Look at the picture. Yudi is showing something. What is it?

Is it a notice, announcement,
letter or story? That’s right, Yudi is showing a letter. He received it from his new pen friend,
Rizaldi, who lives in Makassar
People send personal letters in order to communicate their interests or share their
experiences. Definitely, writing letters requires knowledge because letters must be written
 precisely and clearly.
In this chapter you- will learn how to understand the messages of letters and write letters
about personal and other people’s activities. Please read the letters and do all the exercises
thoroughly.
  Task 1

 Read the following letter aloud.

What is the letter about?

Sari Handayani
Jalan Kahuripan
 No. 4 Jogjakarta
January 25, 2018 Dear Daddy,
I am alright here, Dad. My friends at the boarding house are very good and caring. This
makes me feel like at home.
Daddy, I am writing this letter to tell you about my next month's tour to Mount Bromo. I
have to pay the fees and buy some equipment for the trip. Besides, I have to make a short
movie about the trip as report which definitely will cost much. Therefore, please transfer me at
least Rp300,000.00 before the second week of next month.
I know this extra expenses will trouble you, but it’s very necessary for my studies. I hope
you understand. My regards to loving mother and cute brother Guruh.
I am waiting for your reply.
Yours affectionately,

Sari

 Supporting Feature
 Short Functional Text
Personal Letters
Personal letters are letters you write to people you have already known weil or been familiar
with, such as family members, friends, classmates or pen friends. The topics of personal letters
can be various, but mostly something that interests both the sender and receiver/recipient. For
example; news about family, friends, school and hobbies. The topics can also be aljout
interesting and exciting activities, such as holidays, birthdays, carnivals, night fares, school
camps and achievements.
As the name implies, personal letters can be written conversationally. So, it doesn’t strictly
follow formal and guarded letters. However, you should remember one thing when you write
 personal letters. You should ask the letter receivers about what they have been doing and what
have been happening in their lives.
Here are the steps and the template you can follow when writing personal letters.
1. Write your name and address on the top right-hand corner of the page. It is important to do
this, because the receiver usually throws away the envelope. So, the receiver will always
have your address and will be able to reply to you.
2. Write the date on which you are writing your letter on the left-hand side of the letter.
3. Write your greeting under the date. It is acceptable to be informal, such as “Dear”, “Hi” or
“Hello”.
4. Write the content of your letter after the date. Write anything you would like the receiver
need to know and to read.
5. End your letter by signing off and say
say “Your friend”, “Big hug”, “Cheers”, “See you” or just
as simple as “From”.
6. Sign or write your name under the sign-off.
7. Occasionally, you need to add an extra message in your letter, you can use a postscript (PS).
This is written underneath your name at the bottom of your letter.
  Task 1

 Read the following letter aloud.

What is the letter about?

Sari Handayani
Jalan Kahuripan
 No. 4 Jogjakarta
January 25, 2018 Dear Daddy,
I am alright here, Dad. My friends at the boarding house are very good and caring. This
makes me feel like at home.
Daddy, I am writing this letter to tell you about my next month's tour to Mount Bromo. I
have to pay the fees and buy some equipment for the trip. Besides, I have to make a short
movie about the trip as report which definitely will cost much. Therefore, please transfer me at
least Rp300,000.00 before the second week of next month.
I know this extra expenses will trouble you, but it’s very necessary for my studies. I hope
you understand. My regards to loving mother and cute brother Guruh.
I am waiting for your reply.
Yours affectionately,

Sari

 Supporting Feature
 Short Functional Text
Personal Letters
Personal letters are letters you write to people you have already known weil or been familiar
with, such as family members, friends, classmates or pen friends. The topics of personal letters
can be various, but mostly something that interests both the sender and receiver/recipient. For
example; news about family, friends, school and hobbies. The topics can also be aljout
interesting and exciting activities, such as holidays, birthdays, carnivals, night fares, school
camps and achievements.
As the name implies, personal letters can be written conversationally. So, it doesn’t strictly
follow formal and guarded letters. However, you should remember one thing when you write
 personal letters. You should ask the letter receivers about what they have been doing and what
have been happening in their lives.
Here are the steps and the template you can follow when writing personal letters.
1. Write your name and address on the top right-hand corner of the page. It is important to do
this, because the receiver usually throws away the envelope. So, the receiver will always
have your address and will be able to reply to you.
2. Write the date on which you are writing your letter on the left-hand side of the letter.
3. Write your greeting under the date. It is acceptable to be informal, such as “Dear”, “Hi” or
“Hello”.
4. Write the content of your letter after the date. Write anything you would like the receiver
need to know and to read.
5. End your letter by signing off and say
say “Your friend”, “Big hug”, “Cheers”, “See you” or just
as simple as “From”.
6. Sign or write your name under the sign-off.
7. Occasionally, you need to add an extra message in your letter, you can use a postscript (PS).
This is written underneath your name at the bottom of your letter.
  Template :

Your name

Your address

The date
,
Your greeting

The content of
your letter

Your farewall ,

Your name

Postscript

Here are many types of personal letters.

 Family letter: written to family members to share recent news.
 Pen friend/pen pal letter: written to a pen friend to.
 Fan mails: written to someone you idolise or admire.
 Holiday/Celebration letter
 Farewell letter: written to say goodbye and good luck to someone who is moving interstate
or overseas, or changing schools.
 Get well letter: written to wish someone a speedy recovery from illness.
 Condolence letter: written to show sympathy, usually for the death of someone close to the
recipient. You might wish them strength through their grief, say you are sorry for their loss,
or share fond memories of the person they have lost.
 Congratulations letter: written to congratulate someone on his/her birth, wedding,
achievement or award.
 Thank you letter: written to show your appreciation/gratitude to someone.
 Log onto the website
If you want to learn more about personal letters, you may log onto
o nto https://goo.gl/KzulGq
https://goo.gl/KzulGq..
Please read the explanation and tips. Then, try to write a personal letter to your friend.
 Let’s Look for Literature
 please the folloeing book to develop your skills.
Wulandari. 2009.  A Series of Functional Texts, Let ’ 
’ s  Write Letters (Ayo Menulis Surat).
Bandung: Pakar Raya.
Read the book and make a summary. Use the knowledge in your life.

TASK 2
 Answer the following questions based on the letter in TAKS 1.
1. Who is the card addressed to ?
2. What is the purpose of sending the letter ?
3. What will the writer do next month ?
4. “I know this extra expenses will trouble you, but it’s very necessary for my
studies.”(Paragraph 3)
 What is the synonym of the underline word ?
5. When doea Sari expect to receive the money ?

 TASK 3
 Read the letter and listen to the questions.
 Answer the quetions in truns.

January 4, 2018 Hi Tio,

How are you? I understand if you feel upset with me because I am very late in replying your
letter. I am very busy lately. Please forgive me.
You know I’m in Yogyakarta right now for a seminar. Yogyakarta is a really beautiful place
 beyond imagination. I am writing to you from the.hotel restaurant while enjoying my breakfast.
For your information, the seminar will start at 8 a.m. today, and it’s 6:30 a.m. now, so I still have
much time to contact you
Yesterday I landed in Yogyakarta at 11 a.m. and the hotel’s check -in time is at 2 p.m.
Luckily, the hotel where I’ve been staying is located on Jalan Malioboro, so I spent my in-
 between time to browse Jalan Malioboro as it is my first visit here. The place is awesome. Nice
 people offer their goods and greet passers-by to buy their goods warmly. Once I stopped at a
vendor who sold T-shirts. I bought many as souvenirs and for myself. I also bought an excellent
 but nice watch and bracellet made from beads. I also enjoyed traditional food here for lunch. It
was delicious with very affordable prices.
For your information, I will be in Yogyakarta for three days and I wish I have time to visit
many interesting places here, such as the Sultan Palace, museums and beaches, before returning
to Padang. I wish you were here with me; it would have been much more fun.
Tio, I got to go now as it’s already 7:10 a.m. I have to prepare the materials for the seminar.
I will see you soon.
By for now.
Raya
P.S. I have bought souvenirs for you, Aunt Donna and Uncle Rizky!
 TASK 4
What are the meanings of the following words ?
You will hear them in the letter in TASK 5
1. curiouos = 2. adventure =
3. to welcome = 4. to exchange =
5. to forward = 6. perhaps =
7. to get in touch = 8. a way =
9. rather far = 10. to manage =

 TASK 5
 Listen and complete the following letter based on what you have heard.
 Read your work aloud .

Good morning, Pak Bima.

Wow, that’s (1) knowing that your daughter is studying in the
University of Twente! it (2) very happy.
Twente is rather far from Amsterdam. (3) , but I’d love to meet
her . I’m sure we can (4) . i’d like very much to (5) ,
so maybe we can (6) addresses to get in touch. If that’s
O.K. with you. Perhaps you can (7) my email address to her, and/or
let me know hers, then we can contact each other and see if there’s a way that we can meet.
So nice!
(8) . What is she studying? How did you (9) this
happen?
It must be a great adventure too, right?
Let me know and I hope I might say ‘Welcome in Holland’ to your daughter soon.
Thanks for (10) .
 Bye for now,
caroline
 TASK 6
Answer the following questions based on the letter in TASK 5, orally
1. Who wrote the letter?.
2. Where did the writer send the letter from?
3. Who received the letter?
4. How did the writer feel when writing the letter?
5. Who is studying in Holland?
6. Where does the person study?
7. What is the writer eager to do?
8. What should the receiver do after reading the letter?
9. What would the writer like to know about?
10. “Let me know and I hope I might say ‘Welcome in Holland’ to ....”
Who does‘me’refer to?
 TASK 7 
 Read the expressions.
What is the purpose of each expression?
One has been done for you.
 No Expression Purpose
1 OMG! You’ll never think what I’ve got! Delivering good news
2 I’m so sorry that I can’t attend your graduation party.
3 I wonder if I could ask you a favor.
Could you pick me up from Syamsudin Noor Airport?
4 I’m extremely sorry to hear that you failed in the writing
contest.
5 I am very excited that finally you can continue your
studies abroad.
6 Words are not enough to erase the pain I have given you.
I’d like to say how sorry I am.
7 I think you should treat your friends kindly.
8 I hope it’s not too much to ask you to resend your
 proposal, thank you.
9 I am happy beyond limits to tell you that our school has
won four gold medals in the 2018 Interstudent Athletic
Championship.
10 It is very kind of you to become our major sponsor.

 TASK 8
There are several mistakes (grammatical as well as typing) in the following letter.
Underline the mistakes and then rewrite the letter properly.

Bima
Jalan Pandawa
 No. 2 Denpasar

February 6, 2018
Good morning, Bu Caroline. It’s 3 a.m. and very cold in Holland when I writing this letter.
Right? Thanks for your reply. She has complete her undergraduate studies in Mathematics
from Gadjah Mada University and is eager to cunduct math researches (let’s say applied
mathematics, if I’m not mistake).
Talking about what I have done for her, frankly I don’t know exactly what I done. I just
keep supporting her, Bu Caroline. Besides, her counsellor in UGM has also motivated her to
 continue her studies abroad. She then searched for any institutions which sincerly offered a full
scholarship. After months passed by, she received a scholarship from Orange Tulip Scholarship
and I asked her receive it though it would only run for a year (the scholarship may be extended
for the following year if her marks are high enough — 
I hope she can do it).
Yes, exactly. Studying in Holland is her new experiense as well as it is her first travel
abroad. She landed in Holland few weeks ago. She has just had a university tour and she has
already had lots of work to do from the university. She event has to go to Utrecht next Monday
to attend a lecture there. This will also be an exciting trip, since she has to go by train of which
will take 2 hours.
It’s my pleasure to give her your email adress. Hopefully, she can meet you one day. Bu
Carolina, thank you for your warm response. It is so touching.
Well, it’s enough for today, thank you.

Regards,
Bima

 TASK 9
Choose A, B, C, D, or E for the correct answer.
The following letter is for question 1 to 4.

Rosenawati
Jalan Jendral
Sudirman Papua
January 4, 2018
Dear Eko,

I’m happy and very grateful hearing that you finally won the gold medal in the 2018
International Pencak Silat Championship. Congratulations! You’re a really talented student.
I’m so sorry I couldn’t attend your victory celebration party two days ago. Sorry that I
didn’t contact you for my absence. Actually I’d like to, but I had left for Jakarta to attend the
 National Student Summit Meeting the day before. I just landed in Papua this morning.
I do hope you can defend and even improve your achievement in the similar competition
next year.
I look forward to hearing from you.

Rosenawati
 Attitude
Please ask for an apology when you can’t accept an invitation. Express your apology
sincerely
1. What is the purpose of the letter? 3. “I’m so sorry I couldn’t attend your
 A. Inviting victory
B. Suggesting..
celebration party two days ago.”
C. Congratulating.
(Paragraph 2)
D. Asking for help
The underlined word can be replaced
E. Sharing good news
 by
 A. Greatness
B. Triumph
C. Glory
 D. Honor
E. Award
2. Why did the writer not attend the party? 4. How might Eko feel to know that
 A. She had to meet a student from Rosenawati was absent ?
Jakarta.  A. Bored
B.  No one accompanied her to attend B. Exhausted
the party. C. Disappointed
C. She did not know that Eko won the D. Determined
competiton
E. Frightened
D. She had to attend an important event
in Jakarta.
E. She had to participate in a sports
competition
The following letter is questions 5 to 7
 Nisa Putri
Jalan Gajah
East Java
Fabruary 12, 2018
Dear Ni Ayu Anjani,
How’s life with you? I hope everything is O.K.
Anyway, I’m writing this letter to confirm your invitation. You told me that I can visit you
whenever I come to Bali. I happily accept your invitation.
Well, I plan to spend my holiday in Bali this weekend. It would be exciting to be in Bali
again, it would be fun to meet your friends Nyoman Dirga, Kadek Nilamwati, Ketut Widagda
and your parents and sister, Juwita.
Please send my best regards to your family and friends that I miss them so much.
I look forward to your reply soon.
By for now,

 Nisa

5. What is the letter about? 7. “Please send my best regards to your

 A. Asking for confirmation.
family and friends that I miss them so
much.” (Paragraph 4) The underlined
B. Giving information word has similar meaning to
C. Sharing information A. wait for
D. Giving confirmation
B. remember
C. need
E. Inviting a friend D. recognize
E. need yearn for
6. From the letter, it can be concluded that
 A.  Ni Ayu Anjani will let Nisa spend
his holiday in her place
B.  Nisa and his family will move to
Bali this weekend
C. this will become Nisa’s first visit to
Bali
D. Anjani’s parents have never met
 Nisa before
E. the leter was written by Anjani for
her friend
The following letter is for question 8 to 10.
Rama
Jalan Gunung Lawu
Bekasi
March 21,2018
Dear Mr. Bob,
I would like to thank you for all you have done to entertain the entire family over the past
holiday season.
I know that you organize this gathering because you enjoy doing it and love to have
everyone get together at your place. Herewith the letter, I only want to make sure that you
understand how much the rest of us appreciate everything you have done to make these get-
togethers happen.
Having helped Rahayu organize a few much smaller social gatherings over the years, I know
how much work is involved. I realize how much planning and preparation you must have to do
each and every year so that the entire family has a happy and fun holiday. It’s really amazing,
that you are able to do such a great job, year after yearl
So Mr. Bob, on behalf of my family, I’d like to express my sincere gratitude to you for all
that you have done to assemble and entertain us during the holiday season. You are the really
glue that holds us together! I hope we can work together again in the future.
With admiration

Rama

8. why does Rama write the letter ? 10. “I know that you organize this gathering
A. to express his gratitude  because you enjoy doing it and .... !”
B. to compliment Mr. Bob (Paragraph 4)
C. to invite his family The word “it” refers to
D. to admire Mr. Bob A. The entire family
E. To make an appointment B. The holiday season
C. Arrange the event
D. The family gathering
E. Your place

9. What is Rama feeling to find out Mr.

Bob’s job ?
A. Amused
B. Cheerful
C. Doubtful
D. Surprised
E. Salute

 TASK 10
 Fill in the blanks with the suitable words from the box.

a. appreciate b. some time ‘ c. help d. thank you e. senseless

f. delivered g. mourned h. accept i. shameful j. friends
k. arrangements l. coordinate
 Ami Bahar
Jalan Majapahit
Banten
January 15, 2018
Dear Gading and Larasati:

On behalf of the Bahar family I would like to (1) for your unf agging support
and kind condolences in recent weeks as we (2) the tragic loss of Mr. Suteja, my
husband’s father.
Without wonderful (3) like you to spend time with us and
(4) us with daily tasks,
it would have been much more difficult for us to suffer through this very difficult period. I
especially (5) the numerous meals that you have prepared and (6) to us. You
can’t imagine how helpful this was for me and my husband as we tried to focus Mr. Suteja’s
funeral (7)
As you will understand, it is going to take (8) before our family can get back to
normal after this (9) tragedy. So, please don’t take our lack of contact during this
 period as. any more than us taking the time we need to try to get back to some semblance of a
norma! life.
Please (10) our heartfelt thanks for all that you have done.

Sincerely grateful,

Arni Bahar

Adopted from: http://www.writinghelprcentral.com/letter-of-thanks.html (September 2, 2017)

 TASK 11
complete the following statements based on the letter in TASK 10.
1. The letter was written by ............................
2. The letter was sent to ...............................
3. The purpose of writing the letter is ........................
4. The writer regards the receivers........................................................... people
5. The write feels................................................... to have friends like the receivers of the
letter.

 TASK 12
 Rewrite the following paragraphs to from a meaningful letter.

Also, please tell the children how terribly devastated all of us are here at the
company due to their father’s tragic passing.

Denis
Jalan Halmahera
Maluku

Please let me express my deepest sympathies to you and the children. I was shocked
and shattered when I heard about Frank’s horrific accident. I can’t even imagine what
you have been going through for the past ten days

II trust
trust that,
that,when
whenthe
thechildren
children are
are older,
older, they
they willwill be made
be made aware
aware of what
of what an
an outstanding
person Frankperson
outstanding was in his professional
Frank life.professional life.
was in his
 January 19, 2018

Sabrina, please feel free to contact me if I can help in any way while you are going
through this very difficult period. I will support you in any way that I can should you
reach out to me

Dear Sabrina,

Sincere sympathy,

Denis

As you know, Frank and I have been colleagues and friends for the past eight
years. His tragic loss leaves a terrible void in our office. He was so well-liked and
respected by everyone who came into contact with him, both colleagues and clients
alike. He had tremendous people skills, and as such, was a role model in our
company and the industry at large.
Adopted from: http://www.writinghelp-central.com/letter-of-sympathy.html (September 2, 2017)

 TASK 13
 Read the following letter aloud.
Write a reply.
Caroline
Amsterdam
February 10, 2017
Good day, Pak Bima,
Happily not too cold yet, at least from a Dutch perspective! Yesterday nice weather, lots of
sunshine (and a beautiful full moon at night, meaning no clouds), but today very rainy, quite
unusual, about 15°C, not too bad. Certainly no tropical temperature!
Thank you so much for your letter. It’s good to hear from you (also it’s very well written,
my compliments). Judging from what I read, I think your daughter might just be doing exactly
the right thing. She likes math, she likes research and perhaps the distance between study (here)
and family (there) gives her even more motivation. I think it’s very exciting, for her and f or you
too, and I also think it’s very good of you to support her in this ‘adventure’ that in itself deserves
a lot of respect.
Yeah, so maybe it will be possible to meet up with your daughter, at least to say hello.
I work in an elementary school, here in Amsterdam, and because the new school year has
only just started, there is a lot of work to manage. I feel very fortunate that I’m doing it!
Anyway ... so who knows, perhaps we can meet, we’ll see.
My best regards, take care.
See you,

Caroline
 TASK 14
Work in pairs.
 Ask and answer questions about the following letter, in turns

Riyadi
Perum Indah Sejati No. 2
Serang
January 20, 2018
My wife. Tiara,
Loving you makes me so lucky.
There are so many reasons why I love you.
The little things you do, the simple gestures you make, the feelings and thoughts that you
share with me. I adore the way you look, the way you move and your infectious smile.
There are so many things to love about you!
Do you know I love it when you daydream and you think no one is watching?
Do you know I love the way your eyes sparkle when you tell a funny story?
Do you know that I love the shape of your cheeks?
Do you know I love to watch you sleep?
I could go on and on.
It’s important to me that you know that I love you— and how much I love you.
So whatever it is that you are doing, thinking or saying, as you go about your day — know
that I am there with you, loving you.

Much love

Riyadi

 TASK 15
Work in pairs.
Create dialogs based the following situations, then perform the dialogs.
1. You and your friend have decided to write a letter to your pen friend to ask for his
confirmation if he/she really visits you next S unday
Discuss what you want to write about
2. You and your friend are going to a camp to spend your weekend.
You and your friend invite your playmates.
Discuss what you want to write about.
 TASK 16
Write suitable letters based on the dialogs you have created in TASK 15
Read your work aloud

 TASK 17
 Homework
Write a gratitude letter for your close friend as he/she has accompanied you during a hard
time. Share your work with the class.
Write new words and their meanings which you have learned in this chapter

 Learning Experience
Write about your experience learning this chapter
Write about your feelings, how you learned, what you liked and didn’t like, etc.
  My New Word
Write new words and their meanings which you have learned in this chapter.

 Summary Mapping

 .................................... 1. ...................................
 .................................... 2. ...................................
 .................................... 3. ...................................
 .................................... Types Elements 4. ...................................
Personal Letters 5. ...................................
 ....................................
 .................................... 6. ...................................
 .................................... 7. ...................................
 ....................................

 Assessment
I. Choose A, B , C, D or E for the correct answer.
A. Listening Section
1. A. To ask for a favor 4. A. Rainy.
B. To deliver good news B. Cloudy.
C. To show sympathy. C. Sunny.
D. To express gratitude. D. Very hot.
E. Windy.
E. To motivate a person

2. A. At dawn. 5. A. Mr. Bima will meet Mrs.

B. At noon Caroline soon.
C. In the late afternoon B. It is going to be summer in
D. In the evening Holland.
E. In the midnight C. Mrs. Caroline will send an email
to Mr. Bima
D. People at the university live so
individualistic
E. Mr. Bima’s daughter should wear
thick ' clothes when going
outside.
3. A. TO send her email address to Mr.
Bima’s daughter.
F. To understand Mr. Bima’s
daughter situation.
G. To meet Mr. Bima’s daughter
soon.
H. To meet Mr. Bima’s family
immediately
I. To receive Mr. Bima’s
daughter’s email address. This is the end of the listening section.
 B. Reading Section
The following letter is for questions 6 to 10.
Caroline
Amsterdam
March 2, 2018 Dear Pak Bima,
As always, my pleasure to receive your mail, Pak Bima! Please don’t hesitate.
Right now I’m in a hurry (going out to have dinner at a friend’s house), but just before I go,
I’d like to forward you a weblink: it turns out there are 5 shops in the city of Enschede, where
the campus of University of Twente is located. Those are specialized in selling Indonesian/Asian
food stuff. No, not a market, but a shop where we can buy Indonesian spices and ingredients
(like soy sauce, hot chilli, coconut milk, cooking oil, etc.). Most of these shops, that we call toko,
or Indische toko, usually also sell few ready made foods.
Let me tell you. Perhaps one of the toko  mentioned on this webpage is near where your
daughter is staying. Otherwise, she needs to check them out. She has a bicycle, doesn’t she?.
Even I visit an Indonesian toko  every now-and-then (it’s not near my house J need to ride my
 bicycle to get there) and I often buy tea (teh Jawa) there, soy sauce~or other spices (daun salam,
daun jeruk purut).
So check this out, and maybe forward this information to your daughter: Toko Enschede -
tokogids.nl. Good luck!

Bye for now,

Caroline

6. What is the purpose of the letter? 9. “Please don’t hesitate.” (Paragraph 1)

A. To give information. The underlined word has a similar meaning
B. To wish a good luck. to.........................
C. To offer suggestions.
D. To congratulate a person. A. Adapt
E. To describe a certain place B. consent
C. doubt
D. dislike
E. worry
7. How did Mrs. Caroline write the letter?
A. Carefully.
B. Openly.
C.  Neatly.
D. Swiftly,
E. E. Fairly.
8. Why does Mrs. Caroline asks Mr. Bima if 10. From the letter we can see that Mrs.
his Caroline is
daughter has a bicycle? A. very wise
A. Mr. Bima would like to buy a bicycle B. so honest
for his daughter. C. very gentle
B. Mrs. Caroline would like to invite his D. very concerned
daughter to sightsee the town. E. very patient
C. There are many kind of public
transportation available to reach the
shops to his daughter to go to the shop.
D. Mrs. Caroline would like to lend her
 bicycle
E. Mr. Bima’s daughter needs to reach the
shops that may be far from her
 boarding house.
The following letter is for questions 11 to 15

I Gede Sudarta (Tara)

Jalan Garuda Sakti
Tabanan, Bali
January 28, 2018
Dear David,
All the best to you for the New Year! How are things going in the Land of the Rising Sun? I
must say,
I really envy you getting that Tokyo gig with the company. Somehow they overlooked me on
that one and I am forced to slug it out here.
I heard through the breeze that business is going well there. Rumor has it that you guys are
 just about to close a big deal with the government for an M-750 Simulator. GreaLnewsLGood
for the company end good for you. Keep up the great work!
Did you hear about Margie Bronson suddenly leaving the company just before year-end? It
was a bit of a shock to say the least. She gave one week’s notice and was gone. Nobody knows
for sure what’s up with her, but rumors have been flying fast and furious that she went through a
 bit of a personal meltdown and has now gone underground to lick her wounds for a while. There
could be some truth to that since her long time relationship ended recently and three months ago
she was passed over for that director position that was up for grabs. I’ll keep you posted when
we find out more.
As for me, I am quite busy these days on the Branscombe Systems Project. We are entering
Phase Two now, and that is expected to run for three years, at least. Frank Schindler is Senior
Project Manager and I am Team Leader of the Embedded Systems Group. I am enjoying it so
far. Whether I’ll feel the same way in three years, I’m not sure. By then I might be ready to join
you in Japan.
I’m still kicking butt in the squash court and am managing to get in two or three matches per
week. What about squash in Japan? Have you been able to play any over there? Are there even
any squash courts? I suppose since you are in Tokyo, there must be some. Let me know.
I have to go now and attend to family duties. Jonathon needs some help with his homework
and Angie wants me to fix something in the kitchen. You single guys traveling the world sure are
lucky!
Keep me posted whenever you can. I really enjoy receiving your letters and getting the
details of your life in Japan.
Your buddy,
Tara

Adopted from: http://www.writinghelp-central.com/friendly-letter-sample.html (September 2. 2017)

11. Where is Tara writing the letter? 13. Keep up the great work!” (Paragraph 2)
A. At home. What does Tara express ?
B. In Tokyo. A. He motivates his friend.
C. In his office. - B. He compliments his friend.
D. At the park C. He asks his friends to do his best.
E. In David’s room D. He asks his friends not to delay his job.
E. He entertains his friends for his hard
days
12. Where is David? 14. “I must say, I really envy you getting that
A. In France Tokyo gig with the company.” (Paragraph 1)
B. In Indonesia The underlined word may be best replaced
C. In England  by ............
D. In Japan. A.  job
E.  No one knows B.  joke
C. chance
D. attitude
E. achievement
 15. From the letter, we can infer that
............
A. Tara is a new comer in the company
B. Tara will only work for three years
C. David is a skillful worker
D. David is a Japanese
E. Tara is in Japan.
The following letter is for questions 16 to 20
35 Senggigi Raya
Lombok
75009 Nusa Tenggara Timur
January 12, 2014
My dear lovely Siti,
Hello!
How are you, sweetie? I know you are angry with me because I am writing to you after a
long time.
I am so sorry, please forgive me.
You know, we are in Lombok right now. It is so beautiful beyond imagination. I am writing
to you from this really cute little café on the Senggigi Beach. As you know, mom loves
shopping, so she goes and will go for hours. I took a rain check from shopping and decided to
write to you while enjoying my cup of coffee.
You know, yesterday we went to Gili Nanggu Island; it is a beach on the southwest of
Lombok.
The place is awesome. It is so beautiful that I couldn’t believe my eyes. There are beautiful coral
reefs everywhere. We went for snorkeling and we saw the most amazing fish ever. I wish you
were here; it would have been much more fun.
Mom makes sure we don’t miss any sight in the whole city, so we’ve practically been
everywhere.
I have to go, mom is here. I will see you soon.
Lots of love
XOXO

Lana
P.S. I’m bringing you lots of souvenirs and pictures!!

Adopted from: Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Bahasa I nggris SMA/MA /SMK /MA K Kelas XI
E disi Revisi Cetakan Ke-2, Jakarta, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 2017.

16. Where is Lana writing the letter from? 19. The place is awesome." (Paragraph 21
A. The hotel room. The underlined word may be best replaced
B. A spacious shop.  by ...............
C. Senggigi Beach. A. Lively
D. A shopping mall. B. Elegant
E. Gili Nanggu Island. C. Sparkling
D. Magnificent
E. amazing
17. Why did the writer write the letter? 20. From the letter, we can infer that .
A. To give advice. A. Lana and Siti are playing at the beach
B. To thank you. together
C. To share experience. B. Lana is writing a letter while drinking
D. To deliver a good news. tea
E. To apologize C. Lana’s mother usually goes shopping
for a long time
D. Siti is happy because she stays at home
alone
E. Gili Nanggu Island is located on the
west of Lombok
18. What did Lana do to make Siti happy?
A. She accompanied her mother shopping.
B. She bought lots of souvenirs for her.
C. She asked Siti to catch up with her. II. Write a letter to your fr iend for hi s/her
D. She told Siti about Lombok.
E. She didn’t go anywhere
recovery 

 Student Activity
Write a letter of gratitude to your friend who has helped you during a hard time.

 S ourc e: http://www.thayyiba.com_wp-content_uploads_2015_09_13913-kebakaranhutan-kalimantan-tersangka-pembakaran
hutan-kotawaringin-timur, downloaded September 10, 2017

Forest fire often happens in several areas in Indonesia. Do you know the causes of the fire?
It’s not only caused by natural factors such as a long dry season, but also human’s carelessness.
In this case, human awareness to conserve the forest is very important.
The forest fire should be overcome soon since it has many effects. It can cause large
destruction, burn houses near the forest and create smog which is dangerous for people’s health.
The conditions described in the previous paragraphs show cause and effect. Now, in this chapter
you will learn sentences to state causes and effects

 TASK 1
 Read the following dialog.
Then, answer the questions
Jane : Hi, Ray! What are you doing?
Ray : Hi, Jane! I am reading an article on smoking.
Jane : Smoking! Why?
Ray : For presentation in my Science class.
Jane : So what did you learn about smoking?
Ray : Did you know that smoking is one of the main causes of sickness in smokers? For
example: smoking weakens the lungs due to which there is a build up of
 poisonous substances, smoking causes heart attacks, strokes, ulcers.
Jane : Really? It sounds scary.
Ray : It is! if we do not educate people about the effects of smoking, there will be a lot of
 people suffering from these diseases.
Jane : You are right. We have to do it.
Adopted from: Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Bahasa I nggri s SMA /MA /SMK /MA K Kelas XI E disi F tevisi
Cetakan Ke-2,Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, J akarta, 2017
Questions:
1. What are Jane and Ray talking about?
2. What will Ray do during the Science class?
3. What does Ray learn from the article about smoking?
4. Why should people be educated about the effects of smoking?
5. Jane says, “You are right. We have to do it.”
What does ‘it’ refer to?

 TASK 2
Read the following dialog.
What is the dialog about?

Bobby : Dad, I am hungry. Will we drop by a restaurant and have meals?

Mr. Andy : Sure. What food do you want to eat?
Bobby : Fast food.
Mr. Andy : Why don’t we choose another food? Consuming too much fast food is not
good for our health
Bobby : Really?
Mr. Andy : Yeah. It may cause several diseases
Bobby : How can it be?
Mr. Andy : Fast food usually contains substances that stimulate people to eat
continuously. In other words, it is addictive
Bobby : You’re right, Dad. Tommy, my friend, addicts to fast food.
Mr. Andy : Such condition is not good for our health. Fast food contains high calories,
high fat and low fiber.If we eat it every day, it will increase our
ou r weight and
may cause obesity. For matters worse, it may lead to heart attacks
Bobby : Are there other effects, Dad?
Mr. Andy : Yes. A study revealed that eating fast food from
from an early age declines the IQ
Bobby : Really?
Mr. Andy : Yup! It may also lead to Parkinson
P arkinson or Alzheimer’s diseases
Bobby : Wow! We had better limit or even break the habit of consuming fast food

 TASK 3
See the chart showing cause and effect below.
Complete the chart based on the dialog in TASK 2.

 TASK 4
What do the following words mean?
1. to stimulate = 2. To addict =
3. fat = 4. Fiber =
5. weigh = 6. Obesity =
 7. heart attack = 8. To reveal =
9. to decline = 10. To limit =

 TASK 5
Complete the following statements based on the dialog In TASK 2
1. Previously, Bobby wants to have meals in a ......................
2. Mr. Andy doesn’t agree to dr op op by such a restaurant because.................................
3. Fast food is addictive. It means that.................................
4. Fast food contains.......................................
5. Consuming too much fast food will increase our weight. It means that if we consume too
much fast food,we may suffer from.......................................... . .
6. Consuming too much fast food from childhood will decrease....................................
7. Consuming too much fast food may cause diseases, such as.......................................
8. Knowing the effects of eating fast food, people should..............................................

 TASK 6
 Read the following dialogs and pay attention to the words in bold.
Then, answer the questions.
Dialog 1
Anneke : What news are you reading?
Yudi : A volcanic eruption. People living on its slope should be alert because this very
active volcano often erupts suddenly.
Anneke : You are right. They should
should be evacuated to safe places.
Yudi : Yes. The government is busy doing evacuations.
Anneke : Did the people not receive a warning about the eruption before?
before?
Yudi : They did, but they ignored the warning.
Anneke : Why?
Yudi : They had to keep their belongings and animals. Therefore, they were not willing
to evacuate.
Anneke : Anyway, there is a tourist resort on the slope
slope of the mountain. It must be closed
closed
too.
Yudi : Definitely. People should stay at least 10 kilometers away from the top of the
mountain.

Dialog 2
Raka : Sonia, have you visited the town expo?
Sonia : Not yet.
Raka : It is the last day of the fair and there are usually big discounts. Aren’t you
interested in attending it?
Sonia : I am, but I can’t go there. My cousin will be arriving today, so I have to fetch
him from the railway station.
Raka : What time are you going to fetch him?
Sonia : According to the schedule, the train will arrive at four.
Raka : Why don’t you ask him to join after arriving here? He can sightsee this town
while visiting the fair.
Sonia : Do you mean that we go to the fair with his luggage? Oh no, I can’t imagine it.
Raka : Of course not. You return home first, then we go to the fair.
Sonia : O.K., but I will ask him first. I am not sure he will agree since he must be tired

Questions:
1. What do ‘because’, ‘therefore’, ‘so’ and ‘since’ mean?
2. What do the words reflect?
3. What are the functions of the words?
4. Are the words always followed by sentences or noun phrases?
 Supporting Feature
 Grammar
Connectors Showing Cause and Effect
Read the following sentences and pay attention to the words in bold.
1. People living on its slope should be alert because this very active volcano often
erupts suddenly.
2. They have to keep their belongings and animals. Therefore, they are not willing to
evacuate.
3. My cousin will be arriving today, so I have to fetch him from the railway station.
4. I am not sure he will agree since he must be tired.
The words in bold are connectors. The words ‘because’ and ‘since’ are used to
show causes, while the words ‘therefore’ and ‘so’ are used
use d to show effects/results.
 Now, let’s study about called connectors showing cause and effect
1. Connectors Showing Cause
To state causes, we can use several words, such as because, as, since, for.
The words ‘because’, ‘as’, ‘since’, ‘for’ are followed by complete sentences or
clauses.
See the following examples.
 Amelia called her close friend because she missed her.
 Alby goes to school by bus for his bicycle is broken.
Meanwhile, the sentence connectors may be positioned at the beginning of
sentences. In this case, we must use a comma between the clauses.
Examples:
 Because she missed her close friend, Amelia called her.
 Since the biology teacher was sick, Mr. Nando taught the students.
 As the road is being repaired, we have to take another route.

Notes:
 ‘As’ and ‘since’ are very similar. ‘As’ is less formal than ‘since’
 The clauses that start with ‘as’ and 'since' often be gin sentences
 ‘For’ never comes
never comes at the beginning of sentence

2. Connectors Showing Effects/Results

To state effects, we can use several words, such as so, therefore, as a result,
consequently , etc. All of them are followed by complete sentences or clauses. The
word ‘so’ is a coordinating conjunction, while ‘therefore’, ‘as a result’,
‘consequently’ are conjunctive adverbs.

See the difference between them in sentences, as follows.

Conjunctive Adverb
Coordinating Conjunction ('So')
(Therefore', 'Consequently', ‘As a result')
1. The biology teacher was sick, so Mr. 1. The biology teacher was sick.Therefore,
 Nando taught the students. Mr. Nando taught the students.
2. The road is  being repaired, so we have 2. The road is being repaired. Conseque
Consequently
ntly
to take another route. we have to take another route.
3. Maya Is smart and behaves very well, 3. Maya is smart and behaves very well. As
so she is appointed the model student a result, she Is appointed the model
student.

Note:
Connectors showing causes can be placed at the beginning of sentences, but
connectors showing effects/results cannot

 Log onto the website

It you want to learn more about connectors showing cause and effects, you can log onto
https:// goo.gl/veqzaM. Read the explanation and try to make sentences
 TASK 7
Answer the following questions based on the dialogs in TASK 6.
Dialog 1
1. What are they talking about?
2. Why should people be alert?
3. Why did the people not leave their residences right after the warning?
4. How far should people stay away from the top of the mountain?
5. Yudi says, “People living on its slope should be alert...”
6. What is the similar meaning of the underlined word?

Dialog 2
1. Why is Raka interested in visiting the expo?
2. How will Sonia’s cousin travel?
3. Why does Raka ask Sonia’s cousin to join him visiting the expo?
4. What is Sonia’s opinion about Raka’s idea?
5. Sonia says, “Oh no, I can’t imagine it.”
What does the underlined word refer to?

 TASK 8
 Read the following sentences.
 Determine whether the dauses/sentences in bold are the causes or effects
1. The cat broke its leg  because a car hit It.
2. Angga had an accident as he rode his motorcycle very fast.
3. Robin got punishment since he had bad behavior.
4. Sonia overslept. As a result, she was late to school.
5. As the company is bankrupt, the employees are fired
6. Rieke broke a vase in the supermarket. Consequently, she must pay for it.
7. Dona is smart and diligent, so she receives the first rank at school.
8. Cantika is very disappointed since her close friend has betrayed her.
9. The baby is crying loudly  because she is thirsty,
10. Devon Is very skillful at playing basketball. As a result, he is appointed the team captain.

 TASK 9
 Match the causes in column A with their suitable effects in column B
A B
1. Vera forgot to water the flowers a. She spends money to buy cooking recipe
2. Mr. Dewa’s motorcycle was broken  books
3. The students intend to help the victim of  b. She is sick.
an earthquake c. The flowers were withered.
4. Alline is very fond of cooking d. He won the speech contest.
5. Aldo lost his cellular phone e. They collect money and donate it to the
6. The shop assistants are friendly and victims.
helpful f. I’d like to give her a nice gift.
7. Mom is going to celebrate her birthday g. He will buy a new one.
8. Ted will plant several trees in the garden h. He needs a spade or hoe to dig holes.
9. We have to do a group work and submit i. He asked a person to repair it.
it next week  j. Customers like buying goods there.
10. Rendra performed the speech very well k. We gather in Thaya’s house to finish it.

 TASK 10
Write the pairs of sentences in TASK 9 into suitable sentences showing effects.
Use proper sentence connectors
 TASK 11
 Listen to your teacher.
Write the causes and effects in the sentences you have heard

 TASK 12
 Read the following sentences showing causes.
Write the effects based on your own ideas.
Then, combine the causes and effects using suitable sentences connectors.
1. Many fishermen from neighborhood countries catch fish in our sea.
2. Arumi forgot to feed her cat.
3. There was a blackout last night.
4. Gea didn’t wear a jacket or sweater during the camping.
5. The students made their classroom dirty

 TASK 13
 Let’s play a game
Steps:
1. Work in groups of three. Determine who will be Student A, Student B and Student C.
2. The first student, say Student A, states a sentence showing a phenomenon/cause. For
example: Nadine is sick.
3. Student B and Student C listen to the sentence. Student B states a sentence showing the
effect, dealing with Student A’s sentence. For example: She is absent from school.
4. Student C should remember Student A and Student B’s sentences and combine their
sentences using sentence connectors showing cause or effect. For example: Nadine is
sick, so she is absent from school.

 TASK 14
 Read the following dialogs.
 Pay attention to the words in bold.
Then, answer the questions that follow
Dialog 1
Mrs. Doni : Why are you daydreaming?
Mr. Doni : I can’t catch many fish recently. It was due to storms.
Mrs. Doni : I know. The weather is not good and the sea has very big waves
Mr. Doni : I heard that Mr. Anwar’s boat was hit by a big storm last night. Luckily, he
could save himself
Mrs. Doni : Poor him! You should be more careful while sailing. The weather is
unpredictable.
Mr. Doni : You are right. Always pray for me
Mrs. Doni : Sure.

Dialog 2
Mrs. Dewi : Where are you going, Candra?
Candra : Reza’s house, Mom
Mrs. Dewi : Will you drop by Kirana cellular phone kiosk?
Candra : Sure, Mom. What happens with your cellular phone?
Mrs. Dewi : It is broken because of water. Unintentionally I plunged it into a bucket full of
water
Candra : O gosh! I hope it is not seriously damaged
Mrs. Dewi : I hope so
Candra : Why don’t you buy a new one, Mom?
Mrs. Dewi : Let’s see whether it can be repaired. Othe rwise, I will buy a new one

Dialog 3
Bondan : Let’s go to the canteen to have lunch
Esty : I am sorry. I left my pocket money at home
Bondan : Don’t worry
Esty : Why do you say so? Will you treat me?
 Bondan : No. Rizal will treat us thanks to his victory
Esty : Did he win the running competition?
Bondan : Yes. He placed the second and received a sum of money thanks to his hard
 practice. I see
Esty : He prepared for the competition very well

Questions:
1. Do the words ‘due to', 'because of and 'thanks to’ have a similar meaning? What do they
mean?
2. What do the words reflect?
3. What are the functions of the words?
4. Are the words always followed by sentences or noun/noun phrases?
5. Compare the sentence “It is broken because of water." and “It is broken because
unintentionally I plunged it into a bucket full of water.”
Do they show a similar meaning? What is the difference between them?

 Supporting Feature
 Grammar
Because of, Due to, Thanks to
Read the following sentences.
1. It was due to storms.
2. It is broken because of water.
3. Rizal will treat us thanks to his victory.
4. He placed the second and received a sum of money thanks to his hard practice.
The words ‘due to’, ‘because of and ‘thanks to’ are also used to show causes. They
are followed by nouns, noun phrases, pronouns or gerunds.
See the following examples.
 Amelia called her close friend because of missing her.
 Alby’s absence is due to his broken bicycle
 Farah is appointed the model student thanks to her intelligence and good attitude.
The sentence connectors may also be positioned at the beginning of sentences.
Don’t forget to use a comma between the clauses.
Examples:
 Because of missing her close friend, Amelia called her.
 Thanks to her intelligence and good attitude, Farah is appointed the model

Note :
‘Because of and ‘due to’ has a similar meaning, but they are a bit different.
‘Because of is an adverb, while ‘due to’ is an adjective. ‘Because of is
interchangeable with ‘on acoount of, while 'due to’ is interchangeable with ‘caused
 by’
See the following examples
 He lost his way because of the darkness
 His lost way was due to the darkness

 Log onto the Website

If you want to learn more about ‘because of’, ‘due to’, ‘thanks to’, you can log onto
https://goo.gi/MH3xHV.
Read the explanation and try to make sentences.
 TASK 15
 Find the synonyms of the following words in the dialogs in TASK 14.
1. To capture = 2. Nowadays =
3. To understand = 4. Fortunately =
5. Cautinous = 6. Certain =
7. To occur = 8. Accidentally =
9. Destructed = 10. To purchase =

 TASK 16
 Answer the following questions based on the dialogs in TASK 14
Dialog 1
1. What does Mr. Doni do?
2. Why is Mr. Doni unable to catch many
fish?
3. Whose boat was hit by a big storm?
4. What happened to the man whose boat
was hit?
5. Why does Mrs. Doni ask her husband to
 be careful while sailing?
Dialog  2
1. Where"does the dialog take place?
2. Whose cellular phone is broken?
3. Why is the cellular phone broken?
4. What will Candra do on the way to
Reza’s hous?
5. According to Candra, what should Mrs.
Dewi do ?
Dialog 3
1. When does the dialog occur?
2. Where does the dialog take place?
3. Who will pay for the lunch?
4. Why does he treat Bondan and Esty?
5. How could he win the competition?

 TASK 17
Complete the following short dialogs with ‘because’or ‘because of 
Shanty : Where are you going?
Randy : To the futsal  court
Shanty : It seems that you like playing futsal 
Randy : Yeah. I like playing futsal . we only need a small area to play

Seva : Why are you late? We almost miss the train

Miko : I am sorry. I am late overslept
Seva : You should turn on the alarm then
Miko : You are right

Raka : Let’s visit Nadia this afternoon at the hospital

Maya : Is she sick?
Raka : Yes. She is hospitalized _____ dengue fever
Maya : Poor her. Let’s visit her at four this afternoon

Mrs. Tio : You look very tired, dear

Mr. Tio : Yes. I have to work overtime I have to finish my job before the deadline
Mrs. Tio : I know, but don’t work too hard. It’s not good for your health
Mr. Tio : That’s right, dear. Thanks

Ms. Dian : Students, the school will be over earlier today, the teacher’s meeting
Rieke : Yes, Miss
Ms. Dian : Don’t forget to do your work and submit it the day after tomorrow
Rieke : Sure, Miss

 TASK 18
 Read the following sentences
Change the sentence connectors with the words in parentheses
1. The farmer will have a great harvest because there is excessive water, (due to)
2. Erfan overslept since he watched a football match on television until late last night,
 (because of)
3. Many students like Diana as she is friendly and kindhearted. (thanks to)
4. Shanty fell down because the floor was slippery, (because of)
5. Tony is sad since he lost his cat. (due to)

 TASK 19
 Rewrite the sentences in TASK 18 using suitable sentence connectors showing effects

 TASK 20
 Arrange the following words into the meaningful sentences.
 Put the correct punctuation in the sentences
1. abroad-he-her brother-Rika-since-is-often-studying-misses
2. due to-is-Mr. Roy-her achievement-his daughter-proud of
3. is-hanging out-people-very shady-the town park-there-like-so-
4. keeping-is-people-koi-colorful-because-like-it
5. a shelter-Alice-the heavy rain-because of-took
6. due to-a long speech-is-student’s boredom
7. had-a dentist-therefore-Hilmy-he-a toothache-saw
8. the rich man’s-the thieves-as-empty-the house-properties-was-stole
9. their houses-because-many people-inundates-a big flood-being evacuated-are
10. a storm-cancelation-due to-study club’s-the-was

 TASK 21
Complete the following dialogs with suitable clauses/sentences showing cause or effect.
1. Redy : Why don’t you drink your coffee?
 Nala : I think mother forgot to put sugar into my coffee, so ..........................
2. Rara : Why do you like cycling ?
Fredy : I like cycling because .................................. ..
3. Farah : Ujung Kulon is a reservation place for one –  horned rhinoceroses
Kenzi : The government protects one –  horned rhinoceroses as ...............................
4. Hilmy : You have to keep your plants well.
Vika : Of course. I always water them and give them fertilizers. Are a result,................
5. Brandon : It seems that we will have a long dry season
Yardan : Yes. People in several areas lack water for drinking because of .........................
6. Yasmin : How is the result of the math test?
Raffa : The test was difficult and the time was also limited. Consequently,....................
7. Dona : We can’t continue walking. It is raining heavily.
Lesty : The base camp is also still a long way from here, so................................ ..
8. Icha : Sinyal Internet Cafe is always crowded
 Nanda : You’re right. People are fond of browsing the Internet there thanks to...............
9. Brandon: Ouch ... it is very painful
 Nilam : You have a big wound. You have to cover it because................................. ........
10. Fariz : The students will have a flag hoisting ceremony. Therefore, .............................
Bella : Yes. The ceremony will begin in a few minutes.

 TASK 22
Combine the following statements into sentences showing cause or effect, correctly.
Use the connectors in parentheses.
1. Smog covered the town. The flight was postponed, (due to)
2. Mr. Ferry works overtime recently. He has no time to have a holiday with his family,
(consequently)
3. Tania is going to celebrate her birthday. She has asked Terry to decorate her garden,
(because)
4. Mrs. Vika keeps many jewelries in a safety box. She inherits them from her mother,
 (therefore)
5. Many people are on a strike. There is terrible a traffic jam. (because of)

 TASK 23
Complete the following texts with the correct sentence connectors showing cause or effect .
Text 1
Recently, many authorities compete to make city parks (1) ................................they
intend to make their cities green and cool. Parks are beneficial for our environment
(2).................................reducing pollution from vehicles and factory smoke. They can also
maintain the availability of water. (3)..........................................., people will not lack water.
Many people like to hang out in city parks (4)..........................they are shady and
comfortable. They are wide.(5) .................................people usually use them for gathering.
They are also completed with playgrounds,(6) .....................children like to spend time
there.
The government provides city parks with many garbage bins. Notices for keeping
the cleanliness are also l everywhere. Unfortunately, several visitors are still reluctant to
dispose of the garbage into garbage bins. (7) ....................................., rubbish is everywhere.
 Not only that. The parks look dirtier (8) ...........................graffiti on benches, even trees.

Text 2
All students want to receive good scores. (1)........................., they have to study
hard and regularly. However few students cheat (2).............................they intend to receive
good scores without hard efforts. They don’t realize  that cheating will make them worse.
They receive good scores, but they don’t understand the materials they have learned.
Cheating is a bad habit. Students who cheat will not have self-confidence
(3)..............................they only copy the materials. Once a student cheats and the teacher
doesn’t k now, he/she will repeat it. (4)...........................he/she will not be confident enough
to do the test without cheating
For matters worse, students may lose others’ trust (5)  .........................cheating.
Once the teacher reveals tha a student cheats, he/she will not trust him/her anymore.
Actually it’s hard to receive one’s trust, (6)........................... we have to maintain it. We will
 be difficult to regain others’ trust (7)..............................our dishonesty
In conclusion, cheating is a bad behavior and has many negative effects.
(8)................................... students must never do it

 TASK 24
What do the following words mean?

1. Authority =  ___ 2. Beneficial =

3. Availability =  ___ 4. Lack =
5. Reluctant =  ___ 6. To cheat =
7. Trust =  ___ 8. To reveal =
9. Regain =  ___ 10. To avoid =

 TASK 25
 Answer the following questions based on the texts in TASK 23.
Text 1
1. Why do many authorities compete to make city parks?
2. Why do people like to hang out in city parks?
3. What makes children like to play in city parks?
4. Why are city parks dirty?
5. In your opinion, what should people do for city parks?

Text 2
1. What is the text about?
2. What should the students do to receive good scores?
3. Why do several students cheat?
4. How will students who cheat lose their self-confidence?
5. What will happen if the teacher knows that a student cheats?
 TASK 26
 Look at the pictures.
Write suitable sentences showing cause and effect based on the pictures

 TASK 27
 Pay attention to the phenomenon in the following picture.
Write a dialog about the cause and effects of the phenomenon.
Then, perform the dialog with a friend

Source: publisher’s doc.; photographer: Rio K.

 TASK 28
Observe a phenomenon around you.
 Note the cause and effects of the phenomenon.
Then, write them into a text, using sentence connectors showing cause and effect

 Learning Experience
Write about your experience learning this chapter.
Write about your feelings, how you learned, what you liked and didn’t like, etc

 My New Words
Write new words and their meanings which you have learned in this chapter
 Summary Mapping attern: ause + ecause or as s nce + c ause
Examples:
Because, ...........................  Amelia called her close friend because she missed her 
 ........................................................................................
 ........................................................................................
 ........................................................................................
....................................................................

attern:
Examples:
 Amelia called her close friend because of missing her
 .......................................................................................
Because, ...........................  .......................................................................................
 .......................................................................................

Sentence Connectors
Cause and Effect Showing Cause and
Efect

attern: .......................................................................................
Examples:
.........................................  Amelia missed her close friend, so she called her
 ........................................................................................
 ........................................................................................

....................................................................

Pattern:
Examples:
 Amelia missed her close friend. Therefore, she called her 
 ........................................................................................
Therefore, ...........................  ........................................................................................

 Assessment
I. Choose A, B , C , D or E for the correct 7. What will probably happen if students are
answer  permitted to chew gum in a classroom?
A. Listening Section A. They will be irresponsible.
B. Many properties will be broken.
1. A. Cousins. B. Neighbors.
C. Gum will be everywhere in a classroom.
C. Classmates. D. Mother andson.
D. They will focus on their studies.
E. Sister and brother.
E. They will worry about their studies.
2. A. He was sleepy while riding.
The following text Is for questions 8 and 9.
B. He was daydreaming while riding.
In recent decades, cities have grown so
C. It was raining heavily while he was
large, Now, about 50% of the Earth’s
riding.
 population lives in urban areas. There are
D. There were many holes on the road.
several reasons for this occurrence. First, the
E. He was having a talk via cellular phone
industrialization increases, which tends to be
while riding.
located in cities, so many factor) jobs are
created. These jobs, with their promise of a
3. A. At home. B. At school.
 better material life, attract many people from
C. In a canteen. D. In. a supermarket.
rura areas. Second, there are promises of a
E. In a restaurant.
 better education, so many families are
interested to leave farming communities and
4. A. He was in a hurry.
move to the cities. Finally places of leisure,
B. He woke up late.
entertainment and culture, such as sports
C. He had nothing to eat.
stadiums, theaters and museums, are published
D. He forgot to have breakfast.
in cities. As a result, these facilities drav. them
E. He didn’t like having breakfast.
away from rural communities.
5. A. He will be happier. Adopted from:
B. He will lose concentration. http://lrs.ed.uiuc.edU/students/fwaiters/cause.f“
C. He will be more enthusiastic. (September 6, 2017)
D. He will iose+iis energy.
E. He will be fresher. 8. Why are people interested in moving into
cities'
This is the end of the listening section. A. Cities offer more jobs.
B. They are not well educated.
B. Reading Section C. They are not interested in farming,
D. Industrialization spreads into rural areas
The following text is for questions 6 and 7 .
E. There are not places for pleasure in rura
Students are not allowed to chew gum in a areas.
  Assessment
I. Choose A, B , C , D or E for the correct 7. What will probably happen if students are
answer  permitted to chew gum in a classroom?
A. Listening Section A. They will be irresponsible.
B. Many properties will be broken.
1. A. Cousins. B. Neighbors.
C. Gum will be everywhere in a classroom.
C. Classmates. D. Mother andson.
D. They will focus on their studies.
E. Sister and brother.
E. They will worry about their studies.
2. A. He was sleepy while riding.
The following text Is for questions 8 and 9.
B. He was daydreaming while riding.
In recent decades, cities have grown so
C. It was raining heavily while he was
large, Now, about 50% of the Earth’s
riding.
 population lives in urban areas. There are
D. There were many holes on the road.
several reasons for this occurrence. First, the
E. He was having a talk via cellular phone
industrialization increases, which tends to be
while riding.
located in cities, so many factor) jobs are
created. These jobs, with their promise of a
3. A. At home. B. At school.
 better material life, attract many people from
C. In a canteen. D. In. a supermarket.
rura areas. Second, there are promises of a
E. In a restaurant.
 better education, so many families are
interested to leave farming communities and
4. A. He was in a hurry.
move to the cities. Finally places of leisure,
B. He woke up late.
entertainment and culture, such as sports
C. He had nothing to eat.
stadiums, theaters and museums, are published
D. He forgot to have breakfast.
in cities. As a result, these facilities drav. them
E. He didn’t like having breakfast.
away from rural communities.
5. A. He will be happier. Adopted from:
B. He will lose concentration. http://lrs.ed.uiuc.edU/students/fwaiters/cause.f“
C. He will be more enthusiastic. (September 6, 2017)
D. He will iose+iis energy.
E. He will be fresher. 8. Why are people interested in moving into
cities'
This is the end of the listening section. A. Cities offer more jobs.
B. They are not well educated.
B. Reading Section C. They are not interested in farming,
D. Industrialization spreads into rural areas
The following text is for questions 6 and 7 .
E. There are not places for pleasure in rura
Students are not allowed to chew gum in a areas.
classroom due to several reasons. Irresponsible
students may leave the gum on the bottoms of 9. From the text we can conclude that
desks, drop it on the floor or put it on other A. there are'many unemployment in cities
 people’s property, so it makes the class messy B. rurai people don’t care about education
with their gum. Another reason why students are C. all people don’t want to stay in rural areas
not allowed to chew gum is because it is a D. cities are more and more crowded
distraction. When students are allowed to chew E.  people don’t need entertainment
gum, they will lack concentration. Consequently,
they will worry about having, popping, chewing The following text is for questions 10 to 12.
and snapping it, inspite of studying. A common sign of depression is sleep
deprivation. When you’re not sleeping well,
Adopted from: https://www.ereadingworksheets.com/text- you w lack the energy you need each day. Your
structure/  patterns-of-organization/cause-and-effect/ immune function will also drop significantly,
(September 6, 2017)
so you will be more susceptible to ailments.
6. What is the text about? Therefore, people wt depression commonly
A. The reasons why chewing gum is have other health problems that make them
unhealthy. even more depressed.
B. The effects of chewing gum in a  Another thing that can wane a depressed person’s
classroom. health is unhealthy habits. Many depressed people turn
C. What students usually do with their gum to alcohol and/or drugs since they hope that these will
in a classroom. help them escape problems and negative thoughts.
D. The reasons why students like chewing People can become dependent on them due to their
gum in a classroom. addictive substances.
 Adopted from:
E. The reasons why chewing gum is
 prohibite: in a classroom. http://www.meditrenz.com/depression-what-how- and-
why.html (September 6, 2017)
10. What will happen if a person doesn’t sleep E. A person will study harder.
well?
For questions 16 to 18, choose the correct
A. He/she will be depressed.
words to complete the following paragraph.
B. He/she will escape from problems.
Almost all people are fond of the Internet
C. He/she will have negative thoughts.
(16).................its benefits. They use the Internet
D. He/she will be more independent.
for
E. He/she will be easily affected by ailments.
 business, studies, social function, even pleasure.
 Not only teenagers and adult people, many
11. Depressed people turn to drugs to escape their
children are also addicted to the Internet. Of
 problems. What should we do to prevent them
course it is not good for them. They often spend
from doing that?
their times for playing games on the Internet,
A. We should give them medical help.
(17)........ they forgot about their studies.
B. We should assist and support them.
Besides, they are not willing to play with their
C. We should not make problems with them.
friends outside. (18) ,............. they will not have
D. We should bear them with their problems.
a good social life
E. We should not insist them to escape
 problems.
16. A. So B. Because
C. Because of D. Therefore
12. “Another thing that can wane a depressed
E. As a result
 person’s health is unhealthy habits.”
(Paragraph 2) What is the synonym of the
17. A. As B. So
underlined word?
C. due to D. because
A. Influence. B. Trigger.
E. consequently
C. Improve. D. Decline.
E. Increase.
18. A. Since B. Thanks to
C. Because D. Therefore
The following dialog is for questions 13 to 15.
E. So
Sandra : I saw your brother at Sandora Radio
Station. Does he work there? For questions 19 and 20, arrange the sentences
Farrel : Yes, he does. to make meaningful following paragraphs.
Sandra : He has not graduated from university,
right?
Farrel : You are right. He is taking a part time 19. (1) As a result, we will always be prepared
 job. when there is a random test.
Sandra : Will it not disturb his studies? (2) By studying regularly, we review what
Farrel : No. He can manage his time well, so we have learned.
taking a part time job has positive (3) Studying regularly has many positive e
effects. He can buy his needs by himself
  ffects.
 because he can earn money.
Sandra : That’s interesting. (4) They will not be ready for the test.
Farrel : Not only that. He gains many valuable (5) Consequently, we can remember the
experiences before graduating. As a lessons better.
result, he will get used to the working (6) It will be different with the ones who
atmosphere. never study regularly,
Sandra : Bravo for your brother. (7) It is a good way to receive good scores.
(8) Studying regularly also makes us feel
13. What does Farrel’s brother do in his part time
 job? calmer and more confident.
A. A manager. B. A journalist. The correct arrangement of the sentences is
C. A broadcaster. D. A reporter. A. 3-8-1-6-7-4-5-2
E. A teacher. B. 3-8-1-7-5-2-6-4
C. 3-7-2-5-8-1 -6 - 4
14. From the dialog we know that................. . D. 3-7-2-1-4-6-5-8
A. Sandra has a brother
B. Farrel is fond of broadcasting E. 3-7-4-6-1-5-8-2
C. Farrel intends to take a part time job
D. Farrel’s brother has graduated from
university
E. Farrel’s brother enjoys his part time job
15. Why is having a part time job beneficial?
A. A person will receive work experiences.
B. A person will have excessive money.
C. A person will be able to finish his/her
studies soon.
D. A person will be more famous.
20. (1) On the way, I had a flat tire.
(2) I spent my money to buy a new tire, so I The correct arrangement of the sentences is
had no money to have breakfast. A. 5-8-6-1-7-4-3-2
(3) Unfortunately, I overslept since I didn’t B. 5-8-1-7-3-4-6-2
set the alarm. C. 5-6-8-1-4-7-2-3
(4) Therefore, I had to find a person to repair D. 5-3-6-1-4-7-2-8
it. E. 5-3-8-6-1-4-7-2
(5) I had an appointment to enjoy a car free
day with my friends on Sunday morning. II. Write a paragraph about cause and effect.
(6) Soon I took my bicycle and pedaled it.
Use proper sentence connectors
(7) The man told me to replace the tire
 because it was already too old.
(8) Mom reminded me of having breakfast,
 but I ignored it

 Student’s Activity
 Look at the pictures.
Identify the phenomena in the pictures (as causes) and their effects.
Share the work with the class

Phenomena/Cause:

Effects:

Source: publisher’s doc.; photographer: Rio K.

Phenomena/Cause:

Effects:

Source: hfip./Avww.assets.kompas com., downloaded September 10,

2017
 Mid- Term Test
Listening Section 4. A. He is skillful at cooking.
In this section of the test, you will have the B. He will definitely win the contest.
chance to show how well you understand C. He should write a recipe book.
spoken English. There are four parts to this D. He should participate in another
section with special directions for each part. contest.
E. He should cook for the villagers
Part I
Part II
Questions: 1 to 4.
Directions: Questions: 5 to 7.
In this part of the test, you will hear several Directions:
dialogs and questions spoken in English. The In this part of the test, you will hear several
dialogs and the questions will be spoken incomplete dialogs spoken in English,
twice. They will not be printed in your test followed by four responses, also spoken in
 book, so you must listen carefully to English. The dialogs and the responses will be
understand what the speakers are saying. spoken twice. They will not be printed in your
test book, so you must listen carefully to
After you listen to the dialog and the question understand what the speakers are saying. You
about it, read the five possible answers and have to choose the best response to each
decide which one would be the best answer to question.
the question you have heard. Now listen to a
sample question.  Now listen to a sample question.
Girl : I really made a mistake.
You will hear: Boy : What about?
Man : I highly appreciate you for helping
me choose the right loan I need. Girl : I have broken your pen.
Woman : My pleasure, Sir. I hope you can use Boy : That pen? Oh no
the money to buy your dream Girl : ....
house.
Narrator: What is the topic of the Narrator : What does the girl probably
conversation? respond?
 A. Asking for help. A. I’m sorry to hear that.
B. Giving an opinion. B. I really appreciate it.
C. Giving directions. C. I do apologise.
D. Expressing pleasure.
D. I love that pen.
E. Expressing gratitude.
The best answer to the question “What does
The best answer to the question “What is the the girl probably respond?” is “I do
topic of the conversation?” is “Expressing apologise.” Therefore, you should choose
gratitude.” Therefore, you should choose answer (C).
answer (E).
Sample answer:
Sample answer:
A B C D E
A B C D E 5. Write your answer on your answer sheet.
 Now let’s begin with number 1 6. Write your answer on your answer sheet.
7. Write your answer on your answer sheet.
1. A. Fix the broken glass.
B. Sweep the floor. Part III
C. Walk carefully. Questions: 8 to 11,
D. Catch the cat. Directions:
E. Buy a new vase. In this part of the test, you will hear several
monologs spoken in English. The monologs
2. A. He wants to travel with Dimas. will be spoken twice. They will not be printed
B. He is afraid to travel by plane. in your test book, so you must listen carefully
C. He prefers to go with Dimas. to understand what the speaker is saying.
D. He loves traveling.
E. He really likes Bali. After you listen to the monolog, look at the
five pictures provided in your test book
3. A. He cannot go to the beach. anddecide which one would be the most
B. His mother will be angry. suitable for the monolog you have just heard
C. He will get sunburn.
D. He will buy a bottle of lotion.
E. He will be just fine.
8. 10.

9. 11.

Questions: 12 to 15.
Directions:
In this part of the test, you will hear several
monologs. Each monolog will be spoken twice.
They will not be printed in your test book, so
you must listen carefully to understand what
the speaker is saying.

After you listen to the monolog and the

question about it, read-the five possible
answers and decide which one would be the
 best answer to the question you have just heard.
12. A. The agriculture near a volcano.
B. Geothermal energy
C. New income in volcanic areas.
D. The benefits of volcanic eruptions.
E. Tourist attractions
13. A. Geothermal energy.
B. High level of heat.
C. Volcanic activities.
D. Lava and ash.
E. Tourism.
14. A. The impacts of using computer.
B. The bad effects of sitting too much. C.
The danger of brain damage.
D. The benefits of sitting.
E. The advantages of exercise
15. A. To lay down frequently.
B. To move our bodies regularly.
C. To exercise regularly.
D. To sit comfortably,
E. To avoid sitting.
This is the end of the listening section
READING SECTION
The following text is for question 16 to 18
Dear Jihan
Happy birthday and congratulations!
You are allowed to drive now. I can’t
 believe you are seventeen now. I
remembered you always run around the
house when you were a child. Sorry I
couldn’t return home on time to attend the
 party. The ship where I have been
working postponed « its cruise because of
a huge storm. It was catastrophic. The
wind was so strong that it could move
cars and lift trees. However, everything is
fine now. We can sail again now
Along with this letter, I sent you a
special present. I hope you’ll like it. Tell
mom and dad I’ll be back next month
Your brother,
Damar
16. What is the purpose of the letter?
A. To inform of a huge storm.
B. To greet Damar’s family.
C. To ask for forgiveness.
D. To congratulate Jihan.
E. To send a gift.
17. What is Damar’s occupation?
A. A driver.
B. A reporter.
C. A ship crew.
D. A fisherman. ,
E. A marine corp.
18. From the letter we know that _____ .
A. Damar will return home in a week
B. Damar works in an oil ship
C. Jihan caught in the storm
D. Jihan would receive a birthday gift
E. Jihan just celebrated her eighteenth
 birthday
The following text is for questions 19 to 21
Dear Dali,
How are you? I hope you are not
disappointed with me for replying so late.
I’ve been coped with school works lately.
I also have to manage my club
Oh yeah, I forgot to tell you. I’m the
 president of wall magazine club now. My
club mates and I are currently working on
the school’s magazine project. We are
going to make a magazine as a tribute to
the school’s 30th anniversary. I’m busy
with all the cover designs I have to draw I
am very excited
Anyway, what about you? Are you
still working on those robots? I saw your
competition in the internet last month.
Well done though you only placed the
second. Your robot was so splendid
Let me now if you will have another
competition. I'd like to see it. Hopefully,
you win the next competition
Your best friends
Tristan
19. What is the purpose of the letter?
A. To inform about the school’s magazine
 project
B. To ask about a robot competition in the
internet.
C. To tell about a robotics competition.
D. To ask Dali to reply Tristan’s letter.
E. To reply Dali’s previous letter 
20. From the letter we know that _____ .
A. Dali is the president of the school’s wall
magazine club
B. Tristan watched the last robotics
competition
C. Tristan knows how to design a
magazine cover
D. Dali must win the next robotics
competition
E. Tristan designs Dali’s robot amazingly
21. “We are going to make a magazine as a
tribute to the school’s 30th anniversary.”
The underlined word is similar in meaning
to................
A. sacrifice B. homage
C.  present D. duty
E. faith
The following dialog is for questions 22 to 24
 Nia : What are you doing with that plastic
 bag, Satria?
Satria : Oh, this is garbage. I’m going to
throw it away to the river
 Nia : Don’t. You shouldn’t do that.
Satria : Why? Many people do that.
 Nia : That’s because it is forbidden to
throw garbage in the river.
Otherwise, you’ll be fined.
Satria : I don’t know that. Where should I
throw this garbage then?
 Nia : Why don’t you throw it in the
disposal near the traditional
market?
Satria : Isn’t it a bit far?
 Nia : Yes, but it is better than throwing it
to the river and getting fined. You
must also think about the
environment. Don’t you want to
leave in a clean and healthy place ?
Satria : You’re right. Thanks for reminding
me.
22. What will happen if Satria throws his
garbage into the river?
A. People will follow his action.
B.  Nia will pick it back.
C. He will be fined.
D.  Nia will warn him.
E. He should clean the river.
23. “Otherwise, you’ll be fined.”
The underlined word is closest in meaning
to......
A. charged
B.  banned
C. exiled
D.  paid
E. sued
24. What will Satria do after the conversation?
A. Throw his bag into the nver.
B. Shop at the traditiona market.
C. Thank Nia for her adv ice.
D. Throw his bag elsewhere.
E. Warn other people about the fine.
The following text is for questions 25 to 28.
For decades, heart diseases have become
one of the most dangerous health ssues to most
 people. People wonder why so many people
nowadays get heart problems. Our lifestyle s
are considered to be the major cause to a heart
disease.
Heart disease occurs when plaques develop
in the arteries and blood vessels that lead to the
heart. This blocks important nutrients and
oxygen from reaching the heart. These plaques
consist of cholesterol, fatty molecules and
dangerous minerals. Unhealthy lifestyles
 become the major cause for people to have
heart diseases.
Bad diet is one of the major causes for
 people to have a heart disease. People
nowadays want everything to be fast and easy.
This also affects people’s eating habits. More
and more people eat unhealthy fast food and
fried food since they are quick and delicious.
By doing so, their cholesterol levels increase
rapidly and expose them to the risks of obesity
and heart problems.
Living sedentary lives is also one of the
causes for people to have a heart disease.
People who are less active and rarely exercise
their bodies have bigger chances to get heart
 problems, especially if they also have a bad
diet. The risks will also increase tremendously
if you are smoking or having high stress levels.
Adoptedfrom: http://www.healthline.com/health/heart-diseases/
cause&risks (September 7, 2017)
25. What is the text about?
A. Suggestions to live a healthy life
B. The danger of heart diseases.
C. The importance of exercise.
D. The causes of heart diseases.
E. The causes of obesity
26. From the tet we know that _______ .
A.  people living sedentary lives have
fewer chances of getting heart
diseases
B. heart problems are caused by a virus
attacking the blood vessels
C. heart diseases are highly affected by
a person’s life style
D. heart diseases are a major problem in
rural areas
E. smoking is the main cause of heart
diseases
27. What is the main idea of paragraph two?
A. Heart diseases are caused by plaques
hindering blood circulation.
B. Plaques are formed by cholesterol
and fatty molecules.
C. Oxygen and nutrients deficits to the
heart cause heart problems.
D. Unhealthy lifestyles affect heart
condition.
E. Bad food is the main culprit for heart
diseases
28. “By doing so, their cholesterol levels
increase rapidly....” (Paragraph 3)
The underlined word is closest in meaning
to
A. consequently
B. frequently
C. quickly
D. hardly
E. frankly

The following text is for questions 29 to 31
Dear Sarah,
How are you? I’m doing well here.
Last week I went to Lombok for business.
I’m so sorry I could not come to your
 place in Surabaya because it was only a
short visit. I only stayed for two nights.
My colleague picked me up from the
airport. Then, we continued our journey to
the hotel. It was a very hot day. I
remembered that I drank three glasses of
iced tea in one hour. I also visited Labuan
Bajo and Komodo Island. I did not forget
to go shopping there.
Okay, Putri. That’s enough for now.
Do not forget to write me soon. Write
something for mom too
Love,
Andre
29. Who is Putri?
A. Andre’s employee.
B. Andre’s business partner.
C. Andre’s schoolmate.
D. Andre’s friend.
E. Andre’s sister.
30. Why Andre not visit Sarah in Surabaya?
A. His friends picked him up from the
airport.
B. He had a lot of business to do in
Lombok.
C. He has never been to Surabaya before.
D. He is only there for a brief period.
E. It was a very hot day.
31. From the text we know that ______ .
A. Andre had a vacation in Lombok
B. Sarah went to Surabaya for vacation
C. Andre had some work to do in Lombok
D. Andre stayed long in Lombok
E. Sarah fetched Andre from the airport
The following dialog is for questions 32 to
34.
Susi : Yesterday, I saw a woman scolded
her son pretty hard.
Dinda : Really? Poor boy. What did he do?
Susi : He begged her fo; a new toy. The
mother refused, so the boy started
crying in front of the store. Then, the
mother started to yell and beat him. I
recalled a similar event happened this
morning.
Dinda : That’s not good. Every time kids
make trouble, parents should not
resolve it with violence.
Susi : Why?
Dinda : That’s because the kids are  indirectly
taught that it is okay to beat or hit
other people. They might use
violence to solve their problems as
ther parents do.
Susi : That’s worrying. Do you think that’s
going to happen?
Dinda : Well, it may also be the exact
opposite too. Because of that
treatment, the children will become
quiet and afraid to express
themselves.
32. What is the conversation about?
A. The benefits of using violence to
children.
B. The benefits of harsh treatment to
children.
C. The effects of having naughty children.
D. The effects of being single parents to
children.
E. The effects of violence to children.
33. What might happen to children who receive
violence from their parents?
A. They will cry every time they don’t get
what they want.
B. They will steal toys without their
 parents’ awareness.
C. They will use violence to solve their
 problems.
D. They will become tougher and more
independent.
E. Their parents will make them polite.
34. From the conversation we know that Dinda
A. agrees with the mother’s action
B. is against the mother’s action
C. wants to help the mother
D. feels pity on the mother
E.  becomes angry with Susi
The following text is for questions 35 to 37
Dear Biga,
First of all, thanks for asking me to
 be your pen pal. This is a new experience
for me. Yes, I’d love to be your penpal.
My name is Petra and I am 16 years
old. I live in Lampung with my
grandparents. My house is a traditional
one and built above the ground. My
hobbies are playing the guitar and singing.
I also like watching films. What are your
hobbies, Biga?
have a pet cat named Billy and a pet
lizard named Joe. What about you, Biga?
Do you have a pet, too? Billy spends most
of the time sleeping. It gets active when
the night comes. On the other hand, Joe is
quite active during the day and dormant
during the night. They rarely do things
together.

I spend most of my free time at home
 playing with my pets and practicing my
guitar skills. I want to be musician
someday.
I think that’s enough for the
introduction. Please, tell me more about
you. I hope you will write to me soon.
Petra
35. What is Petra’s objective by writing the
letter ?
A. To describe his hobbies and pets
B. To tell his new friend about his pets
C. To tell his new friend about himself
D. To ask Biga about his life and hobbies
E. To invite Biga to visit him someday
36. Paragraph three mostly talks about .....
A. Biga’s hobbies
B. Petra’s pets
C. Biga’s pets
D. Petra’s routines
E. Petra’s hobbies
37. From the letter we know that ....
A. Petra has written a letter to Biga before
B. Joe and Billy gets along each other
C. Petra works as a guitar player
D. Biga is Petra’s first pen pal
E. Billy is always active
The following dialog is for questions 38 and
39
Mara : Why don’t we spend our holiday by
camping with others ?
Tirta : Thank you, but I don’t really like
camping
Mara : Why ? Don’t you enjoy natural
scenary?
Tirta : I do, but I don’t think camping is th
 best idea to enjoy the scenery.
Mara : Why ?
Tirta : That’s because people tend to br ing
many items during camping.
Then, after they have finished, they
usually leave their garbage there.
You know, such those people make
 beautiful palce dirty and messy.
Mara : Well, that does happen sometimes.
So, how do you spend your holiday,
then ?
Tirta : If I want to enjoy nature for a brief
time, I prefer hiking. That’s
 because I don’t have to carry too
many items, so I can bring the
garbage home.
Mara : that is a enjoy it for a suggestion,
 but what if you want to spend
longer time ?
Tirta : we can find a cheap inn or lodge. If
you can fin a good deal, it will
actually cost you only slightly
above camping. We can hike in the
morning and return before lunch.
Mara : that’s interesting. Why don’t we try
it next holiday ?
Tirta : Sure
38. What does Tirta think about camping?
A. It involves many people.
B. It may destroy the nature.
C. It only wastes money.
D. It is very complicated.
E. It is a fun activity
39. How will the speakers spend their coming
holiday?
A. By looking for a lodge.
B. By mountain climbing.
C. By working in an inn.
D. By camping near a lodge.
E. By renting a lodge and hiking
The following text is for questions 40 to 43.
The Effect of Horror Movies
to Children and Teens
Horror movies are parts of modern
entertainment. We can watch them in cinemas,
TVs, computers and even on smartphones.
However, watching horror movies is not always
entertaining. Watching horror movies can
generate long-lasting effects on people. There
are reasons why you shouldn’t watch too many
horror movies.
Horror movies can make viewers develop
anxiety and phobia. These effects mostly
happen on kids and teens. Many children and
teens do not yet have the life experience to put
horror movies into real life perspective, putting
them at risk for lingering anxiety. They become
easily worried whenever they are alone. They
are afraid the scary scenes from the movies
might actually happen to them. Children and
teens even develop a phobia after watching
horror movies. They are afraid of spiders, bats,
cats and many others because they see them as
scary creatures in the movies.
Watching horror movies can also put you
to have a sleeping disorder. Many adults and
children have trouble sleeping immediately
after watching a scary movie. Shadows seem
intimidating, noises are magnified and dreams
are often unsettling. For most people, these
effects are short-lived. In few cases, however,
sleep disturbances persist for weeks, months or
even years.
Minimize the effects of scary movies by
watching them during the day, keeping the
lights on, or doing something silly before bed.
Adopted from: http://www.livestrong.com/article/1004470-
lasting- effects-horror-movies-children-teens/ (September 10.
2017)
40. Why are kids and teens prone to anxiety
rather than adults after watching horror?
A. Because they haven’t had abilities to
movie separate fiction from reality.
B. Because they believe that scary
creatures are real. Because they tend to
overreacted about everything.
C. Because they are more afraid to ghosts
than to adults.
D. Because they are still young and
impulsive
41. How can you reduce the effects of horror
movies?
A. Watching them by yourselves.
B. Watching them in the afternoon.
C. Watching them in your bedroom.
D. Watching them regularly.
E. Watching them secretly.
42. What is the main idea of paragraph three?
A. Watching horror movies makes you
hard to sleep.
B. Watching horror movies prevents you
from sleeping.
C. Watching horror movies promotes
 better sleeping.
D. Watching horror movies makes you
sleep more easily.
E. Watching horror movies helps you sleep
soundly.
43. ”... sleep disturbances persist for weeks
(Paragraph 3)
The underlined word can be replaced with
A. Cause
B. Increase
C. Continue
D. improve
E. stop
The following text is for question 44 to 46
Dear Angga,
Hello cousin, how are you? It’s been a
while since I received a mail from you.
Anyway, I’d like to share my story of
living here in this foreign land. It is winter
now and is really cold. My native fellows
don’t seem to be bothered by this freezing
temperature. However, it’s different for me.
It is really hard for people from tropical
countries like me, to live in England during
winter. I don't even remember how many
layers of clothes I wear.
There are no campus activities during the
winter break. So I have time to explore
several interesting places here. I have visited
three interesting places so far, the Big Ben,
the Tower of London and the incredible Eden
Project.
The first is the Big Ben. You probably
already know about the Big Ben. It is the
third largest clock tower in the world. Its age
is more than 150 year now. The next place is
the Tower of London, it is an exhibition
 place for many treasures of the British
kingdom where the famous Crown Jewel of
the Kingdom is kept. The four-tower
 building is believed to be the oldest attraction
in the world. It is publicly opened for
attraction since 1652. The last is the Eden
Project. This place is artificial biomes where
many species of plants from all over the
world grow. Eden Project is a set of dome
complex that look like massive igloo-shaped
greenhouses. In,side, there are stunning
displays of various plants.
That’s the story of my winter experience
in England. I look forward to hearing story
from you
Best wishes
Ega
44. What is the writer doing in England?
A. He is having a vacation.
B. He is on a business trip.
C. He is studying.
D. He is traveling.
E. He is working.
45. How does the writer cope with the weather?
A. He drinks a lot of water.
B. He wears thick clothes.
C. He stays at home.
D. He exercises regularly.
E. He eats a lot.
46. From the letter we know that ______.
A. There is only the Crown Jewel 47. A. Crowded
displayed in the Tower of London B. Closed
B. The Eden Project’s domes look like C. Quiet
 pineapples D. Windy
C. Big Ben is the oldest attraction in the E. Bright
world
D. visitors will see plantations in the 48. A. Cooked
domes B. Rotten
E. The Big Ben is 150 years old C. Cheap
D. Fresh
For questions 47 to 49, choose the correct E. Raw
words to complete the following text .
49. A. Cover
When people ask me what my favorite B. Emerge
vacation piace is, the beach will always be my C. Swallow
answer. There are many reasons why you D. Submerge
should consider a beach as a destination for E. Disappear
your holiday.
The first reason is because of the ocean.
For me, the view and sound of the ocean are the 50. Arrange the sentences to from a sequential
main reasons I like spending my time at the dialog.
 beach. They really make me feel at ease. (1) Sia : I see, you do look a little bigger
The second reason is because you can do many (2) Sia : Hey! Why are you wearing your
fun activities at the beach. You can make sand sports wear ?
castles, play in the water, play beach volleyball, (3) Sia : Why? Ihave never seen you
canoeing, surfing and many other games. For
me, a beach is one of my favorite places for exercising before
reading. Just find a (47) ....... place so you (4) Sia : What exercise will you do ?
can fully enjoy the atmosphere of the beach (5) Viko: That’s because I’ve gained a lot
while reading your book. of weight lately
The next reason is because the beach is the (6) Viko: I know, that’s why I decide to
 best place to eat seafood. The beach offer you exercise
various seafood experiences. You can get
(7) Viko : I am going for exercise
(48) ......................seafood with the finest
quality. You won’t get it if you buy them in the (8) Viko: I’am going to start with light
city.  jogging around the neighborhood
The last reason is because of the sun sets. A. 2-7-3-4-8-1-5-6
Spending time at the beach won’t be complete B. 2-7-3-6-5-4-8-1
without watching as the sun sets and C. 2-7-3-5-1-6-4-8
(49)  .................behind the horizon. The view D. 2-7-3-8-4-5-1-6
 bright golden sphere slowly eaten by the night
and gradually vanished into the purple ocean is E. 2-7-3-6-4-1-8-5
one the best moments for everyone who visits
 beaches
 Look at the above picture. Do you know who she is? Do you know what her songs are ? Can you
sing her songs? Is one of her songs your favorite one? Why do you like the song ? try to figure out the
message of the song.
Every song has a message. Songs may be written based on the write's imagination and
experiences or inspired by other people, regarding their achievements, high spirit and extraordinary
struggles during their lives.
In this chapter, you will find out the messages of several songs and poems. Besides, you will
improve your pronunciation and speaking skills, as well as broaden your vocabulary.

 TASK 1
Read the following words with proper pronunciation
1. Soul = 2. Sorrow =
3. to melt away = 4. to come along =
5. strength = 6. to cast =
7. to survive = 8. to reach out a hand =
9. emptiness = 10. to tear away =

 TASK 2
The following song is sung by Mariah Carey.
 Listen to the song or read the song lyrics
Hero
(By: Mariah Carey)
[Verse 1 ] That a hero lies in you
There’s a hero
If you look inside your heart [Verse 2]
You don’t have to be afraid It’s a long road
Of what you are When you face the world alone
 No one reaches out a hand
There’s an answer
For you to hold
If you reach into your soul You can find love
And the sorrow that you know If you search within yourself
Will melt away And the emptiness you felt
Will disappear
[Chorus]
And then a hero comes along [Chorus]
With the strength to carry on And then a hero comes along
With the strength to carry on
And you cast your fears aside
And you cast your fears aside
And you know you can survive
And you know you can survive
So when you feel like hope is gone
So when you feel like hope is gone
Look inside you and be strong Look inside you and be strong
And you’ll finally see the truth
And you’ll finally see the truth So when you feel like hope is gone
That a hero lies in you Look inside you and be strong
And you’ll finally see the truth
[Bridge] That a hero lies in you
Lord knows
Dreams are hard to follow [Outro]
But don’t let anyone That a hero lies in you That a
hero lies in you
Tear them away
Hold on Adopted from: Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan,
There will be tomorrow  Bahasa Inggris SMA/MA/SMK/MAK Kelas XI Edisi Revisi
Cetakan Ke-2, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan,
In time
Jakarta, 2017
You’ll find the way

[Chorus]
And then a hero comes along
With the strength to carry on
And you cast your fears aside
And you know you can survive

 Supporting Feature
 Text
- Song
A song is a piece of music. It consists of several parts, as follows.
1. Introduction, or intro, is the music at the beginning of a song.
2. Verses are the lines of a song, describing the concept and theme of the song
3. Chorus are the lines of a song that are repeatedly sung.
4. Bridge is the part of a song that has relatively different melody from the rest of the
song.
5. Outro is the additional lines of a song which brings it to a close.
Music keeps developing. Now there are many types of music, such as rock, jazz, classical,
 blues, R&B, country, hip-hop, reggae and electronic

 Log onto the website

If you’d like to learn kinds of songs, you may log onto https://goo.gl/ssl8gP. Study the Information
arc decide which your favorite is

 Let’s Look for Literature

Please read the book about songs to develop your skills.
Read the book and make a summary. Use the knowledge you have gained In your daily

 TASK 3
Work in pairs.
 Answer the following questions based on the song lyrics in TASK 2.
1. What is the song about?
2. How can we find a hero in ourselves?
3. What is the message of the song?
4. Do you think it is an inspiring song? Why/Why not?
5. How do you feel after listening to the song and understanding its message?

 TASK 4
 Listen to the song and fill in the blanks with the suitable words
Then, sing the song together
A Song for Mama
(By: Boyz II Men)
[Verse 1] And everything you've given me
You taught me everything I'll always (1)
 You’re the driving force in my life, yeah I can (10) _________
There isn’t anything And no one else can do
Or anyone that I can be What you have done for me
And it just wouldn’t (2)
You’ll always be, you will always be
If I didn’t have you by my side, oh
The girl in my life, ooh oh

You were there for me to love and (3) ______

When skies were gray [Chorus]
Whenever (4) ______ Mama, Mama you know I love you
You were always there to comfort me (You know I love you, you know I love you)
Mama, Mama you’re the queen of my heart
And no one else can be
(You are)
What you have been to me you will always be
You will always be the girl Your love is like tears from the stars
In my life for all times (Your love is like tears from the stars)
Mama I just want you to know (Mama I just
[Chorus] want you to know)
Mama, Mama you know I love you (I love you) Lovin’ you is like food to my soul
You know l love you
Mama, Mama you’re the queen of my heart [Bridge]
Your love is like tears from the stars, yes it is  Never gonna go a day without you Fills me up
Mama I just want you to know lovin’ you is  just thinkin’ about you I’ll never go a day
like food to my soul without my mama
Yes it is, yes it is, oh, yes it is, yes it is, yes it is
oh [Chorus]
Mama, Mama you know I love you Mama,
[Verse 2] Mama you’re the queen of my heart Your love
You’re always there for me is like tears from the stars (Your love is like
Have always (5) _________ for me even when
tears from the stars)
I was bad
You’ve showed me right from (6) _______ Mama I just want you to know lovin’ you is
Yes you did like food to my soul
And you (7) _________ for me
[Outro]
When everyone was downin’ me You always Lovin’ you is like food to my soul, oh yeah
did understand You are the food to my soul, yes you are
You gave me (8) _________ to go on
Adopted from: http://www.metrolyrics.com/a-song-for-mama-
There were (9) __________ lyrics-boyz-ii-men.html (September 9, 2017)
Looking back when I was so afraid And then
you come to me and say to me

 TASK 5
 Answer the following questions based on the song lyrics in TASK 4.
1. What is the song about?
2. Who is the song dedicated to?
3. Why did the song writer probably write the song?
4. What can you learn from the song?
5. Do you like the song? Why/Why not?

 TASK 6
Complete the words with suitable letters, based on their definitions.
1. L...... F.........
2. W...... ...... D
3. ...... ....... IC....
4. ....... A.... .... S
5. .... I.... .... T
= the existence of an individual human being or anima
= a single distinct meaningful element of speech or writing, used
sentences with others
= the sound produced in a person’s larynx and uttered through the
mouth, as speech or song
= ridge of water curling into an arched form and breaking on the
shore or between two depressions in open water (plural)
= to struggle to overcome, eliminate, or prevent
 6. S... R... .... G
7. L... .... I.... G
8. .... N.... .... D.....
9. B.... R... ... N...
10. ... X.... L... ... IO...
 TASK 7
 Fill in the blanks with the suitable words from TASK 6.
Verse 1
Like a small boat On
the ocean
Sending big (1) __________
Into motion
Like how a single (2) _____
Can make a heart open
I might only have one match
But I can make an (3) _____
[Pre-Chorus]
And all those things I didn’t say
Wrecking balls (4) _______ my brain
I will scream them loud tonight Can
you hear my (5) _________ this time
[Chorus]
This is my fight song
Take back my (6 ) ____________ song
Prove I’m alright song
My power’s turn on
Starting right now I’ll be (7)  _________
I’ll play my (8) ___________ song
And I don’t really care if nobody else believes
= great in power, influence or ability
= to become unable to find
= situated or moving within
= to be or cause to be harmed or destroyed by fire
= an act or instance of exploding
Fight Song
(By: Rachel Platten)
’Cause I’ve still got a lot of fight left in me
Verse 2]
(9)  ___________ Friends and I’m chasing
sleep
Everybody’s worried about me
In too deep
Say I’m in too deep (in too deep )
And it’s been two years
I miss my home
But there’s a fire (10) ___________ in my
 bones
Still believe Yeah,
I still believe
A lot of fight left in me
 Back to [Verse 1]
 Back to [Chorus]
 No I’ve still got a lot of fight left in me
Adopted from: https://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/racheplatten/
fightsong.html (September 9, 2017)
 TASK 8
 Reread the song lyrics in TASK 7.
The song is dedicated to a girl who suffers from kidney cancer. Interpret each verse of the song in
the column.
 Find the message of the song
Verse Interpretation
[Verse 1]

[Pre-Chorus]

[Chorus]

[Verse 2]

 TASK 9
 Read the following song lyrics and poem.
What are their similarities?
 Discuss the answer with your friend
The song:
Touch the Sky
(By: Julie Fowlis)
When the cold wind’s a-calling
And the sky is clear and bright
Misty mountains sing and beckon,
Lead me out into the light
I will ride, I will fly
Chase the wind and touch the sky
I will fly
Chase the wind and touch the sky
Where dark woods hide secrets
And mountains are fierce and bold
Deep waters hold reflections
Of times lost long ago
I will hear their every story
Take hold of my own dream
Be as strong as the seas are stormy
And proud as an eagle’s scream
I will ride, I will fly
Chase the wind and touch the sky
I will fly
Chase the wind and touch the sky
And touch the sky
Chase the wind, chase the wind
Touch the sky
Adopted from: https://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/juliefowlis/
touchthesky.html (September 12, 2017)
The poem:
Invictus
(By: William Ernest Henley)
Out of the night that covers me,
Black as the pit from pole to pole,
I thank whatever gods may be
For my unconquerable soul.
In the fell clutch of circumstance
 I will hear their every story Take hold
of my own dream Be as strong as the
seas are stormy And proud as an
eagle’s scream
I will ride, I will fly
Chase the wind and touch the sky
I will fly
Chase the wind and touch the sky
 And touch the sky
Chase the wind, chase the wind
Touch the sky
 Adopted from: https://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/juliefowlis/
touchthesky.html (September 12, 2017)
The poem:
Invictus
(By: William Ernest Henley)
Out of the night that covers me,
Black as the pit from pole to pole,
I thank whatever gods may be For my
unconquerable soul.
I have not winced nor cried aloud
Under the bludgeonings of chace
My head is bloody, but unbowed
In the fell clutch of cirdumsta"ce I have not
winced nor cried ato_c Under the bludgeonings
of cha-ce My head is bloody, but unbov.ec
Beyond this place of wrath anc ea'- Looms but
the horror of the s-aca And yet the menace of
the yea."
Finds and shall find me unfne- :
It matters not how strait the ga:~
How charge with punishments ~e so-c I am the
master of my fate:
I am the captain of my soul.
 Adopted from: Kementerian Pendo-i* sr *cO-cayaan,
Bahasa Inggris SMA/MA/SMA/MA- ^ =ievisi 
Cetakan Ke-2, Kementerian Pertoo-^- ca* vio-cayaan,
Jakarta, 2017.

Beyond this place of wrath and tears

Looms but the horror of the shade,
And yet the menace of the years
Finds and shall find me unfriend

It matters not how strait the gate,

How charge with punishments the scroll
I am the master of my fate:
I am the captain of my soul.

Adopted from: Kementerian Pendidikan dan kebudayaan,

 Bahasa Inggris SMA/MA/SMA/MAK Kelas XI edisi Revisi
Cetakan Ke-2, Kementerian Pertoo-^- ca* vio-cayaan, Jakarta,
2017

 Supporting Feature
 Text
- Poem
A poem is quite similar to song lyrics that they consist of verses. They convey the
writer’s feeling, thoughtor imagination. They usually have rhyming words (last sound
where two or more words in a line or verse which have similar sounds).
Pay attention to first stanza of the above song and poem
Song:
When the cold wind’s a-callin A
 And the sk is clear and bri ht   B
 Mist mountains sin and beckon C
 Lead me out into the light  (B)
Poem:
Out o the ni ht that covers me A
 Black as the pit from pole to pole, B
1 thank whatever ods ma be A
 For m uncon uerable soul. B

The words in the song ‘bright’ and ‘light’ which are signed with (B) have the same
sound. Meanwhile, the words in the poem ‘me’ and ‘be’ which are signed with (A) have
the same sound and the words ‘pole’ and ‘soul’ which are signed with (B) also have the
same sound. The kind of rhyme which has the same sound of the last rhyme is called end
rhyme.
Here are types of end rhymes.
1. ABAB is one of the most common rhyme schemes. It means that the first and third
line (A with A), as do the second and fourth (B with B)
 Example:
A - In the fell clutch of circumstance
B - I have not winced nor cried aloud.
A - Under the bludgeonings of chance
B - My head is bloody, but unbowed.
2. ABCB  is another common rhyme scheme and is a great reminder not to feel
 pressured to find a rhyming partner for every line; A and C are unmatched, making
the Bs the only rhyming pair.
Example:
A - Roses are red
B - Violets are blue
C - Sugar is sweet
B - And so are you.
3. AABB  is rhyme which divides a section of four lines into two rhymed couplets,
each of which sounds kind of complete in itself.
Example:
A - The joy comes to calm heart
A - Pure soul never hurt
B - Give everybody happiness
B - Make your days full of joyfulness
4. AAAA, also known as monorhyme, is rhyme scheme which has the same sound at
the end of the words in a verse.
Example:
A -1 will ride, I will fly
A - Chase the wind and touch the sky
A-I will fly
A - Chase the wind and touch the sky
5. Though traditional rhyme schemes are useful and fun to work with, feel free to
forgo them for something much looser if it suits your needs.
Example:
A - And indeed there will be time
B - For the yellow smoke that slides along the street,
C - Rubbing its back upon the window-panes;
A - There will be time, there will be time
B - To prepare a face to meet the faces that you meet;
D - There will be time to murder and create,
E - And time for all the works and days of hands
D - That lift and drop a question on your plate;
F - Time for you and time for me,
G - And time yet for a hundred indecisions
G - And for a hundred visions and revisions
F - Before the taking of a toast and tea

 Log onto Website

If you want to learn more about types of end rhyme, you can log onto https://goo.gl/WU3ma.
Understand the explanation and discuss with your friends.
There are also poetic devices that are used in writing songs and poems, such as follows.
1 . Simile, is used to compare two unlike things using ‘like’ or ‘as’.
Examples:
 You are as sweet as sugar.
 My life runs fast like a cheetah

2 . Metaphor, is used to compare two things without using ‘like’ or ‘as’.

Examples:
 The power in my soul is such a bull.
 My mother is a rock  for all of us.
3 . Personification, is used to give human qualities to inanimate figures/objects.
Examples:
 The wind dances with the waves.
 It was time to go home, but the bell refused to ring.

4 . Hyperbole, is used to exaggerate things beyond limit.

Examples:
My mom has a diamond ring as big as a mountain.
I ate a sandwich that was bigger than a train.

5 . Alliteration is used when there is a repetition of consonants at the beginning of the words.
Examples:
 Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
 Silly Sally swiftly shooed seven silly sheep.

6 . Onomatopoeia, are words that sound like the names of words.

Examples:
She splashed the water on me.
The lion was growling

 TASK 10
 Read the following song lyrics and poem.
 Identify the rhyming words of each verse.
See the example.
The song:
Morning has Broken
(By: Cat Steven) The poem:
Morning has broken, like the first morning The Sound of Earth
Blackbird has spoken, like the first bird (By: Daday Tajore)
Praise for the singing, praise for the morning As I wake up in the morrning,
Praise for them springing fresh from the Word I saw the sunshine in the window
As I go in the garden,
Sweet the rain’s new fall, sunlight from heaven I saw the flowers as they grow
Like the first dewfall, on the first grass
Praise for the sweetness of the wet garden The trees in the mountain
Sprung in completeness where His feet pass Gives us fresh air to inhae
It gives us water every day,
Mine is the sunlight, mine is the morning and fulfill life every way.
Born of the one light Eden saw play
Praise with elation, praise every morning How beautiful surroundings that we have,
God’s recreation of the new day It’s a gift from up above,
May you be thankful of what you have,
Morning has broken, like the first morning And share the blessings from loving God.
Blackbird has spoken, like the first bird
Praise for the singing, praise for the morning Today is a great day,
Praise for them springing fresh from the Word It’s a love fulfilling way.
It’s because I have to sa.
Adopted from:http://www.lyricsmode.eom/lyrics/c/cat_stevens/
morning_has_broken.html (September 12, 2017) That God is my guidance all the way
Adopted from:
http://www.poetryinnature.com/nature/poem.asp?poem=5668
(September 12, 2017)
Example:
Song Poem

Verse Rhyming Word Verse Rhyming Word

1 A - morning 1
B - bird
A - morning
B - Word

2 2
3 3

4 4

 TASK 11
 Find different poetic devices used in the song and poem in TASK 10.
One has been done for you
Song Poetic Device Location
• Morning has broken, like the first morning. • Personification • Verse 1, line 1
Verse 4, line 1

• • •
• • •
• • •
• • •
Poem Poetic Device Location
• • •
• • •

 TASK 12
 Reread the song and poem in TASK 10.
What are the messages of the song and poem?

 TASK 13
 Read the following poem.
 Answer the questions that follow
Hope is the Thing with Feathers
(By: Emily Dickinson)
Hope” is the thing with feathers –  And on the strangest Sea – 
That perches in the soul –  Yet - never - in Extremity,
And sings the tune without the words –  It asked a crumb - of me.
And never stops - at all -
And sweetest - in the Gale - is heard –  Adopted from:
https://www.familyfriendpoems.com/poem/hope-is-the-thing-
And sore must be the storm – 
with-feathers-by-emily-dickinsc-"
That could abash the little Bird
That kept so many warm – 
I’ve heard it in the chillest land -

Questions:
1. What is the poem about?
2. What is the message of the poem?
3. Do you like the poem? Why/why not?
4. In your opinion, does then poem inspire you ?Why/Why not? .
5. Which verse do you like? Why?
 TASK 14
Write your favorite song.
 Describe the messege of the song .

 TASK 15
Write short poems for the following people. Share your work with the class.
1. Your best friend
2. Your parents
3. Your teachers

 TASK 16
 Homework
Write a poem based on your own topic.
 Decorate your work and hang it on the class wall magazine

 Learning Experience
Write about your experience learning this chapter
Write about your feelings, how you learned, what you liked and didn’t like, etc.

 My New Word
Write new word and their meanings which you have learned in this chapter.
  Summary Mapping

Definition :
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
Rhyme Examples:
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
................................................................................................

Part of a song:
 Introduction, or intro, is the
music at the beginning of a song.
 Verses ...........................................
..............................................................
 Chorus .........................................
 ......................................................
......................................................
.......................................................
 ......................................................
.......................................................
Song Poem
Meaning trough
Music
1. Smile, is used to compare two things us ing ‘like’ or
‘as’
Example:.....................................................................
2. Metaphor, is used to compare two things without using
‘like’ or ‘as’
Example:......................................................................
........................................................................................
Poetic ........................................................................................
Device 3. ........................................................................................
........................................................................................
Example:........................................................................
4. ........................................................................................
........................................................................................
Example:......................................................................

 Assessment
I. Choose A, B, C, Dor E for the correct answer
A. Listening Section There are people dying
If you care enough for the livng
1. A. true friend. Make a better place for
B. Lucky people.
C. A beloved family. You and for me.
D. Beloved teachers.
E. Extraordinary people.
If you want to know why
2. A. Through thick and thin forests. There’s a love that cannot lie
B. Through dark and bright roads. Love is strong
C. Through joyful moments in life.
D. Through sad and happy times. It only cares for joyful giving
E. Through possible and impossible If we try we shall see
moments. In this bliss we cannot feel
3. A. Life. B. Peace. Fear or dread
C. Destiny. D. Humanity We stop existing and start living
E. Friendship Then it feels that always
Love’s enough for us grow ing
4. A. To a son.
B. To a family. Make a better world, make a better world.
C. To the folks.
D. To a close friend. [Back to Chorus]
E. To people in the world.
Bridge:
5. A. The writer loves the way his lover is. And the dream we would conceinved in
B. The writer shows his love to his Will reveal a joyful face
children. And the world we once belived in
C. The writer expresses his respect to other Will shine again in grace
folks. Then why do we keep strangling life
D. The writer wants to be smarter, bigger Wound this earth, crucify its soul
and stronger.
Though it’s plain to see, this world is heavenly
E. The writer is not perfect, but he loves
his friend sincerely. Be God’s glow.
 Assessment
I. Choose A, B, C, Dor E for the correct answer
A. Listening Section There are people dying
If you care enough for the livng
1. A. true friend. Make a better place for
B. Lucky people.
C. A beloved family. You and for me.
D. Beloved teachers.
E. Extraordinary people.
If you want to know why
2. A. Through thick and thin forests. There’s a love that cannot lie
B. Through dark and bright roads. Love is strong
C. Through joyful moments in life.
D. Through sad and happy times. It only cares for joyful giving
E. Through possible and impossible If we try we shall see
moments. In this bliss we cannot feel
3. A. Life. B. Peace. Fear or dread
C. Destiny. D. Humanity We stop existing and start living
E. Friendship Then it feels that always
Love’s enough for us grow ing
4. A. To a son.
B. To a family. Make a better world, make a better world.
C. To the folks.
D. To a close friend. [Back to Chorus]
E. To people in the world.
Bridge:
5. A. The writer loves the way his lover is. And the dream we would conceinved in
B. The writer shows his love to his Will reveal a joyful face
children. And the world we once belived in
C. The writer expresses his respect to other Will shine again in grace
folks. Then why do we keep strangling life
D. The writer wants to be smarter, bigger Wound this earth, crucify its soul
and stronger.
Though it’s plain to see, this world is heavenly
E. The writer is not perfect, but he loves
his friend sincerely. Be God’s glow.
We could fly so high
This is the end of the listening section Let our spirits never die
B. Reading section In my heart I feel
You are all my brothers
The following text is for questions 6 to 9.
Create a world with no fea
Heal the World
Together we’ll cry happy tears
There’s a place in your heart
See the nations turn
And I know that it is love
Their swords into plowsfaras
And this place could be much
We could really get there
Brighter than tomorrow.
If you cared enough for the living
And if you really try
Make a little space to make a better place.
You’ll find there’s no need to crying this place
you’ll feel [Back to Chorus]
There’s no hurt or sorrow. Refrain (2x)
There are ways to get there
if you care enough for the living 6. What is the theme of the song?
Make a little space, make a better place. A. To describe love between men and
women.
[Chorus]
Heal the world B. To fight against fears
Make it a better place C. To encourage us to pursue our dreams.
For you and for me and the entire human race D. To provide assssra recc e who are in
 need. 10. M What does the third verse mean?
E. To create a peaceful world for all A. We have achieved our goals.
 people and next generations B. We leave our comfortable places.
C. We want to have a big dream.
7. What is expected by the singer through the
D. We want to reach an impossible dream.
song?
E. We have to trust other people
A. We should love and care for each other.
B. We should support people to build the
11. Which of the following lines uses simile?
world.
A. When every distance is too far
C. We should actively participate in an
B. When nooses become resting braids
effort to stop fear.
C. When trust has worth like platinum bars
D. We should donate some of our
D. That’s when our blind hands grasp the
 belongings to others.
stars
E. We should motivate other people to
E. When loyalty plagues and friendliness
think positively.
scars
12. What is the rhyme of the second verse?
8. What happens when there is a strong love
A. A-B-C-D
 between us?
B. A-B-A-B
A. We’ll have many friends.
C. A-B-A-C
B. We will be in big trouble.
D. A-B-C-A
C. We’ll have to go through difficult times.
E. A-B-C-B
D. We’ll be living in happiness with others.
E. We’ll face many unforgettable moments.
13. “When all we hope for is a par” (Verse 4)
What does ‘par’ mean?
9. “Let our spirits never die” (Verse 5) Who
A. Happiness.
does ‘our’ refer to?
B. Success.
A. The singer and his family.
C. Reward.
B. The singer and his friends.
D. Equality.
C. All the people in the world.
E. Gratitude.
D. All the people who are in fight.
E. The singer, his friends and family.
The following text is for questions 14 to 17.
The following text is for questions 1O to 13. Superman
When ancestors roll in their graves (By: Five For Fighting)
I can’t stand to fly
When friends can ask but not give aid
I’m not that naive
When trust has worth like platinum bars I’m just out to find
That’s when we know we have it made The better part of me

When ‘mine’ becomes reluctant ‘ours’ I’m more than a bird?

When loyalty plagues and friendliness scars I’m more than a plane
When we run laughing toward the raid I’m more than some pretty face beside a train
That’s when our blind hands grasp the stars It’s not easy to be me

When fingers slip under the lathe
When nooses become resting braids
When fossils rise out of the tar
That’s when we find our spot of shade
When every distance is too far
When all we hope for is a par
When 'wallowing' becomes ‘to bathe’
That’s when the peasants turn to czars
I wish that I could cry
Fall upon my knees
Find a way to lie
About a home I’ll never see
It may sound absurd but don’t be naive
Even Heroes have the right to bleed
I may be disturbed but won’t you concede
Even Heroes have the right to dream
It’s not easy to be me

Adopted from: http://m. wikihow.com/Sample/Rhyming- Up, up and away, away from me

Poem- About-Time (September 13, 2017)
It’s all right
You can all sleep sound tonight C. Sacrifice.
I’m not crazy or anything D. Surrender.
E. Understand

I can’t stand to fly

I’m not that naive
Men weren’t meant to ride
With clouds between their knees
For questions 18 to 20, choose ne correct
I’m only a man in a silly red sheet words to complete the following poem
Digging for kryptonite on this one way
street Only a man in a funny red sheet I Taught Myself to Live Smpty
Looking for special things inside of me (By: Anna Akhmaccva)
It’s not easy to be me. I taught myself to live simply and (18) ..........to
look at the sky and pray to God, and to wander
 Adopted from: httpV/www.lyricsfreak.com/f/five+for+fighting/
superman_20054033.html (September 13, 2017) long before evening. to tire my superfluous
worries. When the burdocks rustle in the raive
14. Why does the song writer entitle the song ^ and the yellow-red rowanberry cluster droops. I
“Superman”? (19)..................happy verses about life’s decay,
A. The writer wants to show that Superman decay and beauty I come back. The fluffy cat
is a perfect hero. licks my palm, purrs so sweetly and the fire
B. The writer shows that Superman always flares (20) ...............on the saw-mill turret by
 becomes the winner. the lake. Only the cry of a stork landing on the
C. The writer is going to tell us that roof occasionally breaks the silence If you
Superman is the symbol of victory. knock on my door I may not even hear.
D. The writer is going to tell us that
Superman always has dreams in his life. Adopted from:
http://famouspoetsandpoems.com/poets/anna_akhmatova/poem
E. The writer shows that Superman gives /31 (september 13, 2017)
his best although he faces many troubles.
18. A. Wisely
15. What is the song about? B. plainly
A. Superman's life. C. perfectly
B. Superman’s memory. D. elegantly
C. Superman’s victory. E. Extravagantly
D. Superman’s hometown
E. Superman’s strength. 19. A. give
B. learn
16. What can you learn from the song? C. publish
A. We should do the best of us. D. compose
B. We should be a perfect person. E. Receive
C. We should pursue our dreams.
D. We should realize our weakness. 20. A. dark
E. We should give the best for others B. numb
C. bright
17. “I may be disturbed but won’t you D. noisy
concede” (Verse 4) E. dreary
What is the closest meaning of ‘concede’?
A. State. II. Write an encouraging poem
B. Decide.
 Student’s Activity
Read the following song lyrics.
 Find the message of the song lyrics.
Share your work with the class

Burn
(By: Eltie Goulding)

[Verse 1]
We, we don’t have to worry ’bout nothing
’Cause we got the fire, and we’re burning one hell of a something
They, they gonna see us from outer space, outer space
Light it up, like we’re the stars of the human race, human race

[Chorus]
When the light started out they don’t know what they heard
Strike the match, play it loud, giving love to the world
We’ll be raising our hands, shining up to the sky
’Cause we got the fire, fire, fire
Yeah we got the fire, fire, fire

And we gonna let it burn, burn, burn, burn

We gonna let it burn, burn, burn, burn
Gonna let it burn, burn, burn, burn
We gonna let it burn, burn, burn, burn

[Verse 2]
We don’t wanna leave, no. We just wanna be right now (right), r -r-right now
And what we see is everybody’s on the floor acting crazy, getting loco ’til the lights out
Music’s on, I’m waking up, we fight the fire, then we burn it up
And it’s over now, we got the love, there’s no sleeping now, no sleeping now, no sleeping

Back to [Chorus]

[Bridge]
When the light started out they don’t know what they heard
Strike the match, play it loud, giving love to the world

We gonna let it burn burn burn burn (burn burn)

Burn burn burn burn (burn burn)
We can light it up, up, up
So they can’t put it out, out, out 4x
Back to [Chorus]

[Outro]
When the light started out they don’t know what they heard Strike the match, play it loud, giving love
to the world We’ll be raising our hands, shining up to the sky ’Cause we got the fire, fire, fire Yeah we
got the fire, fire, fire

And we gonna let it burn

Adopted from: https://www.azlyncs.com/lyrics/elliegoulding/burn.html (September 12, 2017)

 Look at the picture. What does it tell you about? What objects are involve: r re process? Describe
the picture briefly.
There are many natural phenomena that happen or occur on Earth, such as how rain is formed, why a
rainbow occurs and how a tsunami occurs. Besides, there are also social phenomena happening in our
surroundings. Do you know how to explain all the phenomena to others? For your information,
whenever you compose a text to describe how a certain phenomenon happen or occur, you use an
explanation text. In this chapter you will learn further about explanation texts.
Besides, you will also learn how to inform of an action/activity/event without mentioning the
agent because you want to emphasize the process or result of the action/activity/event.It means you use
 passive voice. Study all the materials and do the available exercises attentively.

 TASK 1
 Look at the picture carefully
 Answer the following questions based on your ideas

Questions:
1. What does the picture show?
2. What volcanoes do you know?
3. What is the biggest volcanic eruption that you know? Why?
4. How does a volcano erupt?
5. Why is a volcanic eruption destructive?
6. How could a volcanic eruption change the weather?
 TASK 2
 Read the following text.
 Discuss the linguistic features of the text by answering the questions.

How Volcanoes are Formed?

Have you ever wondered how volcanoes are formed?
A volcano is a vent or an opening on the earth’s surface which allows molten rock called magma,
volcanic ash and gases to escape out onto its surface.
Volcanoes are formed whenever there is a crack in the crust of the earth. A tube-like passage
connects a chamber of magma (molten rock) at the center of the earth to the earth’s crust.
When the pressure builds up in the chamber, the magma, gases and ash are pushed up through to
the top of the tube on the earth’s surface known as vent.
The red-hot magma that escapes to flow over the Earth’s surface is called lava which, when cools,
forms into rocks.
In fact, the mountains we see today are nothing but solidified lava from previously erupted
volcanoes.
Adopted from: Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Bahasa Inggris SMA/MA/SMK/MAK Kelas XI Edisi Revisi Cetakan Ke-
2, Jakarta, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 2017

Questions:
1. What is the purpose of the text?
2. What tense(s) is used in the text?
3. Why does the text use the tense(s)?
4. What kinds of verbs are used: action, verbal, or mental verbs?
5. Why does the text use such verb form?
6. What conjunctions or sentence connectors are used in the text?
7. What are the functions of the conjunctions or sentence connectors?
8. Are there any technical verbs in the text? What are they and what do they mean?

 Supporting feature
- Explanation Text
The text in TASK 2 is an example of an explanation text. The text explains the ways a volcano
is formed.
An explanation text is a non-fiction text that the purpose is to describe how or why a certain
 phenomenon happens or occurs. It shall includes a sequence of events (explaining how) and
 provides reasons for a process or phenomenon (why).
For your information, there are two types of explanation text.
1. Sequential explanation: describes natural and non-natural phenomena, for example a water
cycle.
2. Cause-effect explanation: links cause-and effects in explaining how and why an event occurred,
for example how volcanoes erupted.

Like other text types, an explanation text has also a specific text structure, as fo
• A title/introduction that identifies the topic to be explained.
• An opening statement (general statement) that identifies the process to be explained
• A sequence of explanations that describe how and why.
• A conclusion/closing that puts all the information together. It is optional.
Linguistic features:
• Focuses on general nouns rather than specific ones.
• Use of linking words like in general, rather, for instance.
• Use of action verbs like breaks, erupts.
• Use of present tense like is, wake, are.
• Reference to people should not be given.
• Passive voice may be used like are pushed, is called.
• Use of technical terms and language relevant to the subject.
• Conjunctions should be used to make connections like when, and, but
• Gives a detailed description to create
To get a clearer explanation about an explanation text, read and understand the following analysis.

Title How Volcanoes are Formed ?

Have you wondered how volcanoes   are

Introduction General nouns
formed

A volcano is a vent or an opening on the

Opening/General earth’s  surface which allows molten rock
Statement called magma, volcanic ash   and gases to Technical words
escape out onto its surface

Volcamoes are formed   whenever there

Passive voice
Explanation is a crack in the crust of the earth. A tube-like
Explanation  passage connects a chamber of magma
Sequence 1
Sequence 1
(molten rock) at the center of the earth’s crust

When the pressure builds up  in the chamber, Present tenses

Explanation
Explanation
Sequencer 2
the magma, gases and ash are pushed up
Sequence through to the top of the tube on the earht’s
surface knows as vent

Explanation
Sequence 3
Explanation The red-hot magma that escapes to flow Action verb
Sequence 3 over the Earth’s surface is called lava which,
when cools, forms into rocks. Conjunction

In fact, mountains we see today are

Closing/
nothing but solidified lava from previously
Conclusion
erupted volcanoes.

Adopted from: Kementerian dan Kebudayaan, Bahasa Inggris

SMA/MA/SMK/MAK Kelas XI Edisi Revisi Cetakan Ke-2,
Jakarta, Kementerian dan Kebudayaan, 2016

 Log onto the Website

If you’d like to learn further how to write an explanation text, you may log onto:
https://goo.gl/rSjknW. Read and understands the materials, then try to compose an explanation text

 TASK 3
 Reread the text in TASK 2.
 Listen to and answer the questions based on the text
 TASK 4
 Listen and complete the following text based on what you have heard

 S o u r c e : http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/leaming/rainbows/how-
are- rainbows-formed, downloaded September 7, 2017 

One of nature’s most splendid (1)........................is a rainbow. A rainbow is an excellent

demonstration of the (2).....................and one more piece of evidence that visible light is composed of
a spectrum of wavelengths, each associated with a (3).........................
Rainbows are formed when sunlight is scattered from (4).......................... into the eyes of a
viewer. The position of the sun and raindrops in relation to the viewer need to be just right for a
rainbow to form:
 The sun needs to be (5) ....................
 The sun needs to be low in the sky, at an angle of less than 420 (6).................... The lower the sun
in thesky, the more of an arc of a rainbow the viewer will see
 Rain, fog or some other sources of water droplets must be (7)...................... The size of the
raindrops does not directly affect the geometry of a rainbow, but (8).................... tends to disperse
the effect more
For a rainbow to occur, each individual droplet of water acts as a (9)...................that both
disperses the light and reflects it back to your eyes. As you sight into the sky, wavelengths of light
associated with a (10) .....................arrive at your eyes from the collection of droplets. The net effect of
the vast array of droplets is that a (11)....................of ROYGBIV (red, orange, yellow, green, blue,
(12)................................... violet) is seen across the sky.
A rainbow is most often viewed as a circular arc in the sky. A viewer on the ground observes a
(13)...............................with red being the color perceived on the outside or top of the bow. Those who
are fortunate enough to have seen a rainbow from an airplane in the sky may know that a rainbow
actually be a (14)............................. Viewers on the ground only view the top half of the since the
(15)............................... of the circular arc is prevented by the presence of the grouse.

Adopted from:http://www.metoffioe.gov.uk/learning/rainbows/how-are-rainbows-formed,http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/refrn/
Lesson-4/Rainbow-Formation (September 7, 2017)

 TASK 5
Complete the following statements based on the text in TASK 4.
1. The purpose of the text is ....................................
2. A rainbow shows us about ....................................
3. The phenomenon proves that .................................
4. Two elements required for a rainbow to occur are ...............................
5. To view a rainbow, a viewer should stand ..................................
6. If the sun’s position is at an angle of 30°, we can see ...............................
7. The role of a droplet of water in a rainbow formation is .......................................
8. The various of colors forming a rainbow depend on .......................................
9. The actual shape of a rainbow is ..................................
10. We only see a half part of a rainbow because ..........................

 TASK 6
 Identify the structure of the text in TASK 4.
Share your answer with the class
 TASK 7
 Read the following text.
 Ray attention to the words in bold.
What do they mean?

There are three different ways of turning moist air into cloud, so that it rains or snow. They are
frontal rain, orographic rain and convective rain. Now let’s understand how convective rain occurs.
Convective rain is produced  by convective clouds. Convective clouds are formed in vertical
motions that result from instability of the atmosphere. One way that the atmosphere can become
unstable is by heating from the sun. The ground warms up, causing moisture in the ground to
evaporate and rise, and the hot ground also heats the air above it. As the water vapor rises, it cools and
condenses into clouds and eventually rain.
When the air is heated from below like this, much like in a boiling kettle, it will produce
“bubbles” of rising air, known as updraughts. These are much smaller than the large-scale lifting of air
that occurs at fronts and over mountain ranges. This tends to give us smaller areas of rain, with clear'
spells in betwen. This rain is commonly referred to as “sunshine and showers” in the UK.
This type of rainfall is most common in the south and east of the UK, where it is typically warmer.
This area is also prone to very heavy showers and thunderstorms. This is because the warmer air can
hold more water.
Adopted from: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/learning/rain/why-does-it-rain (September 7, 2017)

 Supporting Feature
 Grammar
- Passive Voice
Read the following sentences taken from the text in TASK 7.
1. Convective rain is produced by convective clouds.
2. Convective clouds are formed in vertical motions ....
3. When the air is heated from below like this, ....
The verbs in bold in the above sentences have passive meanings. Therefore, the sentences are
called passive voice.
We use passive voice:
1. when we want to focus on the person or object affected by the action, or the action itself;
2. when it is not important who or what performed;
3. when the subject is unknown;
4. when we intend to be more formal, as in most forms of academic writing.
Here are the ways to change active sentences into passive sentences.
1. The subject of an active sentence becomes the object of a passive sentence.
2. The object of an active sentence becomes the subject of a passive sentence, usually preceded
 by a preposition ‘by’, known as ‘by agent’. ‘By agent’ is not always stated in a passive
sentence.
3. The verb is changed into be + past participle (V3). The form of ‘be’ depends on the tense of
the sentence (past, present, future) and the subject of the sentence (singular or plural).
See the changes below.
Active : Carla drove Anita to the cinema.
subject verb object
Passive : Anita was driven by Carla to the cinema
subject verb object
 Here are other examples
Tense Active Voice Passive Voice

Simple Present The researchers test the material. The material is tested by the researchers.
The researchers are testing the
Present Continuous The material is being tested by the researchers.
material.
Simple Future The researchers will test the material. The material will be tested by the researchers.
The researchers will be testing the The material will be being tested by the
Future Continuous
material. researchers.
Simple Past The researchers tested the material. The material was tested by the researchers.
The researchers were testing the The material was being tested by the
Past Continuous
material. researchers.
The researchers have tested the The material has been tested by the
Present Perfect
material. researchers.
The researchers had tested the The material had been tested by the
Past Perfect
material. researchers.
The researchers should test the The material should be tested by the
material. researchers.
Modals
The researchers may have tested the The materia! may have been tested by the
material. researchers.
Most scientific or academic texts can be characterized by the frequent use of passive voice.
There are a few reasons of it.
1. Often in scientific or academic writing, we don’t want to focus on who is performing, but
on who is receiving or experiencing the action. The passive voice allows writers to highlight
the most important participants or events within sentences by placing them at the beginning
of the sentence
Example:
Active: Scientists classify glass as a The passive sentence focuses on how glass is
solid. classified, rather than on
Passive: Glass is classified as a solid. who classifies glass.
The passive construction is preferable because the writer wants readers to focus on the result of
an action rather than the person performing.
2. In scientific or academic writing occasionally it is obvious, irrelevant or repetitive to state
who the ‘writer’ of the sentence is: thus the passive voice is a useful way to construct these
types of sentences. It is also a way that the use of informal personal pronouns can be
avoided.
Examples:
One type of work group, the semi-autonomous
It is obvious that it is the author who will be
work group, is discussed in a section later in
doing the discussion.
this chapter.
The group was formed to last for only the It is irrelevant to the reader here who did the
lifetime of a particular project, forming.
Hand-washing practices of staff were observed
 by 4 members of the nursing staff on rostered
The passive is used to avoid repeated
shifts. Hand-washing, or failure to wash one's
reference to the known performer of the
hands, following patient contact was recorded.
act(l.e. the observers).
Leaving the area without washing one’s hands
was deemed a failure to wash.
The seeds found in ant nests were counted. The passive allows you to avoid using a
 personal pronoun (... by us).

3. Occasionally, in academic writing it might be expedient to use the passive voice in order to
avoid naming the ‘performer’ of an action so that the message of your text is less
inflammatory.