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Skittles Project

Emily Rimmasch
7B

Report Introduction:
This skittles project is a way of bringing together multiple different concepts we studied this
semester. Some of these include, organizing and analyzing data, drawing conclusions using
confidence intervals and hypothesis tests, and presenting our work in a nice and organized
paper. Our report overall must be a narrative that will explain clearly our process and our
different conclusions. We must also be sure to include our mathematical calculations with our
project. Each student will purchase a 2.17-ounce bag of Original Skittles and record the number
of red, orange, yellow, green, and purple candies. Ms. Klekas will then compile all of the data
from the entire class on a Google Sheets file and post it to canvas. The data posted there will
be the data set that we will be using to complete the rest of the project. The reason that we are
using our individual bags for the color testing is because each bag is supposed to be
guaranteed to have equal color of skittles in each bag, so our samples should be perfect for this
reason. The reason that we are supposed to use the class data for the number of skittles in
each bag is because we only sampled one bag ourselves, so we can’t accurately find the mean
number of skittles based off of one skittles bag.

Confidence Interval Estimates:


We will first be doing a confidence interval test. The purpose of confidence intervals ​is to give
us a range of values for our estimated population parameter rather than a single value or a point
estimate.

1) We are trying to estimate p=the true proportion of yellow candies. Our best guess is
p ​ˆ​= 0.19 but because of sampling variability, we are unlikely to be correct. So we will
calculate a 99% z-interval for p.
2) Conditions:
a. Random sample- yes it is a random sample.
b. Independence condition: assume population is 1160.
c. Normality condition? Normality condition is not met since it equals 8.9262
so we hope that the population is normal so we will proceed with caution.
3)99% CI= (work on scanned paper) CI= (0.05706, 0.32225) (curve drawn on scratch paper)
4) Thus, I am 99% confident that the interval from 0.05706 to 0.32225 captures the true
proportion of yellow candies.
Construct a 95% confidence interval estimate for the true mean number of candies per bag
using the class data.

1) We are trying to estimate the average number of candies per skittle bag. Our
best guess is x bar= 60.66 but because of sampling variability, we are unlikely to
be correct. So, we will calculate a 95% t-interval for µ
​ .   
2) Conditions
a. Random sample? Yes this is a random sample
b. Independent yes assuming the population is at least 620.
c. Yes normality condition is met, 31>30

3) 95% CI= (59.151, 61.946) (work is shown on scratch piece of paper)


4) Thus I am 95% confident that the interval from 59.151 to 61.946 captures the true
average number of candies per bag.
Hypothesis Tests:
Now we will be doing some hypothesis tests. Hypothesis testing is used to assess the
plausibility of a hypothesis by using sample data. Such data may come from a larger population,
or from a data-generating process.

Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that 20% of all Skittles candies are red. Use your
own data.

1. At first glance, it appears that the true proportion p of Skittles candies that are red is
greater than .20 since p hat= .24. However, it is also possible that the true proportion is
p=.20 and we got a sample proportion this high because of sampling variability. To
decide, we will conduct a 1 sample z test for p.
2. Ho: p=.20 Ha: p>.20
3. Conditions
a. Random Sample? Yes this is a random sample of red skittles.
b. Independent yes assuming there are at least 1160 skittles.
c. Normality condition is not met since 9.28>10 so proceed with caution.
4. Z=0.79 P=0.22 (work shown on scratch piece of paper below)
5.Since the p value (0.22) is greater than alpha (0.05) we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
There is not sufficient evidence to conclude that 20% of all Skittles candies are red.

Use a 0.01 significance level to test the claim that the mean number of candies in a bag of
Skittles is 55. Use the class data to make your x bar.

1. At first glance, it appears that the true mean of candies in a bag of Skittles has increased
from 55 candies since x bar= 60.55. However, it is possible that there has been no
increase and we got a sample mean this high due to sampling variability. To decide, I
will conduct a 1 sample t-test.
2. Conditions:
a. Random sample? Yes this is a random sample of Skittles.
b. Independent yes assuming there are at least 620 Skittles.
c. Yes normality condition is met, 31>30.
3. Ho: µ ​ =55 ​ Ha: µ
​ >55 
4. t= 8.12 P= 0 Df= 30 (work shown on scratch piece of paper below)
5. Since the p value (0) is less than alpha (0.01) we reject the null hypothesis. There is
sufficient evidence to conclude that the number of candies in a bag of Skittles is more than 55.

Reflection:
For both confidence intervals and hypothesis testing you must meet certain conditions in order
to be able to have them work. These are called the R.I.N conditions. The R stands for a
random sample. In order for the testing to work your sample must be random. The I stands for
independence. In order for the testing to work your sample must be independent. In order to
check this condition you take your total sample size and divide it by .05. Then you may move
forward assuming that that number is met. The final condition is the normality condition. There
are a couple different ways that you can check the normality condition. The first is you can
check if there is a large enough sample size so n>30. Another way to check this condition is to
do P times P hat times your sample size to see if it is greater than or equal to 10. If this
condition is not met, you must make sure that it is a random sample and then proceed with
caution. Something that may help with the color problem is getting a larger sample size. The
larger the sample size, the better. There are some possible errors that could have occurred
with this data and testing. The first may be that we might not have accurate numbers. Some
people could have miscounted or some people could have just made their numbers up. Another
issue could be that we don’t have a large enough sample size, so our numbers won’t accurately
portray the population of Skittles in the world. Sampling methods could be improved if there
were some way people could prove the number of different colored skittles they recorded.
Again, it could also be improved if we had a larger sample size. From doing this project I have
learned more about confidence intervals and hypothesis testing.

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