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Session 1: Forces.
Forces are responsible for a great deal of what happens in our universe. A force is any action that
will change the speed, direction of shape of an object. Generally, forces occur when one body acts
on another, there are lots of different types of forces. Some the two bodies must be touching for
the force to be present these are called contact forces, in other cases one body can have an effect
on another without having to be in contact, these are known as non-contact forces. The units for
force are Newtons and can it can be measured using a Newton meter.
1. Complete the table below stating whether each of these forces is a contact or a non-
contact force.
Force Diagrams
Forces are often shown on diagrams to help us see what might happen, in these cases the forces
are displayed as an arrow.
There are three important points to consider when drawing force diagrams.
The tail of the arrow needing to be in specific places can often make the force diagrams overly
complicated so one thing we can do is draw a free body force diagram, in these cases we assume all
the forces act at the centre of the object so the diagrams would look like this instead:
There diagrams are much simpler to draw and still show us all the information we need to know.
There are three distinct types of motion; an object can be stationary; it can be moving at constant
speed or it can be accelerating. Which of these an object will undergo depends on the forces acting
on it. The motion depends on the resultant force, this is the overall force acting on a object when
all of the forces acting have been combined.
For an object that is stationary or travelling at constant speed the forces on the object are
balanced, this means that it will have equal and opposite forces acting on it. These objects will
have a resultant force of 0N
Any object that is accelerating will have unbalanced forces, this means that there is a larger force
acting in one direction than the other. The resultant force will no be 0N and the object will
accelerate in the direction of the larger force.
Balanced forces:
Unbalanced forces:
The resultant force can be worked out by adding together any forces acting in the same direction
and subtracting any forces that are acting in the opposite direction:
Examples:
5N
5N
5N 5N
Resultant force = 5N – 5N = 0N
10N 5N
A) B) C)
D) E) F)
3N 298N 18.5N
16.5N
10N 309N
G) H) I)
11N
196N
27.6N
480NN
48.1N
24.1N
275N
6.5N
2.5N
E.g.
a) 600N – 300N =
300N
b) accelerates
19. (a) A boat produces a thrust of 500N and experiences a drag of 300N, draw a force diagram
to show this.
(b) Work out the resultant force acting on the boat.
20. A 50N, 100N and 150N are applied to an object, what is the maximum and minimum
resultant forces possible?
The sledge starts on the grass but moves onto the snow, friction is lower on the snow
than it is on the grass.
(b) What will happen to the motion of the sledge if Sally pulls with the same force?
(c) When the plane is flying at a constant height, which two forces must be
balanced?
(d) When the plane is flying at a constant speed in the direction shown, which
two forces must be balanced?
(e) Before take-off, the plane is speeding up along the ground. Which statement is true?
Force B is zero
Force B is greater than force D
Force D is equal to force B.
Force D is greater than force B.
(f) Which statement is true about the plane just as it leaves the ground?
Force C is zero.
Force C is greater than force A.
Force A is equal to force C.
Force A is greater than force C.
Gravity is the force of attraction between pairs of objects. All objects have a gravitational field
(gravity) around them but is only noticeable when HUGE objects are involved (like planets and stars).
The force caused by the gravitational field of the earth pulling on your mass is your weight. This
means that weight, mass and gravity are all related
It is very common for people to use the terms mass and weight incorrectly, mass is how much of a
substance you have in kilograms (Kg), weight is the force acting on that mass measured in Newtons
(N). The mass of a substance is fixed, but the weight will change depending on the strength of the
gravitational field pulling on the mass. Gravitational field strength is measured in N/Kg. The larger a
planet the stronger its gravitational field, so a mass’s weight will be higher on larger planets. Earth’s
gravitational field strength on earth is 9.81N/Kg but this is often rounded to 10N/Kg.
The weight of an object can be worked out using the following formula:
Weight = 49.05 N
Required practical:
Method
a) Collect a set of masses, a clamp and stand and a 10N Newton meter.
b) Make sure the scale is set to zero before you begin.
c) ang the newton meter from the clamp – with the newton meter hanging over the base of
the stand.
d) Add the masses, one at a time, using the hanger. Record the reading on the newton meter
for each 100g mass. This is the weight – the force with which the mass is pulled down
towards the centre of the Earth.
e) Repeat, adding 100g masses each time, up to 700g.
Results
Plot a graph of your results on the axis below and draw a line of best fit.
Weight (N)
5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
An object will float or sink depending on it’s resultant force. In a liquid objects experience a for
pushing them up, this is Upthrust, is the Upthrust is smaller than the weight hen their will be a
resultant force downwards and the object will sink, if the Upthrust and the weight are equal there
will be no resultant force and the object will remain in it’s current position. If the Upthrust is greater
than the weight, then the object will float to the surface.
28. For A, B and C, label whether the object will float to the surface, remain stationary or skink.
Floating investigation.
For each of the objects given, use the newton meter to measure it’s weight in air and water then
look to see if the object floats, copy your observations into the table below.
Answer these in your exercise book.
Planet Gravitational
field strength
(N/kg)*
Mercury 3.7
Venus 8.9
Earth 10.0
Mars 3.7
Jupiter 23.1
Saturn 9.0
Uranus 8.7
Neptun 11.0
e
Session 4: Pressure.
A good example of this is someone stepping onto snow, the weight of the person acts on the snow
through the bottom of their shoes, creating a pressure on the snow. The greater the weight or force
the greater the pressure will be. If the person was to stand on one foot the all their weight now acts
through a smaller area so the pressure will go up.
force
Pressure=
area
In this formula force is measured in Newtons and area in meter 3, this means pressure is measured in
Newtons per meter3 (N/m3) this is also sometimes referred to as Pascals (Pa)
Example question – A 25N force is spread over a 5m 3 area, what is the pressure?
Pressure = 5 N/m3
Some objects are designed to produce high amounts of pressure, such as a knife, having such a small
surface area means a knife can easily produce enough pressure to cut into whatever it needs to.
Conversely to this snow shows has a large surface area, meaning they create a low pressure this
means that they won’t sink into the snow.
41. Calculate the pressure of a knife with an area of 0.005m 2 and a force of 40N.
42. Calculate the pressure of a shoe with an area of 0.02m2 and a force of 1400N.
43. Calculate the pressure of a car tyre with an area of 0.5m 2 and a force of 14500N.
44. Calculate the pressure if a car crashes into a wall with 25000N and with a front area
of 199cm2
45. A woman of mass 47.5kg on Earth stands in a pair of shoes with an area of 0.003m 2.
Calculate the pressure she is exerting on the ground. (Hint: First calculate her
WEIGHT)
46. A child of mass 50.4kg on Earth lies on the bed with an area of 0.75m 2. Calculate the
pressure the child is exerting on the bed.
47. What pressure does a polar bear with a mass of 750kg, lying down covering 26
500cm2 apply to the ice?
48. Which of these objects exerts the most pressure? A ballerina with a mass of 60kg
standing on point covering an area of 0.001m2 OR a tank weighing 8000kg with
tracks covering 4.4m2?
50. When 0.02m2 basketball hits a wall the pressure applied is 30 000N/m 2. What force
did the basketball hit the wall with?
51. A runner exerts 450,000N/m2 of pressure during a footstep. Her weight is 450N.
What area of her foot was on the floor at the time?
52. A woman in stilettos, stands on a man’s foot with a force of 500N. If the stilettos
have a surface area of 0.01m2, what pressure is exerted on the man’s foot?
53. A football has a surface area of 0.5m2. If the football hits a wall with a force of 200N,
what pressure does the ball exert on the wall?
54. A bullet hits a pane of glass. If the bullet has a surface area of 0.5cm 2, and strikes the
glass with a force of 10,000N what pressure does this exert on the glass?
55. Which is best for walking on loose sand: a horse’s hoof or an elephants foot and
why?
Session 5: Friction
When an object moves across a solid surface a force is produced that acts against the motion of the
object, this force is called friction. If friction didn’t exist, it would be very difficult to stop any moving
objects or even get them moving in the first place.
The amount of friction produced when an object moves depends on several things. The first is the
speed of the object, the faster something moves the greater the frictional force produced.
The second is the surface itself, a smooth surface like ice will produce very little friction, hence so
many accidents occur on ice, whereas a rough surface like carpet would produce much greater
frictional forces.
Friction investigation.
You are going to carry out a simple investigation to see how changing the mass of an object effects
the frictional force produced when it moves.
You will attach a newton meter to a wooden block and pull the block along a surface. The reading on
the newton meter will give you the friction created. You can then add masses on to the wooden
block and see how it effects the frictional force.
1.
2.
3.
63. Write a prediction of what you think will happen to the frictional force when the mass of the
Mass Added to Wooden Block /g Force Needed to pull the wooden block / N
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Session 6: Investigating speed.
You are going to plan and carry out an investigation into how changing the height of a ramp effects
the time it takes a toy car to go down the ramp.
1. Independent variable
2. Dependant variable
3. 3 control variables
4. A method
Now your investigation I planned you can carry it out. Use the table below to record your results.
Make sure to work out your average time taken (mean), this can be done using the following
formula:
Once you have worked out your average you can plot a graph to see the relationship.
Table
Height of ramp (cm) Time taken for car to reach the end of the ramp (s)
Graph
Conclusion: Write a conclusion to state hat your graph shows you about the relationship between
the height of a ramp and the time taken for a object to move down it.
Session 6: Speed.
Speed is measure of how fast an object travels. The less time it takes an object to cover a distance
the higher it’s speed must be. Speed can be calculated using the following formula:
1m = 100 cm = 1000 mm
1Km = 1000 m
1 minute = 60 seconds
1 hour = 60 minutes = 3600 seconds
Here are some typical speeds to help you get used to the units m/s.
Walking: 3 m/s
Running: 6 m/s
A car travelling at 30 mph: 13.5 m/s
A car travelling at 60 mph: 27 m/s
A jet travelling at 550 mpg: 245 m/s
Calculate the speed of a bicycle that travels Calculate the speed of a unicycle that travels 100m
50m in 11 seconds in 25 seconds
1: list your VALUES (check units) 1: list your VALUES (check units)
S=? d=50m t=10sec S=? d=__________m t=_________sec
2:Write the EQUATION linking speed 2:Write the EQUATION linking speed distance and
distance and time time
? = 50 ÷ 10 ? = _________ ÷ ______________
5: UNITS 5: UNITS
m/s ____________
Calculate the distance of a bicycle that travels Calculate the distance of a unicycle that travels
at a speed of 5m/s for 10 seconds at a speed of 4m/s for 25 seconds
1: list your VALUES (check units) 1: list your VALUES (check units)
S=5m/s d=? t=10sec S=________m/s d=__________m
t=_________sec
2: Write the EQUATION linking speed
distance and time 2:Write the EQUATION linking speed distance
and time
Speed = distance ÷ time
Speed = __________÷ _____________
3: ENTER value in
3: ENTER value in
5 = ? ÷ 10
_________ = _________ ÷ ______________
4: REARRAGNE AND RESULT
5 x10 = ? = 50 4: REARRANGE AND RESULT
________ x _______=? = ______
5: UNITS
m 5: UNITS
____________
Calculate the time it takes for a bicycle Calculate the time it takes for a unicycle that travels
that travels at a speed of 5m/s to travel at a speed of 4m/s to travel 25 meters
10m. 1: list your VALUES (check units)
1: list your VALUES (check units) S=________m/s d=__________m t=_________sec
S=5m/s d=10m t=?
2:Write the EQUATION linking speed distance and
2: Write the EQUATION linking speed time
distance and time Speed = __________÷ _____________
Speed = distance ÷ time
3: ENTER value in 3: ENTER value in
_________ = _________ ÷ ______________
5 = 10 ÷ ?
4: REARRAGNE AND RESULT 4: REARRANGE AND RESULT
10 ÷ 5 = ? = 2 ________ ÷ _______=? = ______
5: UNITS 5: UNITS
seconds ____________
As well as calculating the speed of an object we can draw graphs to help us show how quickly an
object is travelling.
These graphs are known as distance time graphs and show us how far an object has travelled in a
given time.
These graphs will always have time on the x-axis and distance on the y-axis.
When using these graphs we often need to talk about the gradient. The gradient of a graph is
determined by the steepness of the line, the steeper the graph the larger the gradient.
C Stationary
E Decelerating
As mentioned earlier the speed of an object can be worked out from these graphs as well. The speed
of the object is given by the gradient of the graph.
To work out the gradient of a graph we can use the following formula:
change ∈ y axis
gradient=
change∈ x axis
Example: What is the speed for part A of the graph.
The change in y axis is worked out by looking at how much the line has gone up vertically by:
It has gone from 0 to 10m so the change in y axis is 10m
The change in the x-axis is worked out by looking how far the line has come across horizontally.
change ∈ y axis
gradient=
change∈ x axis
10
gradient= =2 m/s
5
Practice;
900
800
700 D
Distance travelled (m)
600
500 C E
400
300 B
200
100 A
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Time (seconds)
88. State what is happening at points A, B, C, D and E. If the object is moving calculate its speed.
Section What is it the object doing / how fast is it travelling?
of graph
A
Drawing graphs.
When drawing distance time graphs there are a few important things to remember.
Distance (m)
92. Which slope represents the faster speed?
40
20
0
0
A
B
C
2
Time (s)
4
96. Some students ran a 100m race, here is some information about each student:
Ashleigh starts running on the starting pistol. She runs the 100 meters in 12
seconds. How fast was Ashleigh?
Bill starts running from the 25 meter mark. He reaches the finish line in 15
seconds. How fast was Bill?
Curtis starts running two seconds after the starting pistol. He crosses the finish line
at the same time as A. How fast was Curtis?
Darren runs the full 100 meters at 11 meters per second. He started running at the
sound of the starting pistol. How long did it take Darren?
Elliot started running at the starting pistol at 10 meters per second, but gave up
after 7 seconds. How far did Elliot run?