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NEMATODES ACTIVITY #3
Necator Human - Adult worms are small, Eggs are 64-76 X - It has four - Eggs are passed in the stool
americanus hookworm cylindrical, fusiform, 35-40 µm and are larval stages. and larvae hatch within 1 to 2
grayish-white in color. virtually - The first days into free-living in
indistinguishable stage is contaminated soil if the
- Female's size is 9-11 mm from Ancylostoma referred to as conditions are favorable. The
by 0.35mm while males are 5- duodonale. rhabditiform released rhabditiform larvae
9 mm by 0.30 mm. larvae because will grow either in feces or
the esophagus soil and after 5 to 10 days
- The posterior end of the has a large they become infective which is
male is broad, membranous bulb separated the filariform larvae.
caudal bursa with rib-like from the rest Filariform larvae can survive
rays, which are used for of the up to 3-4 weeks under favorable
copulation. esophagus environmental conditions. It
called isthmus. can infect humans when they are
- The buccal capsule has a - Filariform in bare feet and penetrate the
ventral pair of semilunar larvae are the skin, and migrate through the
cutting plates. The head is third stage blood vessels to the heart then
curved opposite to the because there to the lungs. They penetrate
curvature of the body like a is no bulb on the pulmonary alveoli, up to
hook at the anterior end. the esophagus. the bronchial tree to the
Adult females pharynx then swallowed back
- Parts of the Copulatory range in 9mm- until it reaches the jejunum
Bursa 11mm while where they will stay and mature
males range in into an adult worm. The adult
Dorsa 7-9 mm. worms attach to the walls of
Rays: bipartite/bidigitate - The mouth of jejunum which result in the
adults has two blood loss of the host. Most
Copulatory spicules: fused pairs of adults live 1-2 years but there
and barbed cutting plates, are certain instances where
one dorsal and they live longer inside the
another on the host.
ventral side.
The males are
characterized
by fused
spicules found
on the bursa.
Ancylostoma Non- It is an intestinal parasite - Ovoid in shape -The first- - Mature Ancylostoma
braziliense human of cats. Male worms have two with thin, smooth stage juvenile braziliense multiplies in the
hookworm broad lateral lobes and a shell. resides in the small intestine and the eggs
or smaller dorsal lobe with - The thin soil where they passed in the stool of animal
animal rays on the copulatory hyaline molt twice and definitive host’s stool. The
hookworm bursa. The lateral bursal transparent shell reach its larvae will hatch in 1-2 days
rays are separated a the contains 2-8 germ infective stage and the released rhabditiform
tips, and the position of cells and the third stage larvae will grow either in
attachment of the measures between juvenile feces or soil. After 5-10 days,
externodorsal ray is closer 55-75 µm x 35-40 the rhabditiform larvae become
to the beginning of the µm. Third stage filariform larvae are
dorsal trunk than in other juvenile infective. These infective
species. penetrates the larvae can survive 3-4 weeks in
- Females are more difficult skin of the favorable environmental
to distinguish between host and conditions. It will penetrate
different species, and carried to the the skin of the animal host and
usually, the teeth are the heart and lungs carried through the blood
only diagnostic tool that by the vessels to the heart and lungs.
can be used. bloodstream. In They will penetrate the
-The width of the cuticular the lungs, the pulmonary alveoli, ascend the
striation patterns of A. juvenile breaks bronchial tree to the pharynx,
braziliense is 3.45 µm. into the then swallowed. After they were
alveoli and swallowed, the larvae will
propelled by reach the intestine they will
cilia up to the reside and mature there. The
respiratory arrest in the tissues and serve
tract then as a source of infection via
swallowed to transmammary routes. Humans can
arrive in small be infected when filariform
where they will larvae penetrate the skin.
attach to the
intestinal
mucosa by its
buccal capsule
and mature.
Ancylostoma Non- - It is the hookworm of - Oval in shape - First larval - Adult hookworms attached in
caninum human dogs and usually gray but and approximately stage lives in the mucosa of the dog’s
hookworm appears reddish if there is 50 µm in diameter the soil where intestine suck blood.
or blood in the alimentary - The shell it molts twice - Eggs are secreted through the
animal canal. Non-living cuticle membrane is thin and develops feces of the dog and a larval
hookworm covers its body and it sheds and transparent. into infective stage develops inside the egg
at molts for the growth of When the egg is third stage. and hatches in the environment.
the nematode. passed in the The life cycle consists of
- The adult male measures feces, it will - Third stage development from L1 to the
10-12 mm long while the contain a juvenile is infectious L3 stage.
female measures 14-20 mm x segmented ovum at either ingested - In orally acquired infection,
0.5 mm with a pointed tail. the 4 or 8 cell and goes the larva may penetrate the
- The anterior end is bent stage through the oral mucosa and migrate
dorsally so that the - In a tropical stomach then similarly as in transcutaneous
arrangement of ventral and climate, the egg ends up in the infection or directly into the
dorsal sides are reversed. will hatch within small intestine intestine.
- The buccal capsule 24 hours and only or through skin - Free-living larva in the soil
contains one of the mouth L1 larvae will be penetration. If may penetrate the dog’s skin,
and teeth. Ventrally is one detectable. it enters through interdigital skin and
pair of teeth with three through the cause an infection.
points. In the depth of the skin of the - The larvae end up in the
capsule, there is a pair of host, it find lungs and coughed up to the
triangular dorsal teeth and its way to the pharynx and swallowed in the
ventrolateral teeth. circulatory alimentary tract to mature.
Male Ancylostoma system which - Part of larval stages is
caninum posterior end has a takes it to the passed by circulation into the
prominent bursa. It has a trachea. In the muscles, where they descend
particular bursa that is trachea, the into the hypobiotic state.
used in identifying species juvenile is - A paratenic host can also be
of hookworms. swallowed and a source of infection and
- Vulva a female eventually ends puppies may be infected from
reproductive organ, is found up in the small mother’s milk once the dormant
near the junction of the intestine. hypobiotic larva becomes
second and last thirds of active.
the body.
References:
Belizario, V. Y., & de Leon, W. U. (Eds.). (2017). Medical Parasitology in the Philippines (3rd ed.)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancylostoma_duodenale
https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ancylostoma_duodenale/
http://www.biologydiscussion.com/animals-2/aschelminthes/ancylostoma-duodenale-habitat-morphology-and-life-cycle/32888
http://parasite.org.au/para-site/text/ancylostoma-necator-text.html
https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/biology.html
https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Necator_americanus/
https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ancylostoma_braziliense/
https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/zoonotichookworm/biology.html
https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ancylostoma_caninum/
https://en.wikivet.net/Ancylostoma_caninum
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/ancylostoma