GLIDER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

4 AEM2
No. Name Student ID

1. Iman Azfar Bin Roznisham 53106118140

2. Luqman Al-Hakim Bin Shamshul Fahmi 53106118191

3. Aznor Mifzal Zafran Bin Nor Shah 53106118082

4. Mifdzal Hazeq Bin Shaiful hafez 53106118251

5. Muhamad Syahmi Bin Mohd Ruzi 53106118311

 CONTENT PAGE

I. Introduction of Glider and prototype

II. Development
- research
- specification
- materials used

III. Design and Conceptual of Glider

- Design
- specification
- materials used

IV. Fabrication process

- procedures
- techniques
V. Glider Test Result
VI. Discussion on Glider
VII. References
 Introduction
A glider is a fixed-wing aircraft that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air
against its lifting surfaces, and whose free flight does not depend on an engine.[1] Most
gliders do not have an engine, although motor-gliders have small engines for extending their
flight when necessary by sustaining the altitude (normally a sailplane is on a continuously
descending slope) with some being powerful enough to take off self-launch.

There is a wide variety of types differing in the construction of their wings, aerodynamic
efficiency, location of the pilot, controls and intended purpose. Most exploit meteorological
phenomena to maintain or gain height.

As a mini gliders that less than 1 kg there has a three main parts. The fuselage, wings and tail.
Fuselage define as a body of the glider. Wings and tail act as a function that provide control
and stability to the glider. Fuselage holds the wings and tail. A tail acts as a stabilizer and
provide lateral and also horizontal stability.
 Development

Delta Wing Glider

Material used:

• Styrofoam food tray, about 28 cm X 23 cm (Size 12)

• Cellophane tape
• Paper clip
• Ball point pen
• Plastic knife or scissors
• Toothpicks
• Goggles (eye protection)
• Emery boards or sandpaper

Specification :

• Λ angle = 50°
• Chordwise length l = 0.15m
• Wingspan length b = 0.25m
• Area (s) give the wing aspect ratio (AR = b2 / S)
• Using trailing edge taper
• AR providedin Lentink
• Sharp leading edge on both wings by applying a 60° bevel on the windward side.
• Leading edge bevel result the wing gaining an effective chamber.
Why we choose as guide :

• The delta wing offers advantages in structural integrity and both high-speed and low-
speed flight.
• Because of the wing's large surface area compared to its span, it can be built stronger
and stiffer, and also has a greater internal volume for fuel storage. It's also cheaper
and easier to build, making it popular among cheaper fighter aircraft.
• The delta wing also gives the airplane a higher critical angle of attack. Vortexes
generated along the leading edge of the wing re-energize the flow boundary layer,
delaying separation and stall. This gives the wing more stable flight characteristics at
low speed.
• At transonic/supersonic speeds, the delta wing keeps the shock cone behind its
leading edge, giving it more stable supersonic flight characteristics.
• The primary cost to all these benefits is the significantly increased drag due to the
greater lifting area. Delta-wing aircraft must produce much more power to reach the
same airspeeds as swept-wing aircraft.
 Balsa Wood Glider

Materials used:

• 1/16 x 4 x 36 in Balsa Slice

• 2 of the 3/32 x 3 x 36 inch Balsa Slices
• 25 x 1/4 x 3/8 in - Redwood
• Sandpaper: 60, 80, and 100 grit
• At least a foot of aluminum wire
• 3 inches of steel wire (or 1 paper clip)
• A knife/ razor blade
• A pencil
• A ruler
• Strong Glue: CA Wood Glue, Super Glue, or any other long-lasting glues
• School Glue
• A few inches of scrap plywood
• A drill, preferably a drill press, and a 1/16 bit
• Ping-pong balls or other weights (coins, washers)
• Durable rubber bands

Specification:

• Aspect Ratio =9-10

• Wing span = 50-60 cm
• Angle of attack = 3-4 deg
• Horizontal Stabilizer = 20-25% of wing area
• Vertical Stabilizer = 40% to 50% of Horizontal Stabilizer area
• Length of fuselage = 65%-75% of span
• Dihedral = 2-3 deg
Why we choose as guide :

1. Fuselage links all the components together and supports most of the load when glider
is on the ground.
2. Wings create the lift, allowing the aircraft to fly. A cross section of a typical airplane
wing will show the top surface to be more curved than the bottom surface. This
shaped profile is called an aerofoil. As the fluid elements approach the wing, they
split at the leading edge and meets again at the trailing edge. As a result, the air must
go faster over the top of the wing since this distance travel is larger. Bernoulli’s
equation implies that pressure will be lower on the upper surface. This net pressure
difference causes lift.
3. The horizontal stabilizer helps to make the glider stable in the nose-to-tail direction
(pitch), preventing it tipping nose up or nose down.
4. The vertical stabilizer prevents the glider twisting side to side (yaw), so it continues
in a straight line.
5. The winglets help to make the glider stable in the wing-tip to wing-tip direction,
preventing it rolling side to side.
6. Nose weight helps to move the center of gravity forward. This works with the
horizontal stabilizer to make the glider stable in the nose-to-tail direction.
7. Dihedral the purpose of building dihedral on a wing is to improve the lateral (roll)
stability of an airplane. The dihedral angle is the angle that each wing of an airplane
makes with the horizontal
8. Wing Taper compared to a simple rectangular wing, using a wing with taper on your
glider can decrease the amount of induced drag that develops at its wingtips. The total
amount of taper angle should not exceed 10 degrees.
9. Aspect Ratio the aspect ratio (AR) of a wing is defined to be the square of the span,
divided by the wing area. Aspect ratio is a measure of how long and slender a wing is
from tip to tip. For a rectangular wing, this reduces to the ratio of the span to the
chord length. Gliders have a high aspect ratio because the drag of the aircraft depends
on this parameter. A higher aspect ratio gives a lower drag, a higher lift to drag ratio,
and a better glide angle.
McEagle Styrofoam Glider

Materials used:
• Styrofoam meat tray or
• Styrofoam breakfast tray from McDonalds or other fast-food restaurants
• Knife
• White glue
• Sand paper, fine grade or emery board
• Double sided cellophane tape (optional)
• Scissors
• Marker Pen
• Cellophane tape
• Dime
Specification:
• Dihedral Wings
• 22’ wing span
• 9’ wing chord
• Contact surface is slightly roughen with sand paper or emery board to improve
adherence
• Upper and lower wings is lightly sand to a width of about 1 cm along the cut line.
• Wing tips is 2.5cm higher than the middle to form a dihedral angle
• McEagle is balanced by mounting the dime at the fuselage and adjusted the position
of the dime until achieve a gentle glide.

Why we choose as guide:

• McEagle achieves a smooth, gliding flight through its design and through balancing
adjustments made when mounting the dime .
• The dihedral angle of the wings provides stability against rolling in flight by
concentrating wing lift above the fuselage where the plane's center of gravity is
located. This keeps the wings up and the fuselage down.
• The fins of McEagle are mounted at a slight negative angle to the plane of the wings.
This produces a slight negative lift in the airplane's tail that helps bring the nose up to
recover from dives produced during stalls.
• Adjustments to the position of the dime changes the front-to-back location of
McEagie's center of gravity. If too far forward, the plane will be nose-heavy and dive
steeply. If too far back, the plane will be tail-heavy and will climb steeply, lose air
speed, and stall.
• The purpose of building dihedral on a wing is to improve the lateral (roll) stability of
an airplane. The dihedral angle is the angle that each wing of an airplane makes with
the horizontal
 Design and Conceptual of Glider
• The research before the actual design

Different
Features PROTOTYPE GLIDER TYPE MODIFIED TYPE

Fuselage length 20cm 42cm 42cm

Overall length 23cm 45cm 45cm

Glider height 2.2cm 2.5cm 2.5cm

Wing width 5cm 10.5cm 10.5cm

Wing length 21cm 30cm 30cm

Aerofoil 0.2cm 0.6cm 0.6cm

Stabilizer length 15cm 19cm 19cm

Stabilizer width 5cm 10cm 10cm

Propeller length 6.5cm 7.5cm 7.5cm

Propeller width 2cm 2cm 2cm

Weight 45g 61g 88g

• Prototype before a finalized design

 PROTOTYPE GLIDERTYPE MODIFIEDTYPE

Material Plastic cup Plastic cup Plastic cup

Yarn Yarn Yarn

A4 paper A4 paper A4 paper

Toothpick Toothpick Toothpick

McDonald straw McDonald straw McDonald straw

Balloon Stick Balloon Stick Balloon Stick

Stick Stick Stick

Candle Candle Candle

Glue stick Glue stick Glue stick

Rubber Band Rubber Band Rubber Band

Sellotape Sellotape Sellotape

Paper clip Paper clip Paper clip

Shuttlecock

Description Before I build the I build the actual glider The actual glider I build
actual glider, I build after investigating the still facing a little bit
the prototype first and problem of the prototype. problem because
try it in my house. I Plus, I expand a little bit lacking material I have
try it on area that have size to the glide. This at house. So, I decide to
space to throw it while allow to the actual glider remove the propeller
all the fan is closed. to fly without facing any and replace it with
This is to test n try to problem. shuttlecock. This
solve the problems replacement is to add
before build the actual weight of the glider in
glider the front area.

Strength -Less weight -Bigger size -No propeller

 -Small size -Big wingspan and width -Head part will fall first

-Propeller spin longer -Smooth aerofoil -Longer duration of fly

duration
-Longer distance

weakness -Cannot use force to -Small propeller due to -More weight

throw big size glider

-Not good when have -Not enough energy to

air disturbance fly further and longer

-Always spinning -The tail part will often

when using force to fall first
throw

• The finalised design

Modified type
• Material used
- Scissors
- Pliers
- Paper cutting knife
- Candle (the wax used as a glue)
- Paper Clips
- Wooden sticks
- Tape
- Rubber band
- Papers
- Glue Sticks
- Shuttle cock
- Pencil, eraser and ruler
 Fabrication Process

Procedure
The procedure for making the prototype and the glider type are almost the same. The
different are the size of each part of the glider. Moreover, the basic skills and knowledge been
applied to make this glider with a guide of YouTube video and some advice from my friends
and dad. Things that need extra care such as flammable material and hot material must be
done with proper steps and caution.

1. Prepare the material and tools needed.

- Scissors
- Pliers
- Paper cutting knife
- Candle (the wax used as a glue)
- Paper Clips
- Wooden sticks
- Tape
- Rubber band
- Papers
- Glue Sticks
 - Shuttle cock
- Pencil, eraser and ruler
2. Sketch the part of glider without actual size.
3. Draw the part of a glider (wings, stabilizer) on A4 paper with actual size and cut it.
4. Cut the straw to the specified size. (This going to be the fuselage)
5. Cut the balloon stick into 4 pieces with the same size each. (this going to be the support
for the fuselage)
6. Light up the candle and with caution heat up the glue stick just enough to make it melt a
bit.
7. Apply the glue to the straw surface and attach to a balloon stick. Wait a few second
before let go to make sure it sticks nicely.
8. Repeat (6) until all the fuselage and the support stick perfectly.
9. Draw the propeller blade to the plastic cup and cut it into shape.
10. Still using the candle and glue stick, apply the glue to the toothpick and stick it with the
propeller.
11. Start shape up the paper clip so it got a nice hook. This is to hold the propeller and the
rubber band together.
12. Attach a few rubber bands together (source of energy) and hook it nicely with the paper
clip that been shaped.
13. At the tail of the glider. Place a paper clip that been shape at the very end, so the rubber
band does not slip through.
14. Start making the wing by marking the center point of the A4 also on the balloon stick
(bone and shape for the aerofoil)
15. Attach them together using the glue.
16. Using the same method for the stabilizer. But do not attach it to the balloon stick (since it
does not need bone)
17. Using a yarn, tie it on the middle of the fuselage to find the center point (this will be the
place to attach the wing)
18. Attach the wing to the marking center point on the fuselage
19. The same method applies to attach the stabilizer.
20. Make the final adjustment to the glider to make it look perfect
 Safety and Precautions
Safety precautions
1. Make sure the area is safe before starting the cutter to prevent any injuries.

2. Make sure the tools used are sharp enough to avoid any unwanted incidents.

3. The use of sharp tools is only for adults.

4. For launching, please make sure the area is clear from people and dangerous objects such
as electrical wires.

Launching process
1. First, check the wind direction before launching for a greater lift towards your glider.

2. A good launch occurs when the glider nose is at level or slightly down, if you launch it
nose up there is a chance your glider would be stall.

3. Only a simple push is applied to the glider at launch. A strong push will cause a large
friction between the wind and your glider.
Glider Test Result
Tested

All the test be done 2 phase which is indoor test and outdoor test. this test can also be
categorized into using force and not using force. For using force, I will test it outside the
house at my backyard while testing without using any force, I will do it in my house.
Basically, I will stand on the chair and just let go the glider from higher position. But when
testing the prototype and glider type I will spin the propeller first into the maximum point
before letting it go. I will take the longer distance from of the glider from my starting point
and the duration of the glider in the air. All the record such as time and distance being help
with my father.

PROTOTYPE GLIDERTYPE MODIFIEDTYPE

SMALLER 1.5m 2.2m 1.7m

DISTANCE

HIGHEST 3.1m 7.0m 12.1m

DISTANCE

SHORTEST 2.34sec 2.56sec 2.62sec

DURATION

LONGEST 3.15sec 4.05sec 5.39sec

DURATION

Tested by using force (recorded outdoor)

PROTOTYPE GLIDER TYPE MODIFIED TYPE

tested 10 10 10

successful 0 5 6

failed 10 5 4

percentage 0% 50% 60%

Tested by not using force (not recorded indoor)

PROTOTYPE GLIDER TYPE MODIFIED TYPE

tested 10 10 10

successful 5 6 8

failed 5 4 2

percentage 50% 43% 100%

3 TYPES OF GLIDER BEING TESTED 10 TIMES

12

10

0
Tested by using force Tested by using force Tested by not using force Tested by not using force
(recorded outdoor) (recorded outdoor) (not recorded indoor) (not recorded indoor)
successful failed successful failed

PROTOTYPE GILDER TYPE MODIFIED TYPE

Discussion on Design Change
21. By changing the paper to food wrap at the wing and tail for a better control
and lightweight
22. Build a struts at wing to support the weight load and for a strong and tough
wing.
23. Use a 3 seconds glue for a strong attachment and a fastent process
24. Adjust the nose weight to determine the centre of gravity of the glider. For a
better stability.

Things that can be improved

- The crucial part is the material use to make the glider. Proper material can lead to less
weight which is good. There a few things that can be repaired or replace to our glider
if we can choose and buy our material easily such as replace the A4 paper with plastic
food wrap since it consume less weight or using a proper metal or copper wire
because it much easier to bend and shape it. using a hot glue gun instead of candle.
This will help a lot finishing the glider.
References
• https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/TRC/Aeronautics/GLIDER.html
• https://www.instructables.com/id/Balsa-Wood-Glider/
• https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-advantages-a-delta-wing-has-over-swept-wing
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FB2g_q0n8mI
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xz_hg-pSDew
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(aircraft)