ω 1 −1
~= 4 |  =   +2 []
1 Ω € |Ω oJ 4 4
1+ 
4
~=1

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 30

 z transform
• DTFT- complex sinusoidal representation of a DT signal
• e transform – Representation in terms of complex exponential
signals.
• e transform is the discrete time counterpart to Laplace
transform
Why e transform?
• More general classification of DT signal.
• A broader characterization of DT LTI systems & its interaction
with signals.

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 31

 Z transform
Eg.
DTFT exists only if impulse response is absolutely summable.

e transform of the impulse response exists for unstable LTI

DTFT exists only for stable LTI systems.

e transform of the impulse response is the transfer function of

systems and signals.

e = R Ω
the system.

R − 0X‚T, Ω − X‚p
  = e  complex exponential signal.

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 32

 Z transform
  = R  cos Ω + R  sin Ω
If R = 1, [] is a complex sinusoid.
Applying [] to an LTI system
c  = Q  ∗ []


= l Q ƒ [ − ƒ]
„o
  = e


c  = l Q[ƒ]e „
„o

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 33

 z transform


= e l Q[ƒ]e „
Convergence
• e transform exist when eqn(1)
„o converges.

Transfer function
• Necessary condition is absolute
b e = l Q[ƒ]e „ 
summability.
„o
l []e  < ∞ (2)
e transform of []
 o
e = R Ω

e = l []e  (1)
e  = R 
o

Equation (2) can be written as

l []R  < ∞
o

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 34

 z transform

• The range ′R′ for which eq(2) converges is termed as Region of

Convergence(ROC)
• []R  is absolutely summable even though [] is not.

significant advantage offered by the e transform.

• Ability to work with signals that doesn't have a DTFT is a

Z-plane.

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 35

 transform
† transform of a causal exponential 
‡ 
=l
e
signal
Determine the e transform of the o

signal   = ‡  []. Depict the

‡
The sum converges only if
<1
zeros of
(e) in the e plane. e
ROC and the location of poles and
e > ‡
1

e = , e > ‡
Ans:
1 − ‡e #

e = l []e 

(e)in pole-zero form
o e

= , e > ‡

e = l ‡  []e  e−‡
o
Pole zero plot and ROC

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 36

 e transform

† transform of non-causal Let ƒ = −


e „
Z e =−l
‡
exponential signal
Determine the e transform of the 
„o#
signal c  = −‡   − − 1 .Depict e „
=− l −1
‡
and zeros of
e in the e plane. „o
the ROC and the locations of poles

e „
=1−l
 ‡
Ans:
„o
Z e = l c[]e  ˆ
The sum converges, provided < 1
o ‰
# e < ‡
= − l ‡  e  1
=1− , e < ‡
 1 − e‡ #

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 37

 transform
1 − e‡ # − 1
= poles and zeros of
(e) in the plane.
Depict the ROC and the locations of
1 − e‡ # 
−e‡ #

1
=
e = l []e  − [−
1 − e‡ # 2
e o
=− − 1]e 
‡−e
e 1
  #
1

= , e < ‡ =l − l
e−‡ 2e e
o o
  
e transform is same but ROC is 1
ROC plot

=l + 1 − l e„
different 2e
o „o
z transform of a two sided signal
1
Both the sum converges when
#  e > X e < 1
Determine the z-transform of
  = − − − 1 + []. 2


Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 38

 e transform
1 1 1

e = +1− ,
1 # 1 − e 2 1

1

Find the z transform and ROC
1− e   =7   −6 []
2
< e <1 3 2

e e 
Pole zero form Ans:

e = +
e = l []e 
1 e−1
e−
2 o
1 1
 
1
 
e − e + e − e = l7 e −l6 e 

e = 2 
1 3 2
e− e−1 o o
2 # #
3 Sum converges, e > and
e >
e 2e − 1 s

e = 2 , < e <1 7 6
1 = −
e− e−1 2 1− e
1 # 1
1 − e #
2 3 2

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 39

 transform
#
e 
l
ROC must not include any poles
#
ROC , e >  2
o
Let ƒ = −

e
Find z transform and ROC
1
 „
 = l
2 2
„o#
 „
2
1 1 l −1
 
Ans:

 =  + [− − 1] e
2 2 „o

< 1, e < 2
ˆ
1
Sum converges
# 
1 1

e = + l e  −1
1
1 − e # o 2
2
1 − 2e #

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 40

 e transform
2e # =1
1 − 2e #
1 2e #
ROC

e = +
1 # 1 − 2e #   = 6  − ƒ ,ƒ > 0
No zeros and poles, ROC is all z plane
1− e
2

Ans:
1
ROC
< e <2
e = l 6[ − ƒ]e 
2
o
= (1)e „
Find the z transform of   = 6[] ROC all z-plane except e = 0
Ans:

Note: If   of finite duration, then

e = l 6[]e  e = 0 or e = ∞
ROC is entire z-plane except possibly

o

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 41

z transform

Prof: Sarun Soman, MIT, Manipal 42