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Machine “Work”
Gordon O. Johnson, Physics Department, Walla Walla College, 204 S. College Ave.,
College Place, WA 99324; johngo@wwc.edu
An equivalent form of this equation is found in which implies a linear relationship between m2
the literature.2 – m1 and a, with an intercept of mf if m2 + m1 is
kept constant. Seven data sets were taken for
Experimental Design and Data various total values of hanging mass (m2 + m1)
Analysis ranging from 0.02601 kg to 0.37626 kg. Values
To obtain values of g we need to determine of acceleration are obtained from the pulley
all the quantities in Eq. (7). This is straightfor- timings using a least-squares fit to find the slope
ward except for mp and m f . We must remember of the speed-versus-time graph. To obtain more
that mp is constant independent of the hanging reliable acceleration values, each experimental
masses used while m f varies. However, m f re- run is repeated three or four times. In the sub-
m2 – m1 (kg)
m2 – m1 (kg)
Fig. 2. Relationship between mass difference and Fig. 3. Relationship between mass difference and
acceleration for the case of m1 + m2 = 0.02601 kg. acceleration for the case of m1 + m2 = 0.37626 kg.
For the best fit line, the slope (S) = 3.019 0.012 x For the best fit line, the slope (S) = 3.928 0.009 x
10-3 kg-s2/m and the intercept (mf) = 1.26 0.16 x 10-2 kg-s2/m and the intercept (mf) = 2.34 0.26 x
10-4 kg. 10-4 kg.
m2 + m1 = g S – mp. (10)
mf (kg)
S (kg-s2/m) m1 + m2 (kg)
Fig. 4. Relationship between m1 + m2 and S [see Eq. Fig. 5. Relationship between effective frictional
(10)]. Best fit line has a slope (g) = 9.663 0.006 mass mf and m1 + m2. Best fit line has a slope =
m/s2 and an intercept (-mp ) = -3.36 0.14 x 10-3 kg. 3.7 0.4 x 10-4 and an intercept = 1.12 0.09 x
10-4 kg.
acceleration data assumes that the circumfer- mp, is determined from the intercept of the
ence of the pulley is exactly 0.15 m when the graph in Fig. 4 to be 0.00336 0.00014 kg.
string runs in the groove. As a double check on The mass of the string, 0.00013 0.00001 kg,
this value, we passed the string over the pulley must be subtracted from this, leaving a value of
and measured the length for six pulley revolu- 0.00323 0.00015 kg. Using the value of R
tions to be 0.9135 0.0005 m. From this determined from the measured circumference
measurement the circumference is 0.15225 (see Table II), Ip = mpR2 = 1.90 0.09 10-6
0.00008 m. The ratio of the measured circum- kg-m2 that is in good agreement with the value
ference to the assumed value is 1.0150 of 1.8 10-6 kg-m2 given on the PASCO web-
0.0005 and provides a scale factor that applies site (www.pasco.com). The effective “frictional
to all quantities determined with the pulley that mass” values obtained from the intercepts of
have length dimensions. Table II summarizes graphs like those shown in Figs. 2 and 3 do in-
the final results for the acceleration of gravity. deed vary. Figure 5 shows a graph of m f as a
This experiment shows that a Smart Pulley™ function of m2 + m1. The friction appears to
can be used to measure the acceleration of gravi- have an inherent value with no external load on
ty very accurately but only if bearing friction the bearings and then to increase almost linearly
and pulley inertia are included. The concepts as the loading is increased by the added mass.
involved are relatively straightforward and can Not all pulleys are identical. If this experiment
be appreciated by undergraduate students. It is is performed, be sure to use the same pulley for
appropriate for a project lab emphasizing exper- the duration of the data-taking phase.
imental technique and computer-data handling.
C. Wang2 also proposed a method for including Acknowledgment
the friction and inertia of the pulley, but it re- I give special thanks to Beckie Fulton and Jim
quired an independent measurement of the in- Edwards, two of my physics students who
ertia using a physical pendulum and a determi- demonstrated as part of a laboratory project the
nation of the “frictional mass” by searching for basic feasibility of the method presented here.
the zero acceleration condition. As outlined in
the next section, the technique described in this References
1. This equation is found in the mechanics sections
paper not only determines g but also mp and mf
of many introductory physics textbooks. For in-
without any additional measurements.
stance, see E. Hecht, Physics: Algebra/Trig, 2nd ed.
An Added Bonus (Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, CA, 1998), p. 133.
2. C. Wang, “The improved determination of accel-
Although we did not set out to determine
eration in Atwood’s machine,” Am. J. Phys. 41,
the moment of inertia of the pulley or the value 917-919 (1973).
of the friction, these were byproducts of the
3. Thomas B. Greenslade, “Atwood’s machine,”
methodology. The effective mass of the pulley,
Phys. Teach. 23, 24-28 (Jan. 1985).