Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter discusses the data that are shown in the tables. Data

were analyzed, interpreted, and supported by related literatures and studies.

Problem 1. What are the phytochemicals present in the crude ethanolic

extract of Makabuhay (Tinospora rhumpii) stem, roots, and leaves?

Table 1 Phytochemical Analysis

Phytochemical Plant Parts
Leaves Stem Roots
Alkaloids +++ +++ +++
Flavonoids ++ +++ +++
Saponins +++ + +
Steroids +++ +++ +++
Tannins - - -
Cyanogenic - - -
Glycosides
Anthraquinones - - -
+ positive or turbid presence of phytochemical
++ positive or medium presence of phytochemical
+++ positive or heavy presence of phytochemical
- negative or absence of phytochemical

Table 1 shows the phytochemical analysis of the Makabuhay

(Tinospora rhumpii) stem, roots, and leaves. It can be gleaned in the table

that four phytochemicals are present in the leaves, stem and roots of

Makabuhay. Specifically, heavy presence of alkaloids and steroids is

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observed in all plant parts. Flavonoids are also heavily present in the stem

and roots but it is present in medium amount in the leaf parts. Saponins on

the other hand is heavily present on the leaves but is present in turbid

amount in both stem and roots. Tannins, cyanogenic glycosides and

anthraquinones are not observed in all plant parts.

The findings imply that Makabuhay (Tinospora rhumpii) stem, roots,

and leaves possess phytochemicals which can be used as for biopesticidal

activities. With its toxicity, its extract can lower population of insect pests on

rice. The study suggests to use Makabuhay (Tinospora rhumpii) plant as

alternative biopesticides.

Likewise, Gutierrez Jr. (2017) justified that the Makabuhay (Tinospora

rhumpii) plant contains flavonoids, and steroids phytochemicals that are

known to possess pesticidal activities against insects and other pests.

However, the current study does not support the result of Gutierrez in terms

of Tannin content of the plant since the study resulted to negative existence

of tannin phytochemical. On the other hand, Ramada, Soriano & Abella

(2018) study has supported that Makabuhay (Tinospora rhumpii) plant

contains saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and steroids phytochemicals which

repels other insects and pests.

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Problem 2. What are the repellency and mortality effects of the crude
ethanolic extract of Makabuhay (Tinospora rhumpii) stem, roots and
leaves on rice weevils (Sitophilus oryzae L.)?
Table 2 Repellency Effect
Parts
Concentration
Leaf Stem Roots
5% 20% 24% 28%
10% 40% 36% 44%
15% 52% 56% 60%
   
Ethanol 12%
Commercial 88%

Table 2 shows the repellency effect of the crude ethanolic extract of

Makabuhay (Tinospora rhumpii) stem, roots and leaves on rice weevils

(Sitophilus oryzae L.) as well as the ethanol and commercial insecticide

concentrations. As the table portrays, the commercial insecticide

concentrations are mostly repelled by the rice weevils. However, in terms of

crude ethanolic extract of Makabuhay (Tinospora rhumpii) plant, the roots at

15% concentration level are mostly repelled by the rice weevils. The ethanol

solution concentration has the lowest repellency effect.

It implies that the crude ethanolic extract of Makabuhay (Tinospora

rhumpii) plant at all plant parts are comparable to the commercial insecticide

concentrations or the positive control. This means that if the concentration is

further increased to more than 15%, the effect of the positive control might

have been surpassed.

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Nonetheless, Nerio, Olivero-Verbel, & Stashenko (2006) supported that

bioactive extracts from different plants were reported as repellents against

different insects of economically stored products. By the same token,

Dagcuta (2016) study have justified that Makabuhay (Tinospora rhumpii)

plant possess toxic properties that can help protect grains from pests. Thus, it

is an effective pesticide and is efficient enough to compete in our market

today.

Table 3 Mortality Effect

Exposure of Time per Hour Total
Parts Concentration
3 hrs 6 hrs 8 hrs 9 hrs 10 hrs
   
5.0% 4.0% 8.0% 12.0% 12.0% 12.0% 48.0%
Leaf 10.0% 8.0% 12.0% 16.0% 12.0% 12.0% 60.0%
15.0% 12.0% 12.0% 20.0% 16.0% 12.0% 72.0%
5.0% 4.0% 8.0% 8.0% 8.0% 8.0% 36.0%
Stem 10.0% 12.0% 16.0% 12.0% 12.0% 12.0% 64.0%
15.0% 16.0% 20.0% 16.0% 12.0% 12.0% 76.0%
5.0% 8.0% 8.0% 12.0% 12.0% 12.0% 52.0%
Roots 10.0% 12.0% 16.0% 16.0% 16.0% 16.0% 76.0%
15.0% 16.0% 20.0% 20.0% 16.0% 16.0% 88.0%
   
  Ethanol 8% 4% 4% 4% 4% 24.0%
  Commercial
20% 24% 24% 20% 8% 96.0%
  Distilled Water 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0.0%

Table 3 reveals the mortality effect of of the crude ethanolic extract of

Makabuhay (Tinospora rhumpii) stem, roots and leaves on rice weevils

(Sitophilus oryzae L.) as well as the ethanol and commercial insecticide

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concentrations and distilled water at different time intervals. It entails that the

use of commercial insecticide has the most mortality effect with a ratio of

96%. This is followed of the crude ethanolic extract of Makabuhay (Tinospora

rhumpii) roots part. Distilled water proved no effect to the life of rice weevils

(Sitophilus oryzae L.) while ethanol solution concentration has shown little

effect to the mortality of rice weevils (Sitophilus oryzae L.). Moreover, it can

be noticed that mortality effects are increasing from 5% to 15% solution

concentration to leaf, stem and roots. This means that on increasing level of

concentration, the more rice weevils would die.

It implies that the crude ethanolic extract of Makabuhay (Tinospora

rhumpii) plant is comparable to the commercial insecticide as the positive

control mortality effects to rice weevils (Sitophilus oryzae L.). Increasing the

concentration to more than 15% may have surpassed the mortality effect of

the positive control although the results suggest that it has the most

significant effects compared to all concentrations of the plant extracts.

Not to mention, the results are congruent to Gutierrez Jr. (2017) study

which founded that increasing the Makabuhay (Tinospora rhumpii) plant

extract would result to higher mortality effect to rice weevils. Hence, it can be

concluded that it is an effective grain protectant against rice weevils

(Sitophilus oryzae L.).

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Problem 3. What is the bio-efficacy of crude ethanolic extract of

Makabuhay plant (Tinospora rhumpii) as stored grain protectant against
rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae L.)?
Bio-Efficacy Summary

The study indicates that the commercial insecticides have the highest

mortality and repellency effect to rice weevils (Sitophilus oryzae L.). This

means that it is the most effective and efficient grain protectant in the study.

However, the results have also revealed that the Makabuhay (Tinospora

rhumpii) plant extract in terms of its leaves, stems and roots have affected

the rice weevils (Sitophilus oryzae L.). The higher the concentration of the

plant extract, the higher mortality and repellency effect to rive weevils

(Sitophilus oryzae L.). Thus, it can be implied that Makabuhay (Tinospora

rhumpii) plant extract can be used as an alternative grain protectant against

rice weevils (Sitophilus oryzae L.).

In addition, Azmathullah (2011) supported that alkaloids, saponins, and

flavonoids are known to pesticidal properties. This means that the

Makabuhay (Tinospora rhumpii) plant can be used as an alternative

protectant to stored grain against rice weevils. Also, Talukder, Islam,

Hossain, Rahman, & Alam (2005) stated that repellents from plant origin are

considered safe in pest control as they minimize pesticide residues; ensure

safety of the people, food, environment and wildlife. Hence, the Makabuhay

(Tinospora rhumpii) plant can be used as eco-friendly pesticides.

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Problem 4. What orientation program can be developed based on the

findings?
Orientation Program

Rationale:

Rice is among the cereal products which constitute as the main source

of food for human beings, including some animals. Hence, it is widely

produced in the economy for human consumption. However, with the pests

such as rice weevils damaging its stored grains, it creates challenge to

product effective and efficient stored grain protectant that is eco-friendly and

harmless to humans.

In this study, the researchers have developed an orientation program

to inform and promote Makabuhay (Tinospora rhumpii) plant as an alternative

botanical pesticides and stored grain protectant against rice weevils

(Sitophilus oryzae L.). It’s a half-day program which will invite a guest

speaker to expertly explain to the participants the lists of topics to be

discussed. More so, the participants will be given time to share their ideas

and ask queries along the program.

Objectives:

1. Explain the importance of Biopesticides in protecting stored grain;

2. Promote biopesticides as an alternative stored grain protectant against

rice weevils; and

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3. Discuss the concerns about rice weevils on stored grains.

Theme: Towards Eco-Friendly Usage of Bio-Pesticides as Grain Protectant

Persons-Involved: Department of Agriculture, Community and Rice Traders

Activities

Time Program
8:00 - 8:30 am Registration
8:30 am to 8:40 am Opening Ceremony
8:41 am to 8:52 am Opening Remarks
8:53 am to 8:56 am Introduction of Guest Speaker
8: 57 am to 9:10 am Stored Grains and Rice Weevils
9:11 am to 9:25 am Use of Biopesticides
9:26 am to 10:00 am Advantages and Disadvantages of Biopesticides:

How to make it?

10:01 am to 11:15

am Open Forum
11:16 am to 11:20

am Awarding of Certification of Appreciation and Token

to the Guest Speaker

11:21 am to 11:25

am Closing Remarks
11:26 am to 11:40

am Closing Ceremonies