Introduction

Water, undubiously is a basic human need. Providing safe and adequate quantities of the
same for all rural and urban communities, is perhaps one of the most important undertaking,
for the public works Dept. Indeed, the well-planned water supply scheme, is a prime and vital
element of a country's social infrastructures as on this peg hangs the health and wellbeing of
its people. Pakistan 2020 population is estimated at 220,892,340 people with growth rate of
2.0% at midyear according to UN data. Pakistan population is equivalent to 2.83% of the
total world population and the growth rate is said 2.00% (Pakistan Population-
Worldometer). The provisional results of the 2017 Census were presented to the Council of
Common Interests on 25 August 2017. According to the results, the total population in
Pakistan was 207,906,209, representing a 57% increase in 19 years and population of Mithi
city was 219,071 (census 2017). This goes on to say that a very large demand of water
supply; for Domestic, Industrial, Firefighting, Public uses, etc.; will have to be in accordance
with the rising population. Hence, identification of sources of water supply, there
conservation and optimum utilization is of paramount importance.

Tharparkar is one of the most water scarce region of Pakistan with total population of
1649661 (Cencus-2017). Sometimes, the situation gets worse due to lack of rainfall in the
monsoon season. The people of Tharparkar are depending on rainfall because most of the
population of Tharparkar is poor they can afford the huge cost of water that’s why they drink
untreated water. Due protracted low crop production, the food insecurity and malnutrition
issue has further worsened as families are forced to sell the goods that they otherwise would
have consumed themselves. Access to clean water has also severely been limited, causing
water-borne diseases and compromising the health of the residents. (Pakistan Meteorological
Department-PMD). Mithi city is the capital city of Tharparkar, and it does not have any water
resources of its own. Water is provided by pipelines from Naukot City, 49km away. Having
its own centralized water treatment plant is the foremost facility that Mithi, Tharparkar need
now. Though the RO plant is also there but there are many demerits of RO plants like most of
rejected or toxic water discharge on open land near the plant. Many people migrate from
other villages towards the Mithi city oftenly.

Objective
The objective of design of water treatment plant is to treat the water and supply it to each and
every house, commercial, public places etc. for Mithi. This design of treatment plant is
proposed to treat the water upto the desired levels. This water treatment Plant design is
proposed for upto 30 years excluding construction and settlement time of the treatment plant.
The plant construction time may be 3 to 4 years, starting from 2021 to 2024 and it will be
running from 2025 to 2055 and it will provide the treated water to the people of Mithi city.
This plant is designed to treat the water and supply it for present and future population as
well. Although, Mithi city has the source of water through pipeline from Naukot city and this
plant will treat the water. The plant is designed according to the characteristics of water,
present and future water demand, present and future population, design period and design
flow, and design criteria, design calculation and drawing of each component, hydraulic
profile and distribution. This plant is consisting coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation,
filtration, disinfection, storage and supply system. The water is supplied to the plant through
the influent pipe to the primary disinfection, coagulation, flocculation tank, sedimentation
tank, filtration system, secondary disinfection, contact tank, clear well and then effluent.
The water distribution system and hydraulic profile will be designed using the software
EPANET 2.0. Each house must be supplied with sufficient quantity of water at the desired
pressure. Therefore, the water has to be taken to the roads and streets in the city and finally to
the individual houses. This function of carrying the water from the treatment plant to the
individual homes is accomplished through a well-planned distribution system. A distribution
system therefore consists of pipelines of various sizes for carrying water to the streets; valves
for controlling the flow, service connections to the individual homes, storage system for
storing the water to be fed into the distribution pipes. The water may either be pumped
directly into the distribution pipes, or it may be first stored in a storage system and then fed
into the distribution pipes.
The main purpose of the distribution systems is to develop adequate water pressure at various
points i.e., at the consumer's tap and the choice of the distribution and its elevation with
respect to the location of the water treatment plants.

Study Area
The total area of Mithi city is 1,535 km². The source of water for Mithi is ground water and
also a pipeline from Naukot to Mithi. The 2020 population of Mithi city is over 250,000,
according to National Statistics of GMO.

The design of water treatment plant is proposed at Mithi city, which is 560 meters from RO
Plant and 500 meters from Government Polytechnic Institute. The total Perimeter and area of
the plant is considered as 0.67 km and 0.03 sq. km. The latitude and longitude of Water
Treatment Plant Site are 24°45'30.49"N and 69°47'23.62"E as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Water Treatment Plant Site.

Population Forecasting
There are different methods of population forecasting like arithmetic increase method,
geometric increase method, incremental increase method etc. Here, we use the simplified
method for population forecasts.

Pn=P o (1+ R)n

Where
Pn = future population
Po = initial population
R = probable rate of population increases per year
n = number of years considered

Using the formula and by considering population of 2017 census, we will find the population
of 2025 and also considering 2.10% yearly change (worldometer)

Pn = Po (1 + R) n
P2025 = 219,071* (1+2.10%)8
P2025 = 258,696.663 (considered as present population)

Similarly using the formula and by considering the above data of 2025, we will find the
population of 2055 and also considering 1.86% yearly change (worldometer)

Pn = Po (1 + R) n
P2055 = 258,696.663 * (1+1.86%)30
P2055 = 449,677.32 (considered as future population)

Design Period
The plant is considered for 30 years and it will run in 2025 after it’s completion, because 3 to
4 year will be taking by plant to be constructed, so the construction of the plant will start
from 2021 to 2024 that is why I did not considered this construction period with running time
of the plant. That is the reason that I considered the population of 2025 as a current
population which was projected 258,696.663 and the future population for 30 years was
projected 449,677.32.

Types of demands:
There are so many factors involved in demand of water; it is not possible to determine the
actual demand. Based on certain empirical formula and thumb rules are employed in
determining water demand which may be nearly to the actual demand. Following are the
various types of water demand of a city or town.

Domestic water demand:

The total domestic water consumption may amount to 55 to 60 % of the total water demand.
This includes the water required in the houses for cooking, washing, bathing, drinking,
gardening and sanitary purpose etc. The domestic demand depends upon the living conditions
of consumer such as habits, social status, climate condition etc. As per IS-1172-1993 water
requirement for domestic purposes is about 135 liters/day/capita under normal conditions.
Table-1 shows the details of water requirement for domestic purpose.

Table-1 Average domestic water consumption

 Use of Water Consumption in
liters/day/per person
Bathing 55
Washing clothes 20
Drinking 5
Cooking 5
Washing of utensils 10
Cleaning of houses 10
Flushing of W.C. 30
Total 135

Industrial and commercial water demand:

This consumption includes water used in factories, hotels, offices, hospital etc. The water
requirements of industrial needs of a city are generally taken as 50 liter/day/person. This
demand depends upon the nature of the city and types of industries. Generally, 20 to 25% of
the total water demand may be allowed for industrial water demand. The approximate
quantity of water required for industries other than residences as per IS-1172-1993 is given in
Table-2.

Table-2 Water supply requirements for building other than residence

Use of Water Consumption in
liters/day/per person
Industrial 50
Commercial 20
Total 70

Demand for public use:

Public demand includes the quantity of water required for public utility purpose such as
watering of public parks, gardening, sprinkling on roads, use in public fountains etc. As per
IS-1172-1993 water requirement for public use is about 20 lpcd.
 Table-3 water requirements for Public purpose
Use of Water Consumption in
liters/day/per person
Public use 20

Compensate losses demand:

All the water which goes in the distribution pipe does not reach the consumers. Some water is
wasted in the pipeline due to leakage, defective pipe joints, faulty valves and fittings. In some
cases, quantity of water is lost due to unauthorized and illegal connections. While estimating
the total quantity of water some allowances for these losses and wastages should be done. As
per IS-1172-1993 water losses/ leakages are about 35 lpcd.

Table- 4 Total averaged water consumption per person per day, month, week, hour and year
Purpose Consumption in
liters/day/per person
Domestic water demand 135
Industrial 50
Commercial 20
Public use 20
Losses/ leakages 35
Total 260
Consumption in 260 * 30 = 7800
liters/month/per person
Consumption in 260 * 7 = 1820
liters/week/per person
Consumption in 260 / 24 = 10.833
liters/hour/per person
Consumption in 260 * 365 = 94900
liters/year/per person
This is the total water requirement for different purposes, as per IS-1172-1993. This demand
is for per person per day, month, week, hour and year. If we want to know the requirement
for the whole present and future population then multiply these above values with present and
future population.

Present population demand

PPD = (Total consumption per person per day) * (Total present population)
 = (260 l/c/d) * (258,696.663 capita)
= 67,261,132.38 l/d or
= 67,261.132 m3/d

Similarly, we can find the water requirement per person per week, per hour, per month and
per year for present population.

Monthly demand = (67,261.132 m3/d) * 30

= 2017834 m3/month

Weekly demand = (67,261.132 m3/d) * 7

= 470827.92 m3/week

Hourly demand = (67,261.132 m3/d) / 24

= 2802.5472 m3/hour

Yearly demand = (67,261.132 m3/d) * 365

= 24550313 m3/year

Future population demand

FPD = (Total consumption per person per day) * (Total future population)
= (260 l/c/d) * (449,677.32 capita)
= 116916103 l/d or
= 116916 m3/d
Similarly, we can find the water requirement per person per week, per hour, per month and
per year for future population.

Monthly demand = (116916 m3/d) * 30

= 3507480 m3/c/month

Weekly demand = (116916 m3/d) * 7

= 818412 m3/week
Hourly demand = (116916 m3d) / 24
= 4871.5 m3/hour

Yearly demand = (116916 m3/d) * 365

= 42674340 m3/year

Maximum demands with time

Maximum daily demand

MDD = 1.8 * average daily demand
MDD = 1.8 * 260 l/c/d
= 468 l/c/d or 0.468 m3/c/day

Maximum hourly demand

Maximum hourly demand = 1.5 * average hourly demand
MHD = 1.5 * 10.833
= 16.2495 l/c/hr or 0.0162495 m3/c/hr

Maximum monthly demand

MMD = 1.28 * 7800
= 9984 l/c/month or 9.984 m3/c/month

Maximum weekly demand

MWD = 1.48 * 1820
= 2693.6 l/c/month or 2.6936 m3/c/week

The maximum daily demand factor is 1.8 times the average demand. The maximum daily
flow rate is:
  The maximum daily flow rate for present community is:

Qm = 1.8 * (67,261.132 m3/d)

= 121,070.0376 m3/d

 Similarly, the maximum daily flow rate for future community is:

Qm = 1.8 * (116916 m3/d)

= 210,448.8 m3/d

Similarly, calculate maximum, hourly, monthly and weekly demand of present and future
communities by multiplying their factors (1.5, 1.28 and 1.48) with average demand of
community.

 The maximum hourly flow rate for present community is:

Qm = 1.5 * (2802 m3/hour)

= 4203 m3/hr

 Similarly, the maximum hourly aa flow rate for future community is:

Qm = 1.5 * (4871.5 m3/hour)

= 7307.25 m3/hr

 The maximum monthly flow rate for present community is:

Qm = 1.28 * (2017834 m3/month)

= 2582827.52 m3/month

 Similarly, the maximum hourly flow rate for future community is:

Qm = 1.28 * (3507480 m3/month)

= 4489574.4 m3/month
  The maximum weekly flow rate for present community is:

Qm = 1.48 * (470827.92 m3/week)

= 696825.3216 m3/week

 Similarly, the maximum weekly flow rate for future community is:

Qm = 1.48 * (818412 m3/week)

= 1211249.76 m3/week

Design of Units
The aim of water treatment is to produce and maintain water that is hygienically safe,
aesthetically attractive and palatable; in an economical manner. Albeit the treatment of water
would achieve the desired quality, the evaluation of its quality should not be confined to the
end of the treatment facilities but should be extended to the point of consumer's use. The
method of treatment to be employed depends on the characteristics of the raw water and the
desired standards of water quality.

Treatment Design

Initial storage tank

Primary disinfection
 Coagulation

Flocculation

Sedimentation

Filtration

Secondary disinfection

Storage reservoir

Supply and distribution

Fig. 1. Flow diagram of treatment units

1. Initial storage tank
The initial storage structure is used to store the water for required demand and to
avoid the seasonal variation of water supply.

Calculation
The required capacity of the tank is 210,448.8 m3/day.
Let’s find the dimensions for the tank by assuming the height of the tank is 1.3
meters.
Volume = 210,448.8 m3
V = Area × Height
Area = Volume / Height
Area = 210,448.8 m3 / 1.3
Area = 161,883.6923 m2
The tank is rectangular so suppose L= 2B
A = L×B
A = 2B×B
A = 2B2
B2 = A/2
B2 = 161,883.6923/2
B2 = 80,941.846 m2
Taking square root both sides, we get
B = 284.5028m
L = 2B
L = 2×284.5028
L = 569.0056 m

Summary
Length Breath Height Area Volume
569.0056 m 284.5028m 1.3 m 161,883.6923 m2 210,448.8 m3

a. To know the dia, area and velocity for pipe from source to reservoir the length L =
280 meters and assume time T = 3 minutes
Q = V/T
Q = 210,448.8 m3/day
Q = V/T = AL/T
Q = [(πd2/4) × L]/T
210,448.8 m3/day × 1day/24 hrs × 1hr/60 min = [(3.14 × d2/4) × 280 m]/3
d = 1.41 m
Area = πd2/4 = 3.14 (1.41)2/4
A = 1.57 m2
Q=A×V
210,448.8 m3/day × 1day/24 hrs × 1hr/60 min × 1min/60 sec = 1.71 × V
 V = 1.551 m/sec

b. To know the dia, area and velocity for pipe from source to reservoir the length L =
280 meters and assume time T = 3 minutes
Q = V/T
Q = 210,448.8 m3/day
Q = V/T = AL/T
Q = [(πd2/4) × L]/T
210,448.8 m3/day × 1day/24 hrs × 1hr/60 min = [(3.14 × d2/4) × 50 m]/1.2 min
d = 2.1 m
Area = πd2/4 = 3.14 (1.41)2/4
A = 3.46 m2
Q=A×V
210,448.8 m3/day × 1day/24 hrs × 1hr/60 min × 1min/60 sec = 3.46 × V
V = 0.7 m/sec

Table 1. Water characteristics

Parameters Concentration WHO standards
pH 7.5 7.5 to 8.5
TDS 900 mg/l 500 to 1000 ppm
Alkanlinity 150 mg/l 20-200 mg/l
Ca 146 mg/l < 60 mg/l
Mg 42 mg/l < 30 mg/l
Total hardness 104 mg/l 60 -120 mg/l
Na 35 mg/l sodium not exceed 30
mg/L
K 9 mg/l -
 F 0.7 mg/l ± 10% of nominal level
(current 0.5 mg/l)
Fe 3.1 mg/l Not exceeding 0.1 mg/l
TOC 2.0 mg/l 25 ppm
Bromide not detected -
Turbidity 20 NTU Not exceeding 1.5
NTU
Giardia cysts < 1/100 L 4-log (99.99%)
reduction or
inactivation
Virus < 1/100 L 4-log (99.99%)
reduction or
inactivation
Cryptosporidium 1.1–2.0/L 4-log (99.99%)
oocysts reduction or
inactivation

2. Treatment Units
1. Primary Disinfection
Considering the characteristics of water given in table 1 and taking help from the
example 13-5 from water and wastewater engineering book by Machenzie L. Davis,
the primary disinfectant is selected. Ozonator is used as primary disinfectant.
Ozonator Design
Using the example 13-8 from (Water and wastewater engineering, Machenzie book)
the ozone disinfection system is designed.
 For drinking water maximum ozone dose concentration is less than 10 mg・min/L
 The pH and temperature are selected for 7.5 and 250C
 Assume t10/t0 = 0.65
 Design flow rate = 210,448.8 m3/day
 Assume the time for water to reach the most distant customer at the minimum demand
flow rate is 52 hours.
 From bench-scale test data, the second order rate constant was determined to be 3.5
L/mol・s. Assume a transferred dose of 2.0 mg/L.
 Using the EPA’s Ct tables in Appendix D (Water and wastewater engineering,
Machenzie book), the Ct to achieve the required log inactivation for each
microorganism at a temperature of 250C is
Giardia cysts 0.48 mg.min/L
Viruses 4 log inactivation will occur at the Ct of
0.3 mg・min/L
Cryptosporidium oocysts 4.9 mg・min/L

 The required hydraulic residence time with the bench-scale test dose of 2.0 mg/L
transferred dose, the required t 10 is
Ct/C = 4.9 (mg・min/L)/ 2.0 mg・min/L = 2.45 minutes
 Assume the ozone concentration remains constant throughout the contact chamber,
the theoretical hydraulic detention time with the assumed t10 / t0 of 0.65 is
t10/t0 = 2.45/t0 = 0.65
t0 = 2.45 min /0.65 = 3.769 minutes

 Because ozone generating capacity is expensive and the energy consumption is high,
Rakness (2005) recommends an optimized design that takes the decay into account by
numerical integration. To perform the numerical integration, the concentration leaving
each chamber must be estimated. This requires the decay rate constant in compatible
units for Ct calculation. The conversion is
(3.5 L/mol・s) / 48000 mg/mole of ozone = 7.29×10-5 L/mg・s or 4.38×10-3 L/mg・min

 An iterative solution is required. Based on Rakness (2005), assume 10 cells. The

spreadsheet solution is shown below. The first trial with 2.0 mg/L achieved the
desired Ct of 4.802 mg・min/L. So, no need of any extra cell.

Table 2.
Cell no. Concentratio HDT, Residual at t10, Ct,
n at cell min cell min mg-min/L
influent, effluent,
mg/L mg/L
1 2.0 0.3769 1.993 0.245 0.488
2 1.993 0.3769 1.986 0.245 0.486
3 1.986 0.3769 1.979 0.245 0.484
4 1.979 0.3769 1.972 0.245 0.483
5 1.972 0.3769 1.965 0.245 0.481
6 1.965 0.3769 1.958 0.245 0.479
 7 1.958 0.3769 1.951 0.245 0.478
8 1.951 0.3769 1.944 0.245 0.476
9 1.944 0.3769 1.937 0.245 0.474
10 1.937 0.3769 1.931 0.245 0.473
TOTAL 4.802

1.993 calculated concentration of the influent dose after 0.3769 min using the second
order decay (example 13-3 in water and wastewater engineering by Machenzie book).

C = 2.0 mg/L / [1+ (4.38×10-3 L/mg・min × 0.3769) × (2.0 mg/L] = 1.993

 Design the contact chamber

The volume of the chamber is calculated from the hydraulic detention time and the
design flow rate
V = t0 ×Q = (0.3769) × (210,448.8 m3/d) (1/1440 min/day) = 55.08 m3

Using the Henry and Freeman (1996) optimum ratios, a depth of 6.0 m and an
assumed H = 4 L:

L = H/4 = 6/4 = 1.5 meter/cell

V = (H) (Length/cell) (number of cells) (width of cell)

Width of cell = 55.08 m3 / (6 m) (1.5 m/cell) (10 cells)

Width of cell = 0.612 m

2. Coagulation
Coagulation describes the effect produced by the addition of a chemical to a colloidal
dispersion, resulting in particle destabilization. Operationally, this is achieved by the
addition of appropriate chemical and rapid intense mixing for obtaining uniform
dispersion of the chemical.

Design Criteria for Alum Dose

Alum required in particular season is given below:
Monsoon = 50 mg/L
Winter = 20 mg/L
Summer = 5 mg/L
Alum required
The dose of alum can be found from jar test but in our case, we assume 20 mg/L.
Per day alum required = (20 mg/L) × (1g/1000mg) × (1kg/1000g) × 210448.8 m3/d ×
1000L/m3
= 4208.976 kg/d
Consider the amount of alum in a bag is 50kg. So,
Number of bags/day = (4208.976 kg/d)/50kg = 84.18 bags/day

Design of mechanical rapid mix unit

Flash Mixer
Rapid mixing is and operation by which the coagulant is rapidly and uniformly dispersed
throughout the volume of water to create a more or less homogeneous single or
multiphase system.
This helps in the formation of micro floes and results in proper utilization of chemical
coagulant preventing localization of connection and premature formation of hydroxides
which lead to less effective utilization of the coagulant. The chemical coagulant is
normally introduced at some point of high turbulence in the water.

The intensity of mixing is dependent upon the temporal mean velocity gradient ‘G’. This
is defined as the rate of change of velocity per unit distance normal to a section.
The turbulence and resultant intensity of mixing is based on the rate of power input
to the water.
Flash mixture is one of the most popular methods in which the chemicals
are dispersed. They are mixed by the impeller rotating at high speeds.

Design criteria for mechanical rapid mix unit (Radial Impeller)

Detention time = 1 to 10 sec.
Gradient velocity ‘G’ = 600 to 1000 s-1
Ratio of impeller diameter to tank diameter (for radial) = D/T = 0.14-0.5
Ratio of water depth to tank diameter = H/D = 2-4
Efficiency of transfer of motor power to waterpower = 80% or 0.8 for single impeller
Volume of tank = < 8 m3

Assume
Impeller diameter = D = 0.7 meters (depending upon manufacturer)
Power number or Impeller constant (Np) = 5.7 (depending upon manufacturer)
Temperature = 250C
Detention time = 3 seconds
Dynamic viscosity = µ = 0.890 × 10-3
G = 800 s-1
H/T = 2

Calculation
Determine the volume of the rapid mix basin
V = Q × t = (2.435 m3/sec) × 3sec = 7.305 m3 < 8 m3 OK
Using the radial impeller guidance, assume H / T = 2.0, that is H = 2 T. For a round
mixing tank
V = [π (T)2/4] × 4T
T = [(4 × 7.305 m3) / (4 ×3.14)]1/3
T = 1.32 meters and H = 4T = 4 × 1.32 = 5.28 meters
The required input waterpower =
P = G2 µ Volume = (800 s-1)2 × 0.890 × 10-3 × 7.305 m3
P = 569.6 or 570 W
The efficiency of transfer of motor power to waterpower is about 80%, the motor power
should be
Motor power = waterpower/0.8 = 570 W/0.8 = 712.5 W
Find geometric ratio = D/T = 0.7/1.32 = 0.53
Although the 0.7 m diameter impeller has a D / T slightly larger than the allowable range,
it is satisfactory in all the other aspects and, therefore, is selected.
Calculate rotational speed
n = [P/ (Np ×(D)5 × ρ]1/3
n = [712.5 W/ (5.7) (0.7)5 (1000kg/m3)]1/3
n = 0.743 rps or 44.62 rpm
Comments
To meet requirements, two rapid mix basins with this design are provided.
Because the average day and minimum flow rates will be less, the detention time at these
flows will be longer than 5 s.
To account for variations in water height and wave action, as well as adding a factor of
safety in the design volume, the tank is made deeper than the design water depth. This
additional depth is called freeboard. The freeboard may vary from 0.45 to 0.60 m.

3. Flocculation
Flocculation, a gentle mixing stage, increases the particle size from submicroscopic
microfloc to visible suspended particles. Microfloc particles collide, causing them to
bond to produce larger, visible flocs called pinflocs. Floc size continues to build with
additional collisions and interaction with added inorganic polymers (coagulant) or
organic polymers. Macroflocs are formed and high molecular weight polymers, called
coagulant aids, may be added to help bridge, bind, and strengthen the floc, add
weight, and increase settling rate. Once floc has reached it optimum size and strength,
water is ready for sedimentation.

Design criteria
Detention time = 20 to 30 minutes
4. Secondary disinfection
Considering the characteristics of water given in table 1 and taking help from the
example 13-5 from water and wastewater engineering book by Machenzie L. Davis,
the is selected sodium hypochlorite as chlorine secondary disinfectant.

Design criteria
 Residual chlorine = 0.1 to 0.2 mg/L (minimum)
The time required to complete the disinfection performed in a storage tank = 20 to 30
minutes or 0.5 hour.

Calculation
Assume required chlorine = 2.0 mg/L and residual chlorine = 0.2 mg/L
Chlorine demand = required chlorine – residual chlorine
Chlorine demand = 2.0 - 0.2 = 1.8 mg/L
Consumed chlorine =
(2.0 mg/L) × (1000L/m3) × (210448.8 m3/day) × (1g/1000mg) × (1kg/1000g)
= 420.89 kg/day.

5. Storage and pumping

When the final stages of the treatment process are completed, water can be distributed
by high lift pumps to consumers or stored in storage tanks. Thereafter, it can be used
as drinking water based on the required household demand.
The time required to complete the disinfection performed in a storage tank is 30
minutes.
Storage tank
Design criteria
D = 4 meter
L=2×W
Calculation
Q = V/T
V=Q×T
V = (210448.8 m3/day) × (30 min × (1 hr/60 min) × (1 day/24 hr)
V = 4384.35 m3
A = 4384.35 m3/4 = 1096.08 m2
A=L×W
1096.08 m2 = 2W × W
W = 23.41 m
L = 2 × 23.41 m
 L = 46.82 m
Velocity = distance/time
V = (46.82 m/30 min) × (1 min/60 sec)
V = 0.0260 m/s

Qave = 210448.8 m3/day = 8,768.7 m3/hr = 2.435 m3/sec

Using v = 1.5 m/s (Metcalf and eddy 2014)
Q = A × v = (πd2/4) × v
A = (2.435 m3/sec)/1.5m/s = 1.623 m2
A = (πd2/4)
√d2 = √ (1.623 m2 × 4)/3.14
d = 1.438 m
Q = V/T = A × L/T = (πd2/4) × L/T
Q/A × L =
Q / (π d2/4) × L = 1/T
(2.435 m3/sec) / (π × 1.4382/4) = L/T
(2.435 m3/sec) / (3.14 × 1.4382/4) = velocity
v = 1.5 < 2 OK

Two pumps are used; the first pump is working, and the second one is on standby.
The third pump is used during maximum demand.

Similarly, calculate maximum, hourly, monthly and in weekly demand of present and future
communities by multiplying their factors (1.5, 1.28 and 1.48) with average demand of
community.