Offset= 1 ft. Offset=3 ft. / Offset=5 ft.

$=38° $=38° Ii $=38°

I
I
I
/
L
y y y

X X X

Offset= 1 ft. Offset=3 ft. Offset=5 ft.

I
$=40° I $=40° $=40°

y y y

X X X

Offset= 1 ft. Offset=3 ft. Offset=5 ft.

$=42° $=42° $=42°

y y y

X X X

Figure 4-2. The Norwegian wall: traces of critical slip circles considering the impact of soil
strength and offset

Figure 4-3 compares the measured and predicted max(Tmax). The left figure corresponds to
Figure 4-2; it shows the large impact φ and offset have. However, it ignores the reinforcement
(albeit weak) in the upper tier. The figure on the right uses an offset of two feet showing the
effects of assumed length of reinforcement, L, of five to seven feet in the upper tier, placed at a
vertical spacing of two feet (see inset). For all φ and L values used in this figure, the trace of the
critical slip circle goes around the reinforcements in the upper tier (see inset) thus making it

20