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TABLA DE CONTENIDO
pág.
1. GRAMMAR 4
1.1. SIMPLE PRESENT & PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE 4
1.2. IMPERATIVES DIRECTIONS 6
1.3. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 8
1.4. IF - CLAUSES 12
2. VOCABULARY 15
2.1. PLACES AT A TOWN 15
2.2. PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION 16
2.3. ADVERBS, AGENT NOUNS 17
2.3.1. Adverbs 17
2.3.2. Agent nouns 19
TERCER PERÍODO
1. GRAMMAR 22
1.1. COUNT/NON-COUNT NOUN 22
1.2. MUST & SHOULD 23
1.3. MUSTN´T & DON´T HAVE TO 24
2. VOCABULARY 26
2.1. MEDICAL ADVICE, HEALTH AND NUTRITION 26
CUARTO PERÍODO
1. GRAMMAR 27
1.1. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE 27
1.2. SIMPLE PAST & PAST CONTINOUS TENSE 31
1.2.1. SIMPLE PAST FORM: 31
1.2.2. PAST CONTINUOUS FORM 34
1.3. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE 38
1.4. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS & ADJETIVES 43
2. VOCABULARY 46
2.1. TIME EXPRESSIONS 46
2.2. SOME/ANY 47
2.3. HOUSEHOLD PROBLEMS AND REPAIRS 50
PRUEBA SABER 52
Recursos en la red:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dFJvNYdKGrA&t=50s hay encontrarás toda la información
necesaria y explicación
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PRIMERO Y SEGUNDO PERÍODOS
• The Present Simple tense describes usual, Here are some a few verbs that can be
repeated and permanent things - both state and action verbs depending on their
for example, always, usually, often, meaning.
sometimes, never.
• I think you made a mistake.
I work as an accountant. John think = believe
doesn't know German. How
often do you play tennis? I am thinking about my mum now.
think = mental process
• Compare how these two tenses are used.
• I have two cars.
Why are you walking to work? Don't you have = possess, own
usually go by bus?
I live in Kharkiv, but now I am living in I am having my lunch now.
Moscow. have = eat
Usually we have dinner at 7, but today we
are having it at 9. • I am seeing my friend tomorrow evening.
see = meeting with
2. Some verbs are not normally used in the
Continuous Tense. They are called "state" I see what you mean.
verbs. See = understan
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PRACTICE…………… play burn
matter measure
Decide if these English verbs are action
contain agree
verbs, state verbs, or can be both action and state
look worry
verbs.
_ _
Enjoy
read
weigh feel
mind prefer
smell hear
• We use the Present Simple in the conditional clauses afterif, when, as soon as, until etc, and when we talk
about timetable, schedules, itineraries etc.
PRACTICE………..
Put the verb in brackets in the correct form, either the Present Simple Tense or the Present Continuous Tense.
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7. My wife coffee for breakfast. (prefers - is prefering)
8. What for breakfast? (do you usually have - are you usually having)
You can use the imperative form to give an order, to give a warning or advice, and (if you use "please") to make a
request.
To make the imperative, use the infinitive of the verb without 'to':
"Come here!"
"Sit down!"
To make a negative imperative, put "do not" or "don't" before the verb:
"Don't go!"
"Do not walk on the grass."
The imperative can be used for all subjects (you, he, they and we), but you can also use "let's" before the verb if you are
including yourself in the imperative:
Orders
Adults do not usually give each other orders, unless they are in a position of authority. The intonation of an order is
important: each word is stressed, and the tone falls at the end of the sentence:
"Sit down now!" ('Sit', 'down' and 'now' are all stressed, and the tone falls on 'now'.)
Here are some orders you could give your pet dog:
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"Come here!"
"Sit!"
"Heel!"
"Fetch!"
Warnings. You can use the imperative to warn someone of danger. All the words in the warning are stressed, but the
last word has a higher tone than the first word:
"Watch out!"
"Look out!"
"Don't cross!"
Advice. When you give advice using the imperative, the words are stressed normally: "Eat
"Don't tell him you're resigning now! Wait until Monday when he's in a better mood."
You can often read articles in magazines that give advice on a subject. Sometimes, this advice is presented as
"Dos and don'ts".
For example:
Travelling long-distance
Requests
You can also use the imperative to make a request, but you should use a polite word before the verb: "Please
take a seat."
"Please wait here."
"Please hold the line."
"Please don't smoke here."
In written English, you might also see "Kindly" used as a polite word:
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EXERCISE……
Examples: Adjective
8
To make comparative and superlative forms of adjectives some rules must be followed.
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Like adjectives some adverbs can take comparative and superlative forms, with -er and -est:
Examples:
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The bird sings loud.
The moose sang louder than the bird.
Pete sang the loudest of them all.
However, the majority of adverbs do not take these endings. Instead, they form the comparative using more and the
superlative using most.
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Practice……
Write the comparative form of the following. Write the superlative form of the following.
1.4. IF - CLAUSES
There are four basic types of conditional sentences in the English language.
Examples:
The zero conditional: I take my umbrella if it rains.
The first conditional: I'll call you if I work late.
The second conditional: If the bus didn't arrive on time, I would drive you to the airport. The
third conditional: She wouldn't have come if I hadn't invited her.
The zero conditional describes situations that are always true. If has the same meaning as when or whenever. If I
go to school, I get up at seven. (Whenever I go to school I get up at the same time.)
If you park your car on double yellow lines, you pay a fine. (Whenever you park illegally, you pay a fine.) We
use the present simple tense in both the main clauses and the if clauses.
The first conditional sentences are used to speculate about possible situations that can really happen at
present or in future.
We do not use will in an if clause to describe future activities (compare it to time clauses).
If he studies hard, he'll pass the exams. If we catch the 10.15 train, we will arrive on time. If you don't get the
ticket, what will you do?
We make if clauses with if + present tense and main clauses with will + bare infinitive.
In the second conditional sentences we speculate about situations that will probably never happen at present or in
future.
If I had more time, I would help you. (But I am not free at the moment. I can't help you).
If I won a million dollars, I would start a business of my own. (But I know that it is not realistic.) We
make if clauses with if + past tense and main clauses with would + bare infinitive
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Note: the verb to be can be specific in the if clause.
If I were rich, I wouldn't work. If he were younger, he would marry her.
(But was is also possible: If I was rich, I wouldn't work. If he was younger, he would marry her.)
But: If I were you, I wouldn't do it. (In this expression, were is much more usual than was.)
Sometimes we must use either the first conditional or the second conditional to make it clear that the situation is real or
unreal.
If you get up late, you will miss your bus. (a real situation)
If I came from your country, I would understand your problems. (an unreal situation - I am not from your country.)
Other forms
Apart from the basic structures (if + the present simple + will and if + the past simple + would), we can also make different
combinations.
Examples - type 1:
If you have finished your dinner, you can ask for the bill. If
you are feeling tired, take a rest.
If he is a good skier, he might make it.
If you want to be slim, you should eat less.
If you meet her, could you let me know?
Examples - type 2:
If I knew his address, I might go and see him.
If we were on holiday, we would be lying on a beach now.
Why are we watching this film? If we were watching the news, it would be more interesting.
The third conditional sentences always refer to the past. We speculate about situations that happened or did not happen
in the past.
If I had won a million, I would have started a business of my own. (But I didn't win anything.)
If he had met her, he would have told her. (Unfortunately, he didn't meet her.)
If we hadn't practised, we wouldn't have won the match. (But we practised and won.)
We make if clauses with if + past perfect and main clauses with would + perfect infinitive (have + past participle).
But we can also combine other verb structures in third conditional sentences.
We didn't save any money. If we had saved some money, we might have bought the house.
She wasn't there and I wasn't sitting next to her. But if she had been there, I would have been sitting next
to her.
I was looking at the trees when I fell off the bike. If I hadn't been looking at the trees, I wouldn' t have fallen off
the bike.
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The mixed conditionals
In the mixed conditional sentences we can combine the second and third conditional.
If he had left immediately, he would be here now. (He didn't leave immediately and isn't here.)
If I had studied hard when I was young, I wouldn't be a porter now. (I didn't study and I am a porter.)
If we hadn't told him the way while he was preparing for his journey, he would get lost now. (We told him and he
isn't lost.)
If is the most frequent expression in the if clauses, but other expressions are also possible.
even if, provided (that), unless, on condition (that), in case
Examples:
You will leave tonight even if you don't want to.
You can have your birthday party provided that you aren't
noisy. We'll sell you the ranch on condition you pay in cash.
You should take a dictionary with you in case you forgot some words.
Unless you do something, she won't come back. (If you don't do anything, ... )
EXERCISES……
Tell her if you (see - will see) her.
I would have eaten the meat if it (had not been - was not) tough. If she
Unless she (puts on - will not put on) a coat she'll catch a cold. If he had
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2. VOCABULARY
airport - the place you go when you want to travel by plane to another city.
bakery - you can buy fresh bread and cakes here.
bank - you deposit or withdraw/take out your money here. You can cash a cheque.
bookstore - a place where you can buy books and magazines.
bus station - the place you go when you want to travel by bus to another city.
butcher's - they sell fresh meat.
café - you can buy a cup of coffee and cakes or sandwiches.
church - a religious place of worship
court - the place where they have trials and law cases. A judge works here
craft market - a place that sells typical products (normally hand-made) of a region/country.
department store - a large store that sells clothes, household appliances etc. in sections.
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cinema/movies - you can see the latest movies here. Many people eat popcorn while they're here. fire
station - the building where firemen keep their equipment including the fire-engine
gas / petrol station - the place you go to put petrol (gas) in your car.
gym - you can do exercises, weight training and keep fit here.
hairdresser's - you go here when you want to cut your hair.
hospital - you go here when you need an operation or someone is going to have a baby.
hotel - where you sleep when you visit another city.
gallery - you can see paintings and other works of art.
jail / prison - criminals are sent here by a judge for a number of days or years.
laundromat / launderette - a place where you can wash your clothes in coin-operated machines.
library - a place where you can read and borrow books.
museum - you can see many old objects (and sometimes paintings)
pharmacy/drugstore - you can buy medicine and (legal) drugs.
police station - you are taken here when you break the law and are arrested pub
- a place where you can buy a beer or other types alcoholic drinks
park - An area of public land in a city that contains an area of grass where you can rest, play or walk your dog.
Sometimes children can play on swings, a slide or a climbing frame here.
restaurant - you go here when you don't want to cook at home. They prepare meals for you.
school - a place where children learn. You normally start school at the age of 5.
square - an open area within a city in the shape of a square. It is usually the heart of the city.
supermarket - a large store that sells food, drinks and household items
video store - you rent a movie or a DVD for a couple of days from this place.
zoo - a place where you can see many types of animals in cages.
Transport options vary by region and travel distance, so your student may be using the train, taking a bus, flying by plane,
driving a car or riding a bike. Each form of transport opens the door for unique vocabulary and practical English language
learning. A lesson on driving by car could include information on visiting a mechanic, with students learning the words for
flat tire and oil change. Traveling by plane can lead to an extensive lesson on the airport, including everything from finding
parking to buying a snack.
bus
car
coach
van
light rail
train
plane
ferry
motorbike
taxi bicycle
truck
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2.3. ADVERBS, AGENT NOUNS
2.3.1. Adverbs
An adverb is a modifying part of speech. It describes verbs, other adverbs, adjectives, and phrases. They are used to describe how,
where, when, how often and why something happens. Here are a few examples:
Verb- The cat climbed quickly up the tree. (quickly describes how the cat climbed)
Adverb- Mike worked very carefully on his paper. (very shows how carefully he worked)
Adjective- She is nearly ready to go. (nearly tells to what extent she is ready)
Adverbs of manner describe how something happens. Where there are two or more verbs in a sentence, adverb placement affects
the meaning. Some commonly used adverbs of manner include:
Carefully
correctly
eagerly
easily fast
loudly
patiently
quickly
quietly
and well.
Adverbs of place describe where something happens. Most adverbs of place are also used as prepositions. Some commonly
used examples include the following:
Abroad
anywhere
downstairs
here
home
in
nowhere
out
outside
somewhere
there
underground
upstairs.
I wanted to go upstairs.
She has lived in the city since June. (in the city prepositional phrase)
Adverbs of purpose describe why something happens. Here are some common examples:
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So
so that
to
in order to
because since
accidentally
intentionally
and purposely.
Adverbs of frequency describe how often something happens. The following adverbs are commonly used in this way:
always
every
never
often
rarely
seldom
sometimes
and usually.
Adverbs of time describe when something happens. These examples are commonly used:
after
already
during
finally
just
last
later
next
now
recently
soon
then
tomorrow
when
while
and yesterday.
Some adverbs often get overused, such as very, extremely, and really. Using there is/are or it is at the beginning of a sentence
adds nothing. Sentences with these adverb phrases become wordy, boring, and less clear. Look at some examples:
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* There are many bird species living in the sanctuary. Many bird species live in the sanctuary.
* It is important to hold hands when crossing the street. Holding hands when crossing the street is importa nt.
* There may be more than one way to solve the problem. The problem may be solved in more than one way.
Well, did you catch all that? Recognizing the various adverbs used in the English language can take practice. Using them properly
can make writing and speaking far more interesting.
Now you have a list of adverbs because you read this article carefully and thoroughly...
Adverbs of Completeness
Everywhere
here
there
In linguistics, an agent noun (or nomen agentis) is a word that is derived from another word denoting an action, and that
identifies an entitythat does that action. For example, "driver" is an agent noun formed from the verb "drive".
The endings "-er", "-or", and "-ist" are commonly used in English to form agent nouns. "Agent noun" is also used as the
name of the derivational meaning (also called a derivateme).
Agent nouns are more common than recipient ones simply because recipients need agents while agents do not need
recipients. Here are just a few of the thousands of agent nouns in English:
• debtor
• director
• employer
• flyer
• lecturer
• payer
• performer
• prosecutor
• runner
• server
• teacher
There are far fewer established -ee words. Here are a few of the more common ones:
• employee
• evacuee
• honoree
• lessee
• payee
• trustee
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EXERCISES……
HAROLD NEVER GOT THERE!
He took Bus Number 42, but he got off at the wrong stop. He got off at River Road instead of Rolling Road. He turned left
and walked along River Road one block. He turned left again and walked two blocks, turned right, and got completely
lost.
Harold was very upset. He really wanted to go to the party last night, and he can’t believe he made such a
stupid mistake!
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TRUE OR FALSE?
It’s very easy to get (1) the zoo from here. Walk up this street (2) the corner and turn right. Walk
two blocks and you’ll see a bus stop (3) the corner (4) Grove Street and Fourth Avenue. Take the
West Side bus and get (5) (6) Park Road. You’ll see the zoo (7) the
left. It’s next _(8) the library and across
(9) the museum.
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TERCER PERÍODO
1. GRAMMAR
Count nouns are the names of objects which can be counted, such as elephants:
Non-Count nouns are the names of things or substances which cannot be counted, such as water: You
need to know the difference between count and non-count nouns in order to
Count or Non-Count?
1. man
a) count 6. class
b) non-count a) count
c) both b) non-count
c) both
2. rice
a) count
b) non-count
c) both
3. time
a) count
b) non-count
c) both
4. information
a) count
b) non-count
c) both
5. weather
a) count
b) non-count
c) both
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1.2. MUST & SHOULD Basic
The words 'must' and 'should' are called modal auxiliary verbs or 'modals' in English. They help other verbs. The modal 'must'
is used to talk about when something is certain. There is a lot of evidence, clues or information to support the statement. It
can also be used when there is no other explanation for
something.
For example,
He is smiling and laughing. The joke must be really funny.
That necklace has lots of big diamonds on it. It must be expensive!
I looked everywhere in my house for my umbrella, but couldn't find it. I must have lost
it.
For example,
I should wash my car. (Keeping my car clean is my duty. Society wants me to clean it because it looks nicer.)
The bathroom is hard to find. They should have more signs. (The owner of this building has a duty. That duty is to help
people find the facilities (bathroom).)
The modal 'should' is also used for probability. This is usually used when we have some
evidence or proof.
For example,
She should win the gold medal. She is a fast runner. (Because she is a fast runner is more
likely to win or has a better chance of winning the gold
medal.)
The manager went to a meeting. He should be back in an hour. (I am pretty sure the
manager will be back in an hour because he usually has a meeting for one hour.)
The main difference between these two modals is that 'must' is more probable or more
likely to happen than 'should'.
For example,
You must clean the floors. (I told you to clean the floors. If you don't clean the floor, I
will be angry. I will force you to clean the floor.)
You should clean the floors. (I will feel better if you clean the floors, but you don't
have to.)
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There should be something wrong with this car. (There is some evidence for me to think there is something wrong, but
I can't prove it a 100%. For example, the dealer is selling the car for a cheaper price than usual or the car hasn't been started
for a long time. I'm less certain because I did not drive the car or experience anything wrong. I'm only guessing after seeing
the evidence.)
EXERCISES……
Choose the correct modal for the following sentences. (must - should)
1. You _ take off your shoes when you enter a Japanese house. It is a strong rule that everyone follows.
Don't have to do something ==> you don't need to do it but if you want, you can.
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EXERCISES……
Choose the correct modal for the following sentences. (mustn´t - don´t have to)
1. Whatever you do, you touch that switch. It's very dangerous.
2. I don't want anyone to know ; you tell anyone.
3. He wear a suit to work but he usually does.
4. I can stay in bed tomorrow morning because I go to work.
5. There's a lift in the building, so she climb the stairs.
6. You forget what I told you. It's very important.
7. Sue get up early. She gets up early because she wants to.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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2. VOCABULARY
A good diet is central to overall good health, but do you know the best foods to include in your meals, and those best
avoided?
EXERCISE……
1. Research about food groups, them, make a list of each group.
2. Make 20 sentences about health and nutrition with the vocabulary researched.
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CUARTO PERÍODO
1. GRAMMAR
Future Continuous has two different forms: "will be doing " and "be going to be doing." Unlike Simple
Future forms, Future Continuous forms are usually interchangeable.
Examples:
• You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
• Will you be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?
• You will not be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
Examples:
• You are going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
• Are you going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?
• You are not going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
REMEMBER: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Continuous with little
difference in meaning.
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Using "Be Going To"
Use the Future Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the future will be interrupted by a shorter action in the
future. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.
Examples:
In USE 1, described above, the Future Continuous is interrupted by a short action in the future. In addition to using
short actions as interruptions, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.
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Examples:
REMEMBER. In the Simple Future, a specific time is used to show the time an action will begin or end. In the
Future Continuous, a specific time interrupts the action.
Examples:
When you use the Future Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions
will be happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.
Examples:
In English, we often use a series of Parallel Actions to describe atmosphere at a specific point in the future.
Example:
• When I arrive at the party, everybody is going to be celebrating. Some will be dancing. Others are
going to be talking. A few people will be eating pizza, and several people are going to be
drinking beer. They always do the same thing.
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REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future tenses, the Future Continuous cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when,
while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Continuous, Present Continuous is used.
Examples:
• While I am going to be finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Not Correct
• While I am finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Correct
Examples:
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses will be or be going to.
EXERCISE……
1. Sandra: Where is Tim going to meet us?
Marcus: He (wait) for us when our train arrives. I am sure he (stand)
2. Ted: When we get to the party, Jerry (watch) TV, Sam (make)
Robin: Maybe, this time they won't be doing the same things.
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Ted: I am absolutely positive they (do) the same things; they
always do the same things.
3. Florence: Oh, look at that mountain of dirty dishes! Who (wash) all of those?
Florence: Thanks.
Jack: When you get home this evening, that mountain will be gone and nice stacks of sparkling clean dishes
(sit) in the cabinets.
Examples:
Most verbs conjugate by adding -ed like the verb "wait" below.
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USE 1. Completed Action in the Past
Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past.
Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
Examples:
We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.
Examples:
• I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
• He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.
• Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?
The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often
indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.
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Examples:
The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to." To
make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a
child, when I was younger, etc.
Examples:
The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE
4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to."
Examples:
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• Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?
• People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.
Examples:
Examples:
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USE 1. Interrupted Action in the Past
Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter
action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.
Examples:
In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can
also use a specific time as an interruption.
Examples:
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IMPORTANT
In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific
time only interrupts the action.
Examples:
When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions
were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.
Examples:
USE 4. Atmosphere
In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past.
Example:
• When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the
bosswas yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a
secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other about the bad service.
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USE 5. Repetition and Irritation with "Always"
The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking
often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion. Remember to
put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."
Examples:
Examples:
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-
continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Continuous with these
verbs, you must use Simple Past.
Examples:
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EXERCISE……
Using the words in parentheses and complete the text below with the appropriate tenses.
Last night, while I was doing my homework, Angela (call) . She said she (call)
_ ____ _____ me on her cell phone from her biology classroom at UCLA. I asked her if she (wait)
for class, but she said that the professor was at the front of the hall lecturing while she (talk)
to me. I couldn't believe she (make) a phone call during the lecture. I
asked what was going on.
She said her biology professor was so boring that several of the students (sleep, actually)
in class. Some of the students (talk) about their plans for the weekend and the student next to
her (draw) a picture of a horse. When Angela (tell) me she was
not satisfied with the class, I (mention) _ that my biology professor was quite good and
(suggest) that she switch to my class.
While we were talking, I (hear) her professor yell, "Miss, are you making a phone call?" Suddenly,
the line went dead. I (hang) up the phone and went to the kitchen to make dinner. As I (cut)
vegetables for a salad, the phone rang once again. It (be)
Angela, but this time she wasn't sitting in class.
FORM
[has/have + past participle]
Examples:
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USE 1. Unspecified Time Before Now
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not
important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one
year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the
Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already,
yet, etc.
Examples:
TOPIC 1. Experience
You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use
this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.
Examples:
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• He has never traveled by train.
• Joan has studied two foreign languages.
• A: Have you ever met him?
B: No, I have not met him.
Examples:
TOPIC 3. Accomplishments
We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific
time.
Examples:
Examples:
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Examples:
Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the
last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.
Examples:
Examples:
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USE 2. Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)
With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that
something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday"
are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.
Examples:
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses.
3. My best friend and I (know) _ each other for over fifteen years.
We still get together once a week.
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working here three years ago, the company (have, only) six employees. Since
then, we (expand) __________to include more than 2000 full-time workers.
7. I (tell) him to stay on the path while he was hiking, but he (wander)
9. Sam is from Colorado, which is hundreds of miles from the coast, so he (see, never) _ the ocean. He
should come with us to Miami.
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EXERCISE……
Part C. Fill out the chart below with the correct possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns.
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2. VOCABULARY
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EXERCISE……
Write a sentence with each of the expressions time in past, present and future.
2.2. SOME/ANY
The words some and any are used for countable and uncountable nouns. In general, we could say that
some means a few / a little and any means none in negative clauses or a few / a little in questions.
Positive Clauses
In positive clauses, we usually use some.
Example:
Negative Clauses
In negative clauses, we use any. Note, however, that any alone is not a negative - it must be not ... any
Example:
Questions
In questions, we usually use any.
Example:
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Compound Words with some & any
Some & any can also be part of compound words such as:
something / anything
someone / anyone
somewhere /
anywhere
Note that some & any have to be used with a noun while compound words with some & any can stand on their
own.
Example:
However, some and any need not stand directly before the noun. Sometimes, the noun appears somewhere before
some or any and is not repeated. So if you are not sure whether to use some or something for example, check if there is a
noun in the sentence that you can place after some.
Example:
I do not have to buy bread. Rachel has already bought some [bread].
Exceptions
We usually use some in positive clauses. But after never, without, hardly, we use any.
Example:
We never go anywhere.
She did her homework without any help.
There’s hardly anyone here.
We usually use any in questions. But if we expect or want the other to answer ‚yes‘, we use some.
Example:
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Would you like some biscuits?
→ we offer something and want to encourage the other to say ‚ja‘
EXERCISES……
Fill in the correct word (some or any).
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2.3. HOUSEHOLD PROBLEMS AND REPAIRS Cleaning
A plumber
1 The bathtub is leaking.
2 The sink is clogged.
3 The hot water heater
isn’t working.
4 The toilet is broken.
B roofer
5 The roof is leaking.
C (house) painter
6 The paint is peeling.
7 The wall is cracked.
D cable TV company
8 The cable TV isn’t
working.
E appliance
repairperson
9 The stove isn’t
working.
10 The refrigerator is
broken.
F exterminator/pest
control specialist
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G locksmith
12 The lock is broken.
H electrician
13 The front light doesn’t go
on.
14 The doorbell doesn’t
ring.
15 The power is out in
the living room.
I chimneysweep
16 The chimney is dirty.
J home repairperson/
“handyman”
17 The tiles in
the bathroom are loose.
K carpenter
18 The steps are broken.
19 The door doesn’t open.
EXERCISE……
Research the vocabulary about Cleaning supplies, household cleaning and Laundry .
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EVALUACIÓN DE COMPETENCIAS
1. Las preguntas 6 a 10 se responden de acuerdo con la
a) Keep the corridor clear of siguiente información.
luggage.
b) Bags left in the corridor will be READING COMPREHENSION
removed.
c) Do not forget to put your The government published a report yesterday saying
luggage outside your room. that we need toe at more healthily -more fruits and
d) Bags will be collected from vegetables, less fat and sugar-. So that means fewer
the corridor. burgers, chips and fried food as well as cutting down
2. on sweet things, We went into central London
yesterday at lunchtime and asked people what they
a) The travel agency has moved its thought about it. “It´s got nothing to do with the
entrance. government what I eat”, says Paul Keel, a building
b) The library is now a travel worker, as he eats a beef burger and chips washed down
agency. with strawberry milkshake. “I think I have a healthy diet.
c) The travel agency is no longer You see, I don´t normally eat a beef burger for lunch.
open. Normally I just have chips”. Any fish? “I like cod. But I´ve
d) The entrance to the bank is only ever had it once”. Tim Kennor, a librarian, welcomes
through the library. the government advice. But he also has his own rules. “I
3. think”, he explains, eating his fried chicken and chips,
“it´s important to eat a variety of food”. We then asked
a) We make a charge if you pay by Dorothy Matthews, aged 74. “I don´t think it´s the
credit card. government´s business to tell us what to eat”. We went
b) We prefer cash for large into Simpson´s Restaurant and asked the manager if
sales. people changed what they were eating. “I don´t think
c) If you spend less than £10, you people believe all these reports anymore. What they say
can´t pay by credit card. is good for you in June; they say is bad for you in July.
d) If you spend more than £10, People have stopped taking notice. We serve what
you must pay by credit card. we´ve always served. Almost all of it is fattening”.
4.
6.What is the writer trying to explain in the text?.
a) Wait upstairs to see the a) What people think.
nurse. b) His own opinion.
b) The nurse can only see c) The government report.
patients with appointments. c) d) The popularity of certain foods.
Go upstairs to make an
appointment with the nurse. 7. What can the reader learn from the text?.
d) The nurse will tell you when it a) What the government is going to do.
is your turn. b) Which meals are the healthiest.
c) Whether the advice will be followed.
5. d) What kind of people like beef burgers.
a) Self-service fruit is cheaper.
b) Damaged fruit must be paid 8. What´s is Paul Klee´s opinion?
for. a) The government advice is wrong.
c) Choose your fruit and then pay b) Fish isn´t good for you.
for it. c) He doesn´t need to change his habits.
d) Do not touch the fruit before d) He eats too many beef burgers.
paying for it.
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9. What does the manager think of the report? the town and found rooms for everyone but in four
a) People don´t understand the advice given. different hotels. By this time the coach had gone so we
b) People think they will soon be given had to get taxis and some of the tourists started to get
different advice. very angry with me. I still don´t know who made that
c) People don´t bother to read these reports. phone call, but it definitely wasn´t me.
d) People are more concerned about losing
weight. 11. What is the writer trying to do?
a) Argue. c) Explain
10. Which of the following is part of the government b) Apologize. d) Complain
report?.
a) The population of this country should eat 12. Who was the text written to?
less.
b) Bad health in this country is caused by a) One of the tourists. c) The hotel manager.
people eating the wrong kinds of food. b) The writer´s employer. d) The coach company.
c) People should take the time to prepare their
own food at home instead of eating in 13. Why weren´t any rooms available at the Hotel
restaurants. Riviera?
d) Working people should make sure they have
a good hot meal in the middle of the day. a) A conference was taking place there.
b) There were more people in the group than
Las preguntas 11 a 15 se responden de acuerdo con la expected.
siguiente información. c) Someone had forgotten to book them.
d) Someone had said they were not needed.
READING COMPREHENSION
I know that it is my job to make sure that everything goes 14. What happened in the end?
well for the tourists and I feel I work hard for a) The tourists got angry with the local manager.
the company. I cannot be blamed for last week. I b) The tourists couldn´t stay together.
met the group 25 at the airport and took them to the coach. c) The writer found other hotels with rooms.
The coach driver was a bit annoyed because the flight d) The writer called the coach driver back.
was late. But it wasn´t far to the hotel and everyone was
looking forward to their dinner. We hadn´t used the Hotel 15. Which of the following diaries was written by one of the
tourists?
Riviera before but our normal one had a conference in it so
a) Someone had made a mistake with our hotel
was fully booked. When I announced our arrival at the booking and the hotel had given our rooms to other
reception desk, they said they were full. I had booked people.
rooms for the group but the manager said they were b) The hotel we were taken to wasn´t good enough
cancelled by phone a few days before. so we asked to change to a different one.
He insisted that he recognized my voice and that I had c) We got to the airport and had to wait for the
made the phone call. We had a bit of an argument coach. So it was really late when we got to the
but they obviously didn´t have enough rooms. Finally the hotel.
d) The coach driver took us to the wrong hotel and
manager phoned other hotels in they knew nothing about us.
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