SBEC & SBEQ 1112

Construction Technology I
Beams and Columns
By
Fuziah Ismail
 Revision
• The building structures can be identified as
vertical elements (associated with walls,
columns and lift cores) and horizontal
elements (associated with beams, floors and
roofs).
 Introduction: Beam
• A beam is a structural member which spans
horizontally between supports and carries
loads to the length of the beam.
• The width and depth of the beam are "small"
compared with the span. Typically, the width
and depth are less than span/10.
 Selection Factors
• The structural action of a beam is represented
by
– internal forces: bending moments and shear
forces.
– external forces : loads applied to the beam and
reactions to the loads from the supports.
• The beam transfers the external load set to
the external reaction set by a system of
internal forces.
Bending moments: A bending moment
is the reaction induced in a structural
element when an external force or
moment is applied to the element
causing the element to bend.

Shear forces: unaligned forces pushing

one part of a body in one direction, and
another part of the body in the
opposite direction.
• A typical structural frame may include both
primary (main) and secondary beams. Roof
beams tend to be more lightly loaded than
floor beams, and the required section is
therefore generally somewhat smaller. Some
guidance on maximum beam spans and the
required provide depth (as a proportion of the
beam span) is given in the Table 1.1.
• There are 5 type of beam:
– Main/Primary Beams : Main beam are the beam
that stretch over from column to column where it
is main beam to transfer the whole upper load to
column that consist inside the building structural.
– Secondary Beam: This type of beam is stretches
over the main beam. This beam is also transmitted
to the load of the main beam. The function is
reduce a length that support the structure or
catch the load of structure
• There are 5 type of beam:
– Tertiary Beam : It’s the beam across between the
columns and the main beam and its function is
distribute the load from the beam to column.
– Tie Beam: Beam that stretches over a columns
and its purpose to binding are both of the
columns. This is to support stability of structure.
– Edge Beam: Function as binding beam to
stretches between the external columns.
Tie beam
Edge beam
 Table 1.1:
Supporting Floor Roof
max span depth max span depth
Primary beams
(conventional
15m span/20 15m span/25
composite deck
or precast floor)
Secondary
beams
(conventional 12m span/25 12m span/30
composite deck
floor)
ASB (asymmetric
slimflor beams)
beams
10m span/30
(conventional
composite deck
floor)
• Beam supports are generally classified as
pinned, fixed or free.
• Beams span between supports carrying the
external load forces to the external reaction
forces.
• Beams supported on walls, columns or simply
connected to other beams are regarded as
pinned.
• Beams fixed into the supports such as walls
are fixed beam.
• Beams are continuous or part of complete
frames (portal etc.) the distribution of
moments and shear forces is influenced by the
behaviour of the complete structure.
Geometry: size, shape eg.
Straight and Curved

Pinned, Roller, Fixed

• Beams used in Buildings and Bridges
– Girders: Usually the most important beams, which are
frequently at wide spacing
– Joists: Usually less important beams, which are closely
spaced, frequently with truss-type webs
– Stringers: longitudinal bridge beams spanning between
floor beams
– Purlins: roof beams spanning between trusses
– Girts: horizontal wall beams serving principally to resist
bending due to wind on the side of an industrial building
– Lintels: members supporting a wall over window or
door openings
Girders: steel, lattice, concrete
Joist
 Stringers:
short pieces that go between the floor beams
Lintels
 Classification of lintels
• Timber lintels
• Stone lintels
• Brick lintels
• Steel lintels
• RCC lintels
 Materials
• Concrete: in-situ, pre-cast
• Wood: solid, lattice
• Steel: solid, lattice
• Rectangular beams (Fig. 1)
used as overlap beams and overlap with
a small span length;
• T-section beams (Fig. 2)
used as overlap beams with a medium and large span length;
• L-section beams (Fig. 3)
• used as outer (front) overlapping beams;
• Runs (Fig. 4)
used as secondary beams;
• I-section beams (Fig. 5)
used for roofs and overlapping with a large span length;
• Two-pitched I-beams (Fig. 6)
used as two-pitched I- beams for large spans.
Formwork
• The slab formwork for a suspended concrete
slab to a multi story building.
• A series of steel frames with cross braces
holding them together.
• They have adjustable screw jacks at the
bottom and top. At the base of the frames
there are heavy timber pieces called sole
plates.The top jacks carry heavy timber
bearers, (150 x 100) at say 1200 centres which
in turn carry joists (100 x 75) at 400 centres.
• The sole plates is to spread the load of the
frame to the ground and to stop the frames
moving around under vibration.
• A larger detail of the side form for a beam.
Formwork
 Reinforcement
• Singly reinforced beam • Doubly reinforced beam
 Construction process of RC Beam
• Excavation
• Formwork
• Reinforcement
• Concrete
 Introduction: Column
• A column or pillar in architecture and
structural engineering is a structural element
that transmits, through compression, the
weight of the structure above to other
structural elements below. In other words, a
column is a compression member.
 Types of column
1. Long column or slender
2. Short column
3. Intermediate column
• RCC Columns: square, rectangular or circular
sections
• Steel Columns or stanchions: I-section,
channel, equal angle, tee, I-section, two I-
sections, I and channel sections, two channel
sections
 Correct Incorrect
Correct Correct
When placing with Long uncontrolled drops
When placing from When placing with
crate and bucket, use cause segregation as the
chutes and concrete pump,
flexible drop chute concrete strikes against
wheelbarrow, extend the hose to
connected to the forms and aggregates
discharge concrete the bottom of the
collector cone which disturbed the
into a hopper form and withdraw
is permanently reinforcement. Mortar is
leading to a light, as the form is filled
attached to the also left on the form
flexible drop chute
bracket frame faces and reinforcement
STIFFENERS
Construction process of RC Column
• Formwork
• Reinforcement
• Concrete
 Overall Construction Process
• Foundation
• Column Stump
• Ground beam
• Ground Floor Slab
 Overall Construction Process 2
• Columns
• Floor beams
• Suspended Floor Slab