Chinese General Hospital Colleges

College of Medical Technology

286 Blumenttrit Street Sta. Cruz Manila

“Emerging Diseases and

Bloodborne Diseases”

De Guzman, Marvinne Danielleen S.

Manuel, Patricia

Maranga, Tonichie C.

Tecson, Christine Joy

BSMT 1B

Submitted to:

Ms. Racquel Fernandez

 Emerging Infectious Diseases:

According to National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, emerging infectious

diseases are commonly defined as outbreaks of previously unknown diseases, known
diseases that are rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range in the last 2 decades,
persistence of infectious diseases that cannot be controlled.

Emerging diseases includes:

 HIV Infections
 SARS
 Lyme disease
 Escherichia Coli O157:H7 (E.Coli)
 Hantavirus
 Dengue Fever
 West Nile Virus
 Zika Virus

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (Ebola virus disease)

CDC is working with other U.S. government agencies, the World Health Organization, and
other domestic and international partners in an international response to the 2014 Ebola
outbreak in West Africa.

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)

The NIOSH topic page for healthcare workers includes links to CDC information and
guidelines on MERS.

Chikungunya Virus

CDC compilation of information and resources on the virus transmitted to humans by

mosquitoes.

Flu Viruses

H1N1 Influenza Virus (Swine Flu)

NIOSH provides technical guidance for workers and employers about preventing
exposure and infection.

Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)

 NIOSH gives an overview and provides a compilation of resources on a virus that
normally affects birds but can be transmitted to workers who are in contact with
infected poultry.

Reemerging diseases:

These are diseases that re-appear after they’ve been on a significant decline. Reemergence
may happen because of a breakdown in public health measure for diseases that were once
under control. They can also happen when new strains of known diseases causing
organisms appear.

Reemerging diseases include:

 Malaria
 Tuberculosis
 Cholera
 Pertussis
 Influenza
 Pneumococcal disease
 Gonorrhea

Bloodborne Diseases

Bloodborne pathogens are infectious microorganisms in human blood that can cause
disease in humans. These pathogens include, but are not limited to, hepatitis B (HBV),
hepatitis C (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Needlesticks and other sharps-related injuries may expose workers to bloodborne

pathogens. Workers in many occupations, including first responders, housekeeping
personnel in some industries, nurses and other healthcare personnel, all may be at risk for
exposure to bloodborne pathogens.

1. Human Immunodeficiency Virus

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets the immune system and weakens
people's defence systems against infections and some types of cancer. As the virus destroys
and impairs the function of immune cells, infected individuals gradually become
immunodeficient. Immune function is typically measured by CD4 cell count.

The most advanced stage of HIV infection is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

(AIDS), which can take from 2 to 15 years to develop if not treated, depending on the
 individual. AIDS is defined by the development of certain cancers, infections or other severe
clinical manifestations.

Mode of Transmission

 Blood
 Semen and Pre-Seminal fluids
 Rectal Fluid / Anal Mucous
 Vaginal Fluids
 Breast Milk
 Unprotected Sex
 Passed from mother to baby
 Sharing infected equipment such as needles

Symptoms

Acute HIV Infection

Within 2 to 4 weeks after infection with HIV, about two-thirds of people will have a flu-
like illness :

Fever, Chills, Rash, Night sweats, Muscle aches, Sore throat, Fatigue, Swollen lymph
nodes, Mouth ulcers.

Clinical Latency

In this stage, the virus still multiplies, but at very low levels. People in this stage may not
feel sick or have any symptoms. This stage is also called chronic HIV infection.

Advance Stage

 Rapid weight loss

 Recurring fever or profuse night sweats
 Extreme and unexplained tiredness
 Diarrhea that lasts for more than a week
 Sores of the mouth, anus, or genitals
 Pneumonia
 Red, brown, pink, or purplish blotches on or under the skin or inside the mouth,
nose, or eyelids

HIV Types Testing

  Antibody Screening Test – checks for protein that the body makes 2-8 weeks after
being infected, also known as immunoassay and generally accurate
 Antibody/ Antigen Combnation Test – CDC recommended and can detect HIV earlier
than antibody screening test. It checks HIV Antigen protein called p24 (part of the
virus) 2-4 weeks after being infected.
 Nucleic Acid Test – Looks for the virus itself 10 days after being exposed. Most
expensive.

Prevention and Control

 Abstinence
 Use of Condoms properly
 Do not reuse syringes
 Take medications on time

Hepatitis B Virus

Hepatitis B is a potentially life-threatening liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus

(HBV). It is a major global health problem. It can cause chronic infection and puts people at high
risk of death from cirrhosis and liver cancer.

A safe and effective vaccine that offers a 98-100% protection against hepatitis B is
available. Preventing hepatitis B infection averts the development of complications including
the development of chronic disease and liver cancer.

Mode of Transmission

 Sexual intercourse with an infected person

 Sharing contaminated needles to inject drugs
 An infected mother to her newborn during birth

Symptoms

 Jaundice (i.e., skin and eyes turn yellow)

 Pale stools
 Dark urine
 Fatigue
 Tenderness in the upper right side of the stomach area
 Loss of appetite

Complications
  Acute Hepatitis B – short-term that can last for weeks
 Chronic Hepatitis B- long term that can lead to further complications

Test and Diagnosis

 Hepatitis B surface Antigen (HBsAg) – determine if the person is infected

 Antibody to HBsAg (Anti-HBs) – determine if the person has immunity against Hepatitis
B Virus
 Antibody to core Antigen (Anti-HBc) – determine if the person has been previously
infected

Prevention

 Get vaccinated
 Always use clean needles

Hepatitis C Virus

Hepatitis C: Inflammation of the liver due to the hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is usually
spread via blood transfusion (rare), hemodialysis, and needle sticks. The damage hepatitis C
does to the liver can lead to cirrhosis and its complications as well as cancer. Transmission of
the virus by sexual contact is rare. At least half of hepatitis C patients develop chronic hepatitis
C infection. Chronic hepatitis C was frequently treated with injectable interferon, in
combination with antiviral oral medications, but now is most often treated with oral antivirals
alone. There is no vaccine for hepatitis C. Previously known as non-A, non-B hepatitis

Mode Of Tranmission

 Sharing drug snorting or injection equipment such as needles and syringes

 Accidentally poking yourself with a used needle and syringe
 Sexual Intercourse

Symptoms

• Fever
• Tiredness
• Jaundice (yellow skin or eyes)
• Abdominal pain
• Dark urine
• Loss of appetite
 • Nausea (sick to your stomach)

Complications

• Acute Hepatitis C

• Chronic Hepatitis C

Test and Diagnosis

 Hepatitis C antibody test

 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Prevention

• Get vaccinated

HIV CASE STUDY: WANGGO GALLAGA

Name: Wanggo Gallaga
Sex: Male
Occupation: Writer
Famous works:
> HIV: Si Heidi, Si Ivy at Si V
> Sonata (2013)
> Open (2019)

Dilemma & Acquire:

 Wanggo Gallaga is openly gay and at the age of 17 he was sexually active.

 He ignored his friends’ and family’s advice to use protection.

 In 2004 he counted 68 different partners, mostly unprotected.

Diagnose:

 2007 was the year he was getting sick, usually with fever or flu but did not suspect
anything.

 2008 got worse, every month he got sick and suffered from more serious illnesses like
ear infections, bronchitis and pneumonia.

 August of that same year, he was asked to be tested for HIV.

 By the time he was diagnosed, the HIV infection was already threatening to progress
into full-blown AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)

Treatment/Prevention:

 Because of the support he had received from in family and friends, he battled
complications including meningitis.

 His parents have helped him financially in expenses for the antiretroviral drugs that
keep HIV at bay.

Management:

 After 10 years, he had beaten back full-blown AIDS twice.

 He is still on maintenance medication and living normally as a professor of

screenwriting.