Portada Modern Geotechnical and Foundation

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AN: 1805050 ; Kurian, Nainan.; Introduction to Modern Techniques in Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering, An
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Nainan PP.. Kurian

Kurian
α
Alpha Science International Ltd.
Oxford, U.K.
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An Introduction to Modern Techniques in

Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering
384 pgs. | 382 figs. | 10 tbls.
Nainan P. Kurian Ph.D., D.Sc.,

Professor of Civil Engineering (Retd.)
Indian Institute of Technology, Madras
Chennai, India
Email: <nainankurian@rediffmail.com>
Copyright © 2013
ALPHA SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL LTD.
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Printed from the camera-ready copy provided by the Author.
ISBN 978-1-84265-790-4
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Affectionately dedicated to
my four grandchildren
Ashwini Mary Mathew,

Arun Cherian Mathew,
Diya Elizabeth Kurian, and
Rayhan Koshy John Kurian,
whose generation ought to gain by

the technologies described in this book.
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Foreword
The past three decades have seen a remarkable proliferation in the volume of literature devoted to geotech-
nical and foundation engineering. There are now a vast number of journals that address these subjects, and
many conferences annually produce a welter of papers of variable quality. The undergraduate student is
insulated from this plethora of information by curricula that usually follow a well-trodden path and which
cover the basics of soil mechanics and engineering mechanics and which employ texts that have been tried,
tested and refined over the past 50 years.
The new graduate that typically emerges from the academic cocoon into the real world of engineering
is confronted by many unfamiliar concepts and challenges, and if he or she becomes involved in geotech-
nical and foundation engineering, it may be a daunting task to retrieve relevant and reliable background
information on these concepts, the internet, Google and Wikipedia notwithstanding. Seasoned professionals
may similarly face challenges in trying to find information on new techniques without delving into the
intricacies of journal and conference papers which, because of the limitations of publication space, are
often curtailed and over-succinct, and assume levels of knowledge which are uncommon outside academic
circles.
It is for such groups that this new book, by a committed and passionate academic and author with
an abiding interest in the professional and practical aspects of geotechnical and foundation engineering,
Prof. Nainan P. Kurian, will be particularly welcome. As the author states in his preface, not all aspects of
geotechnical and foundation engineering can be covered in a single book, but he does identify a number of
important areas, some traditional and some more recent, on which to focus. For each topic that he addresses,
he provides a clear description, a set of relevant references, and most importantly, excellent diagrams that
accompany and illuminate the text. The old adage about a picture being worth a thousand words is certainly
operative in this book. In so doing, he helps the reader to appreciate the concepts and underlying fundamentals
of the topic, without becoming overwhelmed by equations and mathematical derivations.
The book covers a number of traditional areas, such as various foundation types, pile foundations, and
earth retaining structures, and while it tends to focus on the geotechnical aspects of foundations, it also
addresses the structural issues which are an integral part of the design process. The book also highlights,
among others, the author’s own contributions in areas such as ‘special piles’ (tapered piles, under-reamed
piles and screw piles) and ‘shell foundations’. The latter topic has been his major field of engagement in
his long academic career, culminating in the first book on the subject. The current book also treats several
topics that appear infrequently, or not at all, even in contemporary texts. These include geosynthetics, a
number of modern ground improvement methods (vacuum consolidation, dynamic consolidation, soilcrete),
piled raft foundations, drilling muds, and cathodic protection for foundations. The final chapter deals
with a number of interesting case histories, ranging from very recent cases such as the world’s current
tallest building, to one of the world’s oldest, and still enigmatic, group of structures, the pyramids of
Egypt.
I have long held the view that our profession should occasionally pause and consolidate existing know-
ledge, rather than proceed headlong with research into areas of diminishing intellectual and practical return.
Dr. Nainan Kurian’s book is an important contribution to this consolidation of knowledge. It is a book that
deserves to be read widely by practicing professionals involved in geotechnical and foundation engineering,
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viii Foreword
but also one that should be made available to undergraduate and graduate students so that they can better
appreciate the context in which, and the limitations of, their often-complex computer analyses are undertaken.
Importantly, the geotechnical communities in developing countries will stand to benefit by adopting, and
perhaps adapting, the new technologies described in this book.
Sydney, Professor Harry G. Poulos

October 2012 AM, BE, PhD, DSc Eng
FIEAust, FASCE, M.ACEA, FAA, FTSE
Coffey Geotechnics and University of Sydney
Australia
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Preface
This book is essentially an outgrowth of Part II of the author’s earlier book ‘Modern Foundations –
An Introduction to Advanced Techniques’∗ (Part I of this book covering the subject of shell foundations has
already appeared as a separate treatise under the title ‘Shell Foundations – Geometry, Analysis, Design and
Construction.’∗∗ ) Quite a substantial body of material has been added to the same to make the treatment
as current as possible, much as the author is keenly aware of the fact the title is too ambitious to make
such a claim ever remaining fulfilled in a fast growing, technology-driven subject as modern geotechnical
and foundation engineering. A further word may be appropriate at this stage itself as regards the title of
the book. Even though foundation engineering – especially its geotechnical component – is very much part
of geotechnical engineering, it has a strong structural component, which hopefully justifies its individual
mention in the title.
Following from what has been stated above, no claim is made to comprehensiveness, depth or being
up-to-date in coverage; indeed, as mentioned, no book under a title of the present kind can ever claim
to be so. When it comes to a book, however, one should feel contented at the possibility of timely new
editions which may mercifully remedy this situation. As regards the present contents, the book provides a
compendium of key references, which should enable the inquisitive reader to pursue his individual interest
from such a base.
A publication of this type attempting to survey modern developments in a vast subject area, is beset with
more limitations than what has been hinted at before. Besides everything else, it is limited by the author’s
own knowledge of developments in the subject, derived from reading and observations which may have
several gaps and can be significantly far from being exhaustive.
A very vulnerable aspect indeed is the order of presentation which cannot compete with the same in a
textbook, where the order takes more or less a prescribed course. The assorted nature of topics covered in
this book, spanning the entire gamut of geotechnical engineering and foundation engineering, the latter with
structural overtones, defies an organisation and order of presentation on more logical and rational lines than
what has been attempted here.
Authors like me who are strongly convinced of the ever-present, ever-expanding and never-ending need
for improving and enhancing the quality of technical communication, would lament the lack of powerful
media such as video, which can explain and illustrate far more efficiently and effectively than the printed
word, the functioning of new technologies, e.g. the plug formation in under-mud concreting, protecting the
fresh concrete below, and the rising plug wiping off the mud-coating on the reinforcement. Such media
would instruct not only the students, but also old professionals, enabling the latter to take technically more
informed decisions. (The example of the drilling mud is quoted here because the author has heard of a senior
chief engineer for whom it is nothing but dirt and mud which would only ‘spoil’ the concrete, and if he
thought so, he is indeed not to blame for it!) These videos can illustrate the theory in the first place, followed
by clippings from field examples. They supplement the communicative value of the written word and can be
∗
Tata-McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 1982
∗∗
Narosa Publ. House, New Delhi, 2006
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x Preface
attached to books such as the present one. (The author’s book ‘Design of Foundations Systems – Principle
and Practices’# carries a detailed design software on a CD which plays a similar supplementary role.)
While on the topic of supplementing the written word, the author feels it would be most ideal to develop
animation videos – leveraging the fast-growing field of ‘animation technologies’ which is making giant
strides in the computer world – to illustrate principles (e.g. water pressure > earth pressure) which would
convey the technical principle far more effectively by creating the necessary ‘feel’ for the topic, which every
student must acquire. Fields such as ‘dynamic pile testing’ are ripe with these possibilities. (The author
hopes to involve himself in such an exercise in the future, with a view to producing the material on CD to be
attached to a future edition of this and his earlier books.)
There is no doubt that ‘knowing’ is a prerequisite for ‘doing.’ This book is primarily addressed to students
and professional communities in geotechnical engineering in the developing countries to instruct them
on what is relatively new in their field of activity. Developing countries will find themselves in the path
of development by imbibing and adapting new relevant technologies from the developed countries of the
world, besides developing their own appropriate technologies suiting their developmental needs. The author
hopes that professional communities in the developed countries will also find the book useful to varying
degrees depending upon their backgrounds. The eventual bottom line is development to the extent what these
technologies can contribute to it.
Since the book is meant for students at various stages of their studies, and professionals at various levels
of accomplishments, a conscious attempt has been made to present the topics in a ‘graded’ form – the initial
part being meant for undergraduate and postgraduate students and the succeeding and final parts for advanced
professionals. The author sincerely hopes that the user community will find this a welcome feature. Research
scholars are expected to find the topics presented as a fertile field for developing new ideas and orient their
research in those directions. A related factor is that some of the references listed go beyond what has been
cited in the text, which the advanced reader may be interested in pursuing. Summing up, the author would
like his efforts to be considered as ‘teaching-at-large,’ in an academic sense.
The author has to thank many in the preparation of this book and that includes the Chancellor and other
academic authorities of Karunya University, near Coimbatore, for permitting him the ‘extravaganza’ as it
were, which saw through a part of the writing of this book during the course of his part-time employment as
visiting professor at the University. A special word of thanks is due to Dr. C. Gajendran, his former colleague
at Karunya, for all the assistance rendered by him in the computer-related work pertaining to typesetting the
text.
The author is indeed thankful to his parent institution, the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, for
the financial assistance granted for preparing the manuscript in the camera-ready form, as in the case of his
earlier two books, under the Institution’s scheme of assistance for book writing. A word of thanks is also due
to the P.S.G. College of Technology, Coimbatore, where he had a brief stint as an Emeritus Professor under
the All India Council for Technical Education.
The author wishes to place on record his deep sense of gratitude to Professor Harry G. Poulose, the
internationally acclaimed academic, author and consultant from Australia, for gracing this book with his
Foreword. His words reflect his own enthusiasm for the topics covered in the book and endorse the author’s
views on the need for presenting them in the technological scenario existing across countries in the developing
world.
The author takes great pleasure in acknowledging the efforts of his son Mr. Ranjit P. Kurian, who worked
as a senior software engineer in Microsoft Corporation at their headquarters in Redmond (near Seattle,
Washington State), U.S.A., for scanning and converting printed text and pdf files into word documents, and
#
Narosa Publ. House, New Delhi, 2005
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Preface xi
for rendering similar help and assistance during his brief stay with him in Sammamish, near Redmond, which
also enabled him to type a good part of the manuscript of the book himself.
The author is deeply indebted to Mr. N.K. Mehra, Publisher and Managing Director M/s. Narosa Publishing
House, New Delhi, for accepting this manuscript for publication and bringing it out in an attractive format.
Narosa was the publisher of his earlier two books: Design of Foundation Systems – Principles and Practices
(1992, 1994, 2005) and Shell Foundations – Geometry, Analysis, Design and Construction (2006), both of
which won the Nagadi Award for the Best Publication in Civil Engineering instituted by The Association of
Consulting Civil Engineers (India) in the years 2001 and 2009, respectively. (The author may be pardoned if
he anticipates that this book too is a candidate for the same or a similar award in its own time.) He considers
these three books together as his best contribution to the subject of foundation engineering which has been
his chosen field of activity in teaching, research and consultancy, in an academic career spread over four
decades.
Between preparing the hand-written copy of the manuscript and its eventual publication in the book form
lie a number of intermediate stages – some of which are indeed very tiresome and time-consuming what with
all assistance from the computer – which every technical book has to go through. It starts with typing the
first draft of the text which in this case was organised by Mr. I. Jacob, Proprietor of The Printer, Coimbatore,
with admirable effort. A very painstaking part of the work has been the preparation of the large number of
figures, some of which are very intricate, starting with scanning and digitising the originals, improving them
considerably, and entering the labels by computer. The next stage was formatting the text in its final form and
placing the figures appropriately in the text, besides indexing the text for subjects and authors, by computer,
all of which were achieved using efficient desktop publishing softwares. The latter part of the work was
ably undertaken by M/s. Krishtel eMaging Solutions, Pvt. Ltd., Chennai, who carried out the same work for
his previous two books mentioned earlier. The author takes immense pleasure in thanking Mr. N.S. Sridhar,
Director of the above firm, for accomplishing this task in a time-bound and commendable manner, which
enabled him to submit the manuscript to the publisher in the final form ready for publication.
In the ultimate analysis, a book’s usefulness depends upon how much it has influenced the target commu-
nity, and if that influence has gone a step further into attempting some of these technologies in areas potentially
suited for their application, the author would be immensely pleased and consider his efforts worth the
while.
Coimbatore NAINAN P. KURIAN

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Acknowledgements
The author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to the following organisations in respect of Figures
and Tables marked against their names, used in the book.
Aekta Ltd., Calcutta, India – Fig. 4.61; American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michgan – Figs. 1.3 and
1.19(a); American Society of Civil Engineers, New York – Figs. 1.17, 1.18, 1.19(b), 1.20, 2.15, 4.72,
5.1, 6.23, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.25, 8.26, and 8.27; APEX Beach Management Sdn. Bhd., Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia – Figs. 7.9 and 7.8; Applied Microwave Corporation, Kansas, USA – Fig. 6.42; Asia Publishing
House, Bombay, India – Fig. 5.44; Associated Cement Cos. Ltd., Mumbai, India – Fig. 7.29; BAUER
Specialtiefbau GmbH, Schrobenhausen, Germany – Figs. 3.24, 3.25, 3.34, 3.35, 3.36, 3.37, 3.38, 3.39, 3.40,
3.41, 3.42, 3.43, 3.76, 3.77, 3.78, and 3.79; Blackie Academic – Figs. 5.4, 5.14 and 5.15; British Standards
Institution, London – Figs. 3.29 and 3.71; Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi – Fig. 2.7; Charles E. Merrill
Publishing Co. USA - Fig. 1.22; Cemindia Co. Ltd, Bombay, India – Fig. 7.20; Coir Board, Kochi, Kerala,
India – Fig. 4.63; Cribwall (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd., Kuala Lumpur – Figs. 3.69, and 3.70; Don & Low
Ltd., Angus, Scotland – Figs. 4.64, 4.65, 4.66, 4.67, 4.68, 4.69, 4.70 and 4.71; Dunod Publishers, Paris –
Fig. 1.14; Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd., London – Fig. 1.15; Federal Highway Administration, USA –
Fig. 4.10; Fibertex Nonwovens, Aalborg Øst, Denmark – Fig. 4.49; Foundation Publications Ltd., Essex,
UK – Figs. 3.7, 3.16 and 5.45; Garware Wall Ropes, Pune, India – Fig. 7.10 (adapted); Geotechnical Control
Office, Hong Kong – Fig. 3.68; The Hindu, Chennai, India – Fig. 8.1; HUESKER Synthetic GmbH & Co.,
Gescher, Germany – Figs. 4.20, 4.21, 4.22, 4.23, 4,24, 4.25, 4.26, 4.27, 4.28, 4.29. 4.30, 4.31, 4.32, 4.33,
4.34, 4.35, 4.36, 4.37, 4.38, and 4.39; Indian Concrete Institute – Fig. 6.9; Ingegneria Dei Sistemi S.p.A.,
Pisa, Italy – Fig. 6.45, Indian Geotechnical Society, New Delhi – Table 7.1, Figs. 3.72, 7.2, 7.11, 7.12, 7.13,
7.14, 7.29, 8.7 and 8.8; Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi – Fig. 4.62; Institute for Building Materials
and Structures (TNO), Delft, The Netherlands – Fig. 6.11; The Institution of Civil Engineers, London –
Fig. 2.20; International Geotextile Society, USA – Fig. 4.3; International Society for Soil Mechanics and
Foundation Engineering, London - Figs. 6.26, 6.27, 6.46, 6.47, 6.48 and 7.1; International Society for Soil
Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, London – Figs. 8.9, 8.10, 8.11, 8.12, 8.13, 8.14, 8.15, 8.16, 8.17,
8.18, 8.19, 8.20, 8.21, 8.22, 8.23, and 8.24; Irrigation & Power – Fig. 1.6; The Japanese Society of Soil
Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Tokyo – Figs. 2.10 and 5.3; John Wiley & Sons, Sussex, UK –
Figs. 2.2, 2.3, 2.4 and 2.5; Kalpaka Engineers, Madras, India – Fig. 6.29; KELLER (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.,
Kuala Lumpur (Hq: Keller Grundbau GmbH, Offenbach, Germany – Figs. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9. 5.10,
5.11, 5.12, 5.13, 5.16, 5.17, 5.18, 5.19, 5.20, 5.21, 5.22, 5.23, 5.24, 5.25, 5.26, 5.35, 5.36, 5.37 and 5.38;
Keystone Retaining Wall Systems, Bloomington, USA – Fig. 7.28; Kumpulan IKRAM Sd. Bhd., Kajang,
Selangor, Malaysia – Table 6.3, Figs. 5.27, 5.28, 5.29, 5.30, 5.31, 5.32, 5.33, 5.34, 5.39, 5.40, 5.41, 5.42,
5.43, 5.46, 5.47, 6.28, 6.30, 6.31, 6.32, 6.33, 6.34, and 7.6; L&M Geotechnics Sdn. Bhd., Petaling Jaya,
Malaysia – Figs. 3.27, 3.28, and 3.30; LoadTest Inc., Gainesville, Florida, USA – Figs. 6.17, 6.19, 6.20, and
6.21; Longman Group Ltd., Singapore – Fig. 2.8; MACCAFERRI (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd., Petaling Jaya –
Figs. 3.45, 3.46. 3.47, 3.48, 3.49, 3.50, 3.51, 3.52, 3.53, 3.54, 3.55, 3.56, 3.57, 3.58, 3.59, 3.60, 3.61, 3.62,
3.63, 3.64, 3.65 and 3.66; Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc., New York – Figs. 1.12 and 1.13; McGraw-Hill
International Book Company, New York – Fig. 7.7; Mechanische Werkstätten Stendal, Stendal, Germany –
Fig. 6.41; Morgan Grampian Ltd., London – Figs. 3.5, 3.26 and 6.22; Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi,
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xiv Acknowledgements
India – Figs. 7.25 and 7.26; Nehemiah Reinforced Soil Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia – Figs. 3.17, 3.18, 3.19, 3.20,
3.21, 3.22, 4.77, 4.78, 4.79, 4.80, 4.81, 4.82, 4.83 and 4.84; NETLON India, Baroda – Figs. 4.40, 4.41,
4.42, 4.43, 4.44, 4.45, 4.46, 4.47 and 4.48; Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Norway – Figs. 6.43
and 6.44; NYLEX (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd., Shah Alam Figs. 4.50, 4.51 and 4.52; Pergamon Press, Oxford –
Fig. 1.23; Pile Dynamics, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio, USA – Figs. 6.2, 6.3, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.10, 6.12, 6.13 and
6.14; PI Styrol Block Sdn. Bhd., Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia – Fig. 7.15; POLYFELT Geosynthetics
Sdn. Bhd., Petaling Jaya, Malaysia (Hq: Polyfelt GesmbH, Linz, Austria) – Tables 4.2 and 4.3, Figs. 4.2,
4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 4.11, 4.12, 4.13, 4.14, 4.15, 4.17, 4.18 and 4.19; Prentice Hall of India (Pvt) Ltd.,
New Delhi – Fig. 3.67; Prestressed Concrete Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA – Figs. 2.16, 2.17 and 2.19;
Reinforced Earth Co., Arlington, USA – Fig. 3.6; Road Material Stabilizers (Pty) Ltd., Johannesburg, South
Africa – Table 7.2, Fig. 7.18; Slope Indicator Company, Bothell, Washington, USA – Figs. 6.35, 6.36, 6.37,
6.38, 6.39 and 6.40; Sols Soils, Paris – Table 6.2, Figs. 6.24 and 6.25; Statnamic (Berminghammer-TNO) –
Figs. 6.15 and 6.16; STRATA Geosystems (India) Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai – Figs. 4.55, 4.56, 4.57, 4.58, 4.59
and 4.60; Struct Geotech Research Laboratories (P) Ltd, Bangalore, India – Table 6.1 and Fig. 6.8; Sunway
PMI-Pile Construction Sdn. Bhd., Petaling Jaya, Malaysia – Fig. 7.5; Survey of India, Dehra Dun – Fig. 1.21;
TECHFAB (India) Industries Ltd., Mumbai – Fig. 4.54; Trafalgar House Construction India Ltd., Bombay –
Fig. 7.21; Trends – Fig. 2.21; University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia – Figs. 4.73, 4.74, 4.75 and
4.76; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor – Fig. 4.85; Vetiver T.C. Sdn. Bhd., Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia –
Fig. 7.19; VINIDEX Draincoil – Fig. 4.53; V-Pile Sistem Sdn. Bhd., Petaling Jaya, Malaysia – Fig. 7.4;
Wacker-Werke GmbH & Co., Munich, Germany – Figs. 7.22 and 7.23; World Construction – Fig. 7.3;
World Scientific Publishing – Fig. 7.35; Worldwide Sita Environmental Management Sdn. Bhd., Selangor,
Malaysia – Fig. 7.24.
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Contents
Foreword vii
Preface ix
Acknowledgements xiii
1 Special Foundations 1.1
1.1 Foundations for Special Structures 1.1

1.1.1 Foundations for Water Tanks and Silos 1.1
1.1.2 Foundations for Chimneys and Cooling Towers 1.2
1.1.3 Foundations for Telecommunication Towers 1.3
1.1.4 Foundations for Transmission Line Towers 1.4
1.1.5 Design of Footings subjected to Tension 1.6
1.1.6 Piles subjected to Tension 1.6
1.1.7 Poles 1.7
1.1.8 Anchors 1.8
1.1.9 Foundations for Guyed Structures 1.8
1.1.10 Foundations for Industrial Structures 1.9
1.1.11 Foundations for Ground Storage Tanks 1.9
1.1.12 Foundations for Underground Structures 1.10
1.1.13 Foundations for Coastal and Offshore Structures 1.13
1.1.14 Marine Piles 1.14
1.1.15 Foundations for Offshore Drilling Platforms 1.15
1.1.16 Foundations for Offshore Defence Installations 1.17
1.2 Foundations in Special Soils 1.18

1.2.1 Foundations in Expansive Soils 1.18
1.2.2 Foundations in Soft and Compressible Soils 1.20
1.2.3 Foundations on Overconsolidated Desiccated Soils 1.20
1.2.4 Foundations in Other Soils 1.20
1.2.5 Foundations under Special Environments 1.21
1.2.6 Foundations to resist Dynamic Loads 1.21
References 1.22
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xvi Contents
2 New Foundations 2.1
2.1 Special Piles 2.1

2.1.1 Tapered Piles 2.1
2.1.2 Underreamed Piles 2.6
2.1.3 Screw Piles 2.9
2.1.4 Old and New Screw Piles 2.10
2.2 Prestressed Foundations 2.14

2.2.1 Prestressed Concrete Piles 2.14
2.2.2 Prestressed Concrete Pavements 2.15
2.2.3 Prestressing in Underpinning 2.17
2.2.4 Other Examples of Foundation Prestressing 2.17
2.3 Shell Foundations 2.19

2.3.1 Scope of using Shells in Foundations 2.20
2.3.2 Geometric Forms of Shells used in Foundations 2.21
2.3.3 Analysis of Foundation Shells 2.24
2.3.4 Design of Shell Foundations 2.30
2.3.5 Construction of Shell Foundations 2.32
2.3.6 Shell Anchors 2.34
References (Secs. 2.1 and 2.2) 2.35

Select Bibliography (Sec. 2.3) 2.38
3 New Soil Retaining Techniques 3.1
3.1 Reinforced Earth 3.1

3.1.1 The Mechanics of the Reinforced Earth Technique 3.2
3.1.2 Design 3.3
3.1.3 History and Development 3.5
3.1.4 Materials 3.6
3.1.5 Construction 3.7
3.1.6 Reinforced Earth Construction using GI Sheets and Strips 3.7
3.1.7 A Simple Soil Reinforcing Technique 3.8
3.1.8 Sandwich Construction 3.9
3.1.9 Use of Anchor Blocks 3.9
3.1.10 Reinforcing Foundation Soil 3.10

3.1.11 Uses of Reinforced Earth 3.12
3.1.12 Advantages of Reinforced Earth 3.12
3.2 Nehemiah Anchored Earth Wall 3.15

3.2.1 The Nehemiah AE Wall 3.15
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Contents xvii
3.3 Prestressed Ground Anchors 3.17

3.3.1 Design 3.19
3.3.2 Prestressed Ground Anchors – Additional Aspects 3.23
3.3.3 Load Tests of Ground Anchors 3.25
3.3.4 History 3.25
3.3.5 Rock Bolts 3.26
3.4 Diaphragm Walls and Bored Pile Walls 3.26

3.4.1 Diaphragm Walls 3.26
3.4.2 Bored Pile Walls 3.27
3.4.3 Metro Construction by the ‘Cut and Cover’ Method 3.28
3.4.4 BAUER – Piling 3.28
3.5 Soil Nailing 3.32

3.5.1 Reinforced Earth and Soil Nailing 3.34
3.5.2 Soil Nailing – Advantages 3.35
3.6 Gabions 3.36

3.6.1 Terramesh 3.41
3.6.2 Rock-Fall Protection 3.43
3.6.3 Other Uses 3.46
3.7 Crib Walls 3.47

3.8 “Controlled Yielding Technique” for the Reduction of Lateral Earth
Pressure 3.50
3.9 Retaining Walls with Relieving Shelves 3.51
3.10 Cement-Stabilised Backfill 3.52
3.11 Texsol 3.52
3.12 Geotechnical use of Soil Bags 3.52
3.13 Trench Cutter Systems 3.53
References 3.56
4 Geosynthetics and their Applications in Geotechnical Engineering 4.1
4.1 Geosynthetics – An Overview 4.1

4.1.1 Tests on Geotextiles 4.3
4.1.2 Geotextile as Filter 4.4

4.1.3 Reinforced Earth as Retaining Structure 4.5
4.2 Polyfelt Geotextiles and their Uses 4.6

4.2.1 Subgrade Stabilisation 4.6
4.2.2 Drainage and Filtration 4.6
4.2.3 Reinforcement of Slopes and Embankments 4.7
4.2.4 Soft Soil Stabilisation using Geotextile with Bamboo 4.8
4.2.5 Railway Engineering 4.9
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4.2.6 Geomembrane Protection 4.9

4.2.7 Polyfelt ‘Rock Strata’ Geogrids 4.10
4.2.8 Design of Geotextile-Stabilised Earth Structures over Soft Soils 4.10
4.2.9 Drainage and Filtration 4.10
4.2.10 Construction 4.12
4.2.11 Riverbank and Coastal Erosion 4.13
4.2.12 Filtration and Permeability Criteria 4.13
4.3 Huesker Geotextiles 4.15

4.3.1 Examples 4.15
4.3.2 Geotextiles in Landfill Construction 4.21
4.3.3 Hydraulic Engineering 4.22
4.4 Netlon – Products and Uses 4.23

4.4.1 Properties 4.23
4.4.2 Railway Track Bed Stabilisation with Geogrids 4.23
4.4.3 Drainage 4.23
4.4.4 Geogrids for Slope Protection 4.25
4.4.5 Reinforced Grass 4.26
4.4.6 Waterfront Protection 4.26
4.5 Fibertex Geotextiles 4.27

4.6 Nylex Drains 4.27
4.7 Vinidex Drains 4.29
4.8 Fortrac Geogrids 4.29
4.9 Techfab India–Geosynthetics 4.29
4.9.1 Geogrids 4.29
4.9.2 ‘TechDrain’ – Prefabricated Vertical Drains 4.29
4.9.3 ‘TechBox’ Gabions 4.30
4.10 Strata Geosystems 4.31

4.10.1 Products 4.31
4.10.2 Soil Encapsulation 4.32
4.11 Geotextiles in Natural Fibres 4.32

4.11.1 Geotextiles in Jute 4.33
4.11.2 Geotextiles in Coir 4.34
4.12 Design with Geotextiles 4.36

4.12.1 Unpaved Roads 4.36
4.12.2 Paved Roads 4.37
4.12.3 Railways 4.37
4.12.4 Drainage 4.38
4.12.5 Erosion Control 4.40
4.12.6 Soil Reinforcement 4.41
4.12.7 Stability 4.42
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4.13 Slope Protection 4.43

4.13.1 Coastal Slope Protection by Anchored Geosynthetics 4.43
4.13.2 Slope Protection by Reinforcing with Geotextile – Case History 4.44
4.14 Geotextiles for Hillside Development 4.45

4.15 Nehemiah Case Histories 4.46
4.16 Green Mur 4.48
4.17 ‘Rockmur’ for Slope Stabilisation 4.49
References 4.50
5 Special Ground Improvement Methods 5.1
5.1 Vibro-Compaction of Soils – Introduction 5.1

5.1.1 Vibroflotation 5.1
5.1.2 Ground Improvement by Vibro-Techniques 5.3
5.1.3 Stone Columns 5.3
5.2 Ground Improvement by KELLER 5.4

5.2.1 Vibro-Compaction 5.5
5.2.2 Vibro-Replacement 5.6
5.2.3 Design Principles 5.6
5.2.4 Design of Stone Columns 5.9
5.2.5 Examples of Vibro-Replacement 5.11
5.2.6 The Vibro-Technique – Additional Aspects 5.14
5.3 Soilcrete 5.19

5.3.1 Uses 5.19
5.3.2 Production 5.19
5.3.3 Soilcrete Construction 5.20
5.3.4 Soilcrete – Applications 5.20
5.3.5 Case Histories from Germany 5.23
5.3.6 Soilcrete by Jet Grouting 5.24
5.3.7 Soilcreting – Additional Features 5.26
5.4 Compaction Grouting 5.28

5.4.1 Design 5.30
5.5 Soil Fracturing – Soilfrac 5.31

5.5.1 Soilfrac – Additional Aspects 5.33
5.6 Dynamic Compaction 5.35

5.6.1 Dynamic Consolidation – Additional Features 5.36
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5.7 Vacuum Consolidation 5.40

5.7.1 Vacuum Preconsolidation – Features 5.41
5.7.2 IFCO’s Vacuum Preconsolidation 5.42
5.7.3 Menard Vacuum Consolidation – Additional Features 5.42
References 5.45
6 Advanced Field Tests in Geotechnical Engineering 6.1
6.1 Dynamic Pile Testing 6.1

6.1.1 Introduction 6.1
6.1.2 Dynamic Pile Load Testing 6.2
6.1.3 Pile Integrity Tester (PIT) 6.3
6.1.4 Pile Driving Analyser (PDA) 6.4
6.1.5 Specifications 6.6
6.1.6 Additional Features of Dynamic Testing 6.8
6.1.7 The Associated Softwares 6.10
6.1.8 Methods of Analysing Test Data 6.11
6.1.9 TNO 6.13
6.1.10 Equipments 6.15
6.2 Statnamic Load Testing 6.18

6.3 Load Testing using Bi-directional Osterberg Cell 6.20
6.4 Pressuremeter Testing 6.22
6.4.1 Menard Pressuremeter – Additional Details 6.24
6.4.2 Self-boring Pressuremeter 6.28
6.5 The Flat Dilatometer Test (DMT) 6.29

6.5.1 Marchetti Dilatometer – Additional Features 6.31
6.6 Piezocone Test 6.33

6.7 Some Field Instruments 6.36
6.7.1 Digitilt Inclinometer 6.36
6.7.2 Horizontal Inclinometer 6.38
6.7.3 Standpipe Piezometer 6.38
6.7.4 Water Level Indicator 6.40
6.8 New Field Testing Equipments 6.40

6.9 Radar Tomography for checking Pile Integrity 6.41
6.10 Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) 6.43
6.11 Centrifugal Testing of Geotechnical Models 6.44
6.11.1 Necessity 6.44
6.11.2 Principle of Centrifugal Model Testing 6.45
6.11.3 The Centrifuge 6.45
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6.11.4 Measurements 6.47

6.11.5 History of Development 6.47
References 6.48
7 Some Additional Topics of Geotechnical Engineering Interest 7.1
7.1 Skirted Footings 7.1

7.2 Micropiles 7.2
7.3 Root Piles 7.4
7.4 V-Pile 7.4
7.4.1 PMI Pile 7.5
7.5 Piled Rafts 7.6

7.6 The Observational Method 7.7
7.7 Analysis/Design Softwares 7.8
7.8 CHASM – A Special Software for Slope Stability 7.9
7.9 The Stabilising Action of Drilling Mud 7.9
7.9.1 Mechanics of Caving-in of Drill Holes and Excavations 7.10
7.9.2 Drilling Mud 7.11
7.9.3 The Action of Drilling Mud 7.11
7.10 Foundation Materials 7.12

7.10.1 Subsurface Corrosion 7.12
7.10.2 Influence of Ground Environment on Deep Foundations 7.13
7.10.3 Water Currents in Subsoil 7.14
7.11 Cathodic Protection 7.14

7.12 Quality Control for Deep Foundations 7.15
7.13 Controlled Modulus Column 7.16
7.14 Protection of Beaches against Coastal Erosion (BMS) 7.16
7.14.1 The System 7.16
7.14.2 Operation 7.16
7.15 Vertical Band Drains 7.18

7.16 Anco-Drain 7.19
7.17 Norwegian Rock Facilities 7.19
7.18 Stabilisation of Expansive Soils using Lime 7.19

7.19 Cohesive Non-Swelling Soil (CNS) 7.20
7.19.1 The Function of Cohesive Non-Swelling Layer 7.20
7.19.2 Examples of Uses 7.22
7.20 Granular Pile Anchor in Swelling Soils 7.23

7.21 New Light-Weight Embankment Material 7.23
7.21.1 Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) as a Fill Material 7.24
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xxii Contents
7.22 Waterproofing Basements 7.26

7.23 Ionic Soil Stabiliser 7.26
7.23.1 Stabilising Action of ISS 7.26
7.24 Soil Stabilisation with Unisol 91 7.28

7.25 Vetiver 7.28
7.26 Pipe Jacking 7.29
7.26.1 Jacking Circular Pipes 7.29
7.26.2 Box Jacking 7.29
7.27 Hydraulic Piling Hammer 7.31

7.28 Interface of Mechanical Engineering with Geotechnical Engineering 7.31
7.28.1 Soil Compaction – Performance 7.31
7.29 Sanitary Landfill 7.32

7.30 Flyash Disposal 7.34
7.31 Bio-Geotechnical Issues 7.35
7.32 Civil Engineering Uses of Used Tyres 7.36
7.33 Megastructures – Disturbances 7.36
7.34 ‘Well’ as Shallow Foundation 7.36
7.35 ‘Keystone’ Wall Systems 7.36
7.36 Bamboo-Reinforced Soil-Cement for Rural Construction 7.37
References 7.38
8 Some Important Case Histories relating to Geotechnical and

Foundation Engineering 8.1
8.1 St. Andrew’s Church, Madras 8.1

8.2 Rion-Antirion Bridge 8.1
8.3 Foundations for the High-Rise Structures at Times Square 8.2
8.4 The Petronas Twin Towers 8.4
8.5 Burj Dubai 8.7
8.6 The Leaning Tower of Pisa 8.10
8.7 Suez Canal 8.16
8.8 Panama Canal 8.19
8.9 The Pyramids 8.21
References 8.23
Subject Index S.1

Author Index A.1
Account: s6670599

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Copyright © 2013. Alpha Science Internation Limited. All rights reserved.

Nainan PP.. Kurian

An Introduction to Modern Techniques in

Nainan P. Kurian Ph.D., D.Sc.,

Printed from the camera-ready copy provided by the Author.

Ashwini Mary Mathew,

whose generation ought to gain by

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Sydney, Professor Harry G. Poulos

Coimbatore NAINAN P. KURIAN

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1 Special Foundations 1.1

1.1 Foundations for Special Structures 1.1

1.2 Foundations in Special Soils 1.18

1.2.6 Foundations to resist Dynamic Loads 1.21

2 New Foundations 2.1

2.1 Special Piles 2.1

2.2 Prestressed Foundations 2.14

2.3 Shell Foundations 2.19

References (Secs. 2.1 and 2.2) 2.35

3 New Soil Retaining Techniques 3.1

3.1 Reinforced Earth 3.1

3.1.10 Reinforcing Foundation Soil 3.10

3.2 Nehemiah Anchored Earth Wall 3.15

3.3 Prestressed Ground Anchors 3.17

3.4 Diaphragm Walls and Bored Pile Walls 3.26

3.5 Soil Nailing 3.32

3.6 Gabions 3.36

3.7 Crib Walls 3.47

4 Geosynthetics and their Applications in Geotechnical Engineering 4.1

4.1 Geosynthetics – An Overview 4.1

4.1.2 Geotextile as Filter 4.4

4.2 Polyfelt Geotextiles and their Uses 4.6

4.2.6 Geomembrane Protection 4.9

4.3 Huesker Geotextiles 4.15

4.4 Netlon – Products and Uses 4.23

4.5 Fibertex Geotextiles 4.27

4.10 Strata Geosystems 4.31

4.11 Geotextiles in Natural Fibres 4.32

4.12 Design with Geotextiles 4.36

4.13 Slope Protection 4.43

4.14 Geotextiles for Hillside Development 4.45

5 Special Ground Improvement Methods 5.1

5.1 Vibro-Compaction of Soils – Introduction 5.1

5.2 Ground Improvement by KELLER 5.4

5.3 Soilcrete 5.19

5.4 Compaction Grouting 5.28

5.5 Soil Fracturing – Soilfrac 5.31

5.6 Dynamic Compaction 5.35

5.7 Vacuum Consolidation 5.40

6 Advanced Field Tests in Geotechnical Engineering 6.1

6.1 Dynamic Pile Testing 6.1

6.2 Statnamic Load Testing 6.18

6.5 The Flat Dilatometer Test (DMT) 6.29

6.6 Piezocone Test 6.33

6.8 New Field Testing Equipments 6.40

6.11.4 Measurements 6.47

7 Some Additional Topics of Geotechnical Engineering Interest 7.1

7.1 Skirted Footings 7.1

7.5 Piled Rafts 7.6

7.10 Foundation Materials 7.12

7.11 Cathodic Protection 7.14

7.15 Vertical Band Drains 7.18