20.

LIFT AND DRAG BALANCE WITH MODELS-CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOW AROUND TWO

VARYING DIAMETER CYLINDERS AND AN AEROFOIL
20.1 Theoretical Background

F
V
D

Figure 20.1

The force on a pile contains two main parts namely

2
1. the drag force, Fd which varies with V
2. the lift force, Fl which varies with acceleration : dV/dt
2
dFtot = dF1 + dFd = C1 p D /4 dv/dt + Cd  D/2 V | V|
Where C1 = Lift coefficient
Cd = Drag coefficient
3
 = Density of water (kg/m )
D = Diameter of the pile (m)
V = Water-velocity (m/s)
Using the Airy linear wave theory,
V = H/T cosh (K (z+h)) cos (2t/T) / sin h Kh
So that we find:
2
dF1 = C1 g D /4 H (/L cos h (K (z+h)) / cos h (Kh)) sin (-2t/T)
2 2 2 2
dFd = Cd gDH (gT 2/4L (cos h (K(z+h))/cos h (Kh)) cos 2t/T cos 2T
with L = Wave-length
T = Wave-period
H = Wave-height
h = Water-depth
0
Or Ftot =  (dF1 + dFd) dz
-h
-h
Mtot =  (dF1+ dFd) (z + a) dz
0
For shallow water, we find
2
F1 = C1 gD /8 H 2 h /L sin (-2t/T)
2
Ed = C d pg /8 DH cos 2t/T l cos 2t/Tl
2
M1,max = C 1 pg D /4H/L cos h (2II/L(s+h) (z+a) dz
2 2 2
Md,max = C d pg D H gT /4L
-h


2
(cos h (2 /L (z+h)) / cos h (2h/L)) (z+a) dz
0

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 20.2 Test Procedures
Equipment set-up:
Lift and drag balance with three models

Cursor knob Sliding whight

Balance weight Balance pivot Balance arm

Cylinder model
Flow h Aerofoil model

SIDE ELEVATION CROSS SECTION

Drag measurement Lift measurement

Figure 20.2

The balance is clamped to the flume instrument rails with the small diameter cylinder model. The inlet
valve is opened and the water admitted. By means of the adjustable tailgate the water level is set to approx.
42 mm from the top of the flume and the inlet valve closed.
After all water movement has ceased the level of the water is measured and noted and the balance
apparatus is set so that it is in equilibrium with the sliding weight to zero on the scale.
The velocity of the water is increased in stages, where for each stage, the balance is returned to
equilibrium by moving the sliding weight after the water level has been returned to the original level.
Measure for each step the velocity V and distance moved by the sliding weight.
The small diameter cylinder model is replaced by the large diameter cylinder model and the procedure
repeated.
Upon completion of the large cylinder, replaces the large cylinder model with aerofoil model and
position it in line with the broad edge facing the flow. The procedure is then repeated for the aerofoil model.
This completes the drag experiment on the three models.
Plot velocity vs. scale reading for each model.
Plot velocity squared vs. drag for each model.
With the water returned to the original level, the balance is rotated through 90 degrees and clamped.
The aerofoil model is positioned in line with the flow. By adjusting the balance weight, equilibrium is
reached, with the sliding weight at zero reading. The inlet valve is opened to provide a constant measured
water velocity. By adjusting the tailgate the water level is returned to the original position. Then the system
is balanced by moving the sliding weight and record the reading on the scale. This is determination of lift.
For the corresponding drag effect, the model is kept in the same plane and the balance is rotated
through 90 degrees. The sliding weight is moved until equilibrium is reached, and then record the reading.
This is repeated, but with the aerofoil model positioned 2 degrees off the in-line position. This is
accomplished by moving the cursor knob. Readings for lift and drag are to be noted.
The aerofoil is moved in 2 degree steps, with the above procedures repeated for each stage.
Plot  against scale readings for lift and drag.
Plot the calculated values for lift against the induced drag.
From the graphs, determine what angle the force is at a maximum on the aerofoil.

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 DATA SHEET
LIFT AND DRAG BALANCE WITH MODELS
Test by: …………………………….. Date: ………………….
Small cylinder Large cylinder Aerofoil

Drag Lift

Flow Depth of Flow Rate Flow Rate Flow Angle of Pivot Sliding Mass Total Profile Induced Total
Depth Submersion q Velocity Attack To Base Position Drag Drag Drag Lift
d0 dm
3
v  h D Do Di L
(m) (m) (l/s) (m /s) (m/s) (degrees) (m) (m) (N) (N) (N) (N)
20-3

Note: Not all columns will be required for every model

200308

20-2 280109