ODA062001 IP Multicast Basics

IP Multicast
Basics
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2016 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Foreword
 IP multicast technology realizes the high-efficient Point to
multipoint data transfer in IP networks, effectively saves the
network bandwidth and reduces the network load. It is
widely applied in such fields as real-time data transfer,
multimedia conference, data copy, game and simulation.
Copyright © 2016 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Know what is multicast and multicast address structure
 Know the forwarding flow of multicast
 Know the relevant concepts of source tree and shared tree
Contents
1. Introduction to Multicast
2. Multicast Address Structure
3. Multicast Basic Principle
4. Multicast Data Forwarding
Contents
Unicast
Receiver A
Source
User B
Receiver C
Send to A
Send to C
Broadcast
Receiver A
Source
User B
Receiver C
Send to all
Definition of Multicast
Multicast group
member
Receiver A
Source User B
Receiver C
Multicast router
Advantage and Application of
Multicast
 Advantage：
 Enhanced efficiency: Reduce network traffic and relieve the
burden on servers and CPU.
 Optimized performance: Decrease traffic redundancy, save
bandwidth, reduce network load.
 Distributed applications: Make multipoint applications possible
 Application：
 Multimedia
 Communications of the training and corporate sites
 Data storehouse ,financial application (stocks)
 Any “Single to Multiple” data release application
Disadvantage of Multicast
 Multicast is based on UDP
 Best effort
 No congestion avoidance mechanism
 Packet repetition
 Packet disorder
Contents
Multicast IP Address
 One multicast group has an IP address, the IP does not
indicate a specific host but a set of systems. When a host
joins a multicast group, it indicates that it receives the
packets with destination of the IP address.
 IP multicast group address

 224.0.0.0–239.255.255.255
 “D” type address space
 Four high bits of first byte is = “1110”
Multicast IP Models
 ASM（Any-Source Multicast）
 SFM（Source-Filtered
Multicast）
 SSM（Source-Specific
Multicast）
Multicast IP Address Classification
 Permanent group address
 Multicast address reserved by IANA for routing protocol, is used to
identify a set of specified network devices (reserved multicast group)
 224.0.0.5 OSPF router
 Permanent group address does not change , but the member

quantity can be arbitrary, even 0.
 Temporary group address

 IP address assigned for user multicast group temporary, once there
is no member in the group, the IP address for the multicast group is
cancelled.
Multicast IP Address Classification
 Reserved Link Local Address
 Reserved address 224.0.0.0
 Used by routing protocols and topology search and
maintenance protocols
224.0.0.1－224.0.0.255
 Globally Scoped Address
 User multicast address 224.0.1.0－238.255.255.255
 GLOP address 233.0.0.0－233.255.255.255
 Administratively Scope Address
239.0.0.0－239.255.255.255
Multicast MAC Address
 Difference between MAC multicast address and MAC
unicast address
XXXX XXX1 XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX
Multicast MAC address. The last bit of the first byte is 1
XXXX XXX0 XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX
Unicast MAC address. The last bit of the first byte is 0
 For Ethernet, the IP multicast frame uses the MAC layer

address starting with the 24-bit prefix of
0x0100.5Exx.xxxx.
Mapping from IP Address to
MAC Address
 It is necessary to map the multicast IP address to the multicast MAC
address
 Use the remained 23 bits of MAC address space as the mapping for the
layer 3 IP multicast address entering the layer 2 MAC address.
1110 XXXX.X XXX XXXX.XXXX XXXX.XXXX XXXX
5Bits 23Bits
Lost
01--00--5E--0XXX XXXX.XXXX XXXX.XXXX XXXX

23Bits
Problem Caused by Mapping
 There is a problem that 32:1 address is ambiguous when
layer 3 IP address is mapped to the layer 2 MAC address.
32 – IP multicast address
224.1.1.1
224.129.1.1
225.1.1.1
225.129.1.1 Same multicast MAC address
.
. 0x0100.5E01.0101
.
238.1.1.1
238.129.1.1
239.1.1.1
239.129.1.1
Contents
Multicast Correlative Protocol
 Multicast protocol includes multicast management protocol
for host registration and multicast routing protocol for
selecting route and forwarding.
User AS100 AS200
User
MSDP/
MBGP PIM
IGMP
PIM
IGMP
User
Source
Multicast Distribution Tree
 What is Multicast distribution tree?
 Describe the path passed by IP multicast packets in the
network.
 The multicast distribution tree has two basic types:

 Source path tree
 It takes multicast source as root and collects all the shortest paths
from multicast source to receivers to construct the forwarding tree.
 Shared tree
 It uses the separate common root on some node of the network;
this root is also called Rendezvous Point (RP) or core node, so
shared tree can be called RPT, too.
Source Path Tree
 Establish a separate SPT between each multicast source
and receiver.
Source S1
Source S2
A B D F
multicast route
item
C E  (S, G), iif, oiflist
 S source address
 G group address
Receiver R1 Receiver R2  iif in interface
 oiflist out interface
list
Shared Tree
 There is only one tree relevant to a certain group in the
network.
Source S1
Source S2
A B D (RP) F Multicast
route item
 (*, G), iif, oiflist
(RP) PIM
C E  * any source address
RPT  G group address
SPT  iif in interface
 oiflist out interface list
Receiver R1 ReceiverR2
Comparison of the Two Distribution
Trees
 Source path tree (SPT)
 Occupy memory more O(S x G), optimal path, least delay
 Shared tree (RPT)

 Occupy memory less O(G), not optimal path, extra delay
Contents
Multicast Data Forwarding
 Multicast route and unicast route are contrary to
each other.
 The unicast route concerns where the data goes.
 The multicast route concerns where the data comes.
 The multicast route uses the

Reverse Path Forwarding
(RPF) mechanism.
Reverse Path Forwarding
 What is RPF?
 After the router receives multicast data packet, it will make
sure that it is received from the interface which is the egress
from itself to multicast source, and then forward the packet;
otherwise, discard it.
 RPF detection
 In the unicast route table, search the route of the multicast
packet source address
 If the egress of this route is the ingress of this packet, RPF
succeeds
 If RPF fails, discard packet
RPF Example
RTD
Source
151.10.3.21
S0
RTE
RPF detection fails
packet is received from
wrong interface
Multicast packet
Multicast Forwarding RPF Example
(1/2)
Multicast packet sent
by Source 151.10.3.21
X
S0
S1 S2
RPF detection fails
E0
unicast routing table
network interface
151.10.0.0/16 S1
S1 Packet is not received from right interface
198.14.32.0/24 S0
204.1.16.0/24 E0 Discard packet !!
Multicast Forwarding RPF Example
(2/2)
Multicast packet sent

by Source 151.10.3.21
S0
S1 S2
RPF detection succeeds!
E0
unicast routing table
network interface
151.10.0.0/16 S1 Packet is received from right interface!
198.14.32.0/24 S0
204.1.16.0/24 E0 Forward from all the egress!!
Questions
 What is multicast?
 What is multicast address structure?
 What is multicast correlative protocol?
 What is multicast distribution tree and the types?
 What is RPF principle?
Thank you
www.huawei.com

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IP Multicast

Copyright © 2016 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 Know the forwarding flow of multicast

 Know the relevant concepts of source tree and shared tree

2. Multicast Address Structure

3. Multicast Basic Principle

4. Multicast Data Forwarding

2. Multicast Address Structure

3. Multicast Basic Principle

4. Multicast Data Forwarding

 No congestion avoidance mechanism

2. Multicast Address Structure

3. Multicast Basic Principle

4. Multicast Data Forwarding

 IP multicast group address

 Permanent group address does not change , but the member

 Temporary group address

Multicast MAC address. The last bit of the first byte is 1

Unicast MAC address. The last bit of the first byte is 0

 For Ethernet, the IP multicast frame uses the MAC layer

1110 XXXX.X XXX XXXX.XXXX XXXX.XXXX XXXX

01--00--5E--0XXX XXXX.XXXX XXXX.XXXX XXXX

2. Multicast Address Structure

3. Multicast Basic Principle

4. Multicast Data Forwarding

 The multicast distribution tree has two basic types:

 Shared tree (RPT)

2. Multicast Address Structure

3. Multicast Basic Principle

4. Multicast Data Forwarding

 The multicast route uses the

Multicast packet sent

 What is multicast address structure?

 What is multicast correlative protocol?

 What is multicast distribution tree and the types?

 What is RPF principle?

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