GENES

Reviewer in Units of inheritance occurring at

genetics specific location or luci.
GENOME
GENETICS
Full genetic compliment of an
Study of heredity.
individual (of a species) in
HEREDITY humans.
biological process where a parent GENOTYPE
passes certain genes onto their
Genetic make-up of an individual
children or offspring.
GENE EXPRESSION
3 KEY POINTS IN GENETICS
Degree to which a gene goes
1. Genetics (Genetic make-up)
through transcription and
2. Genetic variation
translation
3. Heredity
ZYGOTE
ALLELES
A fertilized ovum
Alternate forms of varieties of a
gene DIHYBRID CROSS
CHROMOSOMES Mating experiment between two
organisms that are identically
Thread-like, gene carrying bodies
hybrid for two traits
in the nucleus of the cell.
Composed of DNA and Protein. MONOHYBRID CROSS
DOMINANT ALLELE Genetic mix between two
individuals who have two
Allele that mask the presence of a
homozygous genotype
recessive allele in a phenotype
LOCUS
RECESSIVE ALLELE
Physical site or location of a
Allele that mask the presence of
specific gene on a chromosome.
dominant allele in a phenotype
F1 GENERATION
Heterozygous
The first offspring (filial)
generation. Two alleles that are different
Homozygous 3. Nitrogenous Base
Two alleles that are the same.
Nitrogenous Base
DNA (Deoxyribunucleic Acid) Adenine Guanine
Genetic material inside the nucleus Cytosine Thymine
of eukaryotic cells.
Base pairs
Adenine (A) – Thymine (T)
Structure of DNA was discovered
Guanine (G) – Cytosine (C)
in 1953 by James Watson and
Francis Crick
DOUBLE HELIX
Function and Purpose of DNA Acting as templates for newly
synthesized strand
1. Stores genetic information
2. DNA makes Proteins Describe the appearance of double
3. Responsible for determining all stranded DNA
organisms’ traits such as eye
color, body structure, and
enzymes production. GENETIC CODE

Components of DNA Gives relationship of bases in

Is a long molecule made up of
repeating individual units of
monomers called NUCLEOTIDES
NUCLEOTIDES
DNA chemical components
arrange into groups.
Made up of 3 parts that are held
together by covalent bonds.
DNA to Amino Acid
DNA Polymerase
Summarize new DNA Strands
using previously synthesized DNA
as a template.
Enzymes that will polymerize
nucleotides
DNA Polymerase I - Replacing

1. Deoxyribose Sugar DNA Polymerase II - Repairing

2. Phosphate Group
 DNA Polymerase III – Copying
DNA Replication
Copying, form a new double helix,
controlled by enzymes.
Discontinuous Replication
Takes place on the complementary
strand, where it occurs in short
segments, away from the Y
junction.
Okazaki fragments
Short segments
Reiji and Tsuneko Okazaki
1500 nucleotide, 150 eukaryotes
Continuous replication
Leading strands
Discontinuous replication
Lagging strand
RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
Separate DNA strands
Helicase
Unzipping and unwinding
Transcription
Process by which the information in a
strand of DNA is copied into a new
molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA)
Central Dogma
Molecular biology that describes the
two step process transcription and
translation, by which the information
in genes flows into proteins:
DNA to RNA to Proteins
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Carries the genetic information copied
from DNA.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
is the key in deciphering the code
words in mRNA.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Associates with a set of proteins to
form ribosomes.
THE LAW OF MENDEL:
Gregor Mendel
Father of genetics
Why pea plants?
Flower structure of pea ensured self-
pollination, and define male and
female part.
Male sex structure (stamen)
Female sex structure (pistil)
Seven pairs of simple differences of
pea plants.
1. Seed coat, color, flower color
2. Seed color
3. Seed shape
 4. Pod color
5. Stem height
6. Flower position
Law of segregation
allele pairs separate or segregate
during gamete formation, and
randomly unite at fertilization.
Four parts of Law of Segregation
First, it defines an allele.
Second, it states that organisms
inherit one allele from each parent.
Third, it states that gametes only
carry one allele for each trait.
Fourth, it defines the difference
between dominant and recessive
genes
Law of Dominance
Given by Eric Von Tscerma
Every gene has two alleles that
code for a trait, one allele is
dominant meaning it will always
show.
Pea plant experiment
He studied Pea Plant for 8 years.
3 reasons why he chooses garden
pea plants;
1. Structure of Pea Plants
2. Presence of distinction traits
3. Rapid reproduction cycle
Incomplete dominance
When two different alleles for the
same trait combine, but neither allele
“wins” expression over the other, the
offspring have a form of intermediate
inheritance.
a pattern of inheritance in which two
alleles in a heterozygote are partially
expressed.
Incomplete dominance
A mixture or blending of the two
alleles
Example:
Red + white cow = roan cows
Red + white flower = pink flower
Codominance
Heterozygous phenotype will have
both dominant phenotypes visible.
Two equally dominant alleles are
expressed at the same time.
Example:
Red + white flower = red-white
flower
Multiple allelism
When there is more than 2 alleles
possible for a given gene.
-Think eye color, hair color, skin
color!
Allows for a larger number of genetic
and phenotypic possibilities.
DIVERSITY!
Multiple allele
involves more than just the typical
two alleles that usually code for a
certain characteristic in a species.
more than two phenotypes available
depending on the dominant or
recessive alleles that are available in
the trait and the dominance pattern
the individual alleles follow when
combined together.
Polygenetic traits
Incomplete Dominance
Are traits that are controlled by
multiple genes instead of just one.
Continuous Variation
Kelorenter
Father of polygenetic traits
Continuous variation
Traits usually quantifiable (weight,
height)
Two or more genes contribute to
phenotype in an additive way.
Variation appears continuous because
these traits often affected by the
environment.
Example of polygenetic traits
Body type, height, skin color, hair
color, eye color, intelligence.
Polygenetic traits often see famous
bell curves.
ENVIRONMENT HEAVELY INFLUENCE
POLYGENIC TRAITS
Recently studies show:
Hypertension, diabetes, cancer,
allergies, cardiovascular diseases,
behavioral traits (alcoholism,
phobias)
Have some genetic link but also
environmental explanation.
Multifactorial inheritance
also called complex or polygenic
inheritance.
type of hereditary pattern seen when
there is more than one genetic factor
caused by a combination of
environmental factors and mutations
in multiple genes.
associated with heritable traits such
as fingerprint patterns, height, eye
color, and skin color.
 2 Different chromosomes (ZW)=
FEMALE
Sex determination
Similar chromosomes(ZZ)= MALE
biological system that determines the
development of sexual characteristics
in an organism. sex determination is
genetic: males and females have
different alleles or even different
genes that specify
their sexual morphology.
2 Types of sex determination
1. Genotypic sex determination
 Determined the sex of the
child by the sex
chromosomes
 Ratio of the sex
chromosomes to the
autosomes
 Use of the genes

2. Environmental sex
determination
 Temperature
 Location dependent

HUMANS
The sex of the child determines by
the sex chromosomes namely X and Y.
XX=FEMALE
XY=MALE
BIRDS